Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean
2009; Wiley; Volume: 15; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01909.x
ISSN1365-2486
AutoresJaume Forcada, Philip N. Trathan,
Tópico(s)Marine animal studies overview
ResumoGlobal Change BiologyVolume 15, Issue 7 p. 1618-1630 Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean JAUME FORCADA, JAUME FORCADA British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UKSearch for more papers by this authorPHILIP N. TRATHAN, PHILIP N. TRATHAN British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UKSearch for more papers by this author JAUME FORCADA, JAUME FORCADA British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UKSearch for more papers by this authorPHILIP N. TRATHAN, PHILIP N. TRATHAN British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 June 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01909.xCitations: 197 Jaume Forcada, tel. +44 1223 221 326, fax +44 1223 221 259, e-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Penguins are adapted to live in extreme environments, but they can be highly sensitive to climate change, which disrupts penguin life history strategies when it alters the weather, oceanography and critical habitats. For example, in the southwest Atlantic, the distributional range of the ice-obligate emperor and Adélie penguins has shifted poleward and contracted, while the ice-intolerant gentoo and chinstrap penguins have expanded their range southward. In the Southern Ocean, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode are the main modes of climate variability that drive changes in the marine ecosystem, ultimately affecting penguins. The interaction between these modes is complex and changes over time, so that penguin responses to climate change are expected to vary accordingly, complicating our understanding of their future population processes. Penguins have long life spans, which slow microevolution, and which is unlikely to increase their tolerance to rapid warming. Therefore, in order that penguins may continue to exploit their transformed ecological niche and maintain their current distributional ranges, they must possess adequate phenotypic plasticity. However, past species-specific adaptations also constrain potential changes in phenology, and are unlikely to be adaptive for altered climatic conditions. Thus, the paleoecological record suggests that penguins are more likely to respond by dispersal rather than adaptation. Ecosystem changes are potentially most important at the borders of current geographic distributions, where penguins operate at the limits of their tolerance; species with low adaptability, particularly the ice-obligates, may therefore be more affected by their need to disperse in response to climate and may struggle to colonize new habitats. 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