Marine-derived nutrients, bioturbation, and ecosystem metabolism: reconsidering the role of salmon in streams
2010; Wiley; Volume: 92; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1890/09-1694.1
ISSN1939-9170
AutoresGordon W. Holtgrieve, Daniel E. Schindler,
Tópico(s)Marine and fisheries research
ResumoEcologyVolume 92, Issue 2 p. 373-385 Article Marine-derived nutrients, bioturbation, and ecosystem metabolism: reconsidering the role of salmon in streams Gordon W. Holtgrieve, Gordon W. Holtgrieve School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA Present address: Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020 USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDaniel E. Schindler, Daniel E. Schindler School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USASearch for more papers by this author Gordon W. Holtgrieve, Gordon W. Holtgrieve School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA Present address: Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020 USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDaniel E. Schindler, Daniel E. Schindler School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 2011 https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1694.1Citations: 84 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract In coastal areas of the North Pacific Ocean, annual returns of spawning salmon provide a substantial influx of nutrients and organic matter to streams and are generally believed to enhance the productivity of recipient ecosystems. Loss of this subsidy from areas with diminished salmon runs has been hypothesized to limit ecosystem productivity in juvenile salmon rearing habitats (lakes and streams), thereby reinforcing population declines. Using five to seven years of data from an Alaskan stream supporting moderate salmon densities, we show that salmon predictably increased stream water nutrient concentrations, which were on average 190% (nitrogen) and 390% (phosphorus) pre-salmon values, and that primary producers incorporated some of these nutrients into tissues. However, benthic algal biomass declined by an order of magnitude despite increased nutrients. We also measured changes in stream ecosystem metabolic properties, including gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), from three salmon streams by analyzing diel measurements of oxygen concentrations and stable isotopic ratios (δ18O-O2) within a Bayesian statistical model of oxygen dynamics. Our results do not support a shift toward higher primary productivity with the return of salmon, as is expected from a nutrient fertilization mechanism. Rather, net ecosystem metabolism switched from approximately net autotrophic (GPP ≥ ER) to a strongly net heterotrophic state (GPP ≪ ER) in response to bioturbation of benthic habitats by salmon. Following the seasonal arrival of salmon, GPP declined to <12% of pre-salmon rates, while ER increased by over threefold. Metabolism by live salmon could not account for the observed increase in ER early in the salmon run, suggesting salmon nutrients and disturbance enhanced in situ heterotrophic respiration. 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