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The Impact of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorders on Temperament, Character, and Personality Development

2006; American Psychiatric Association; Volume: 163; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1176/appi.ajp.163.7.1239

1535-7228

Henrik Anckarsäter, Ola Ståhlberg, M. Tomas Larson, Catrin Hakansson, Sig-Britt Jutblad, Lena Niklasson, Agneta Nydén, Elisabet Wentz, Stefan Westergren, C. Robert Cloninger, Christopher Gillberg, Maria Råstam,

Autism Spectrum Disorder Research

Objective: The authors describe personality development and disorders in relation to symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders. Method: Consecutive adults referred for neuropsychiatric investigation (N=240) were assessed for current and lifetime ADHD and autism spectrum disorders and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. In a subgroup of subjects (N=174), presence of axis II personality disorders was also assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Results: Patients with ADHD reported high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance. Patients with autism spectrum disorders reported low novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and high harm avoidance. Character scores (self-directedness and cooperativeness) were extremely low among subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating a high overall prevalence of personality disorders, which was confirmed with the SCID-II. Cluster B personality disorders were more common in subjects with ADHD, while cluster A and C disorders were more common in those with autism spectrum disorders. The overlap between DSM-IV personality disorder categories was high, and they seem less clinically useful in this context. Conclusions: ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are associated with specific temperament configurations and an increased risk of personality disorders and deficits in character maturation.