Identification of a Polymeric Ig Receptor Binding Phage-displayed Peptide That Exploits Epithelial Transcytosis without Dimeric IgA Competition
2006; Elsevier BV; Volume: 281; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1074/jbc.m508509200
ISSN1083-351X
AutoresRanveig Braathen, Anders Sandvik, Gøril Berntzen, Sven Hammerschmidt, Burkhard Fleckenstein, Inger Sandlie, Per Brandtzæg, Finn‐Eirik Johansen, Vigdis Lauvrak,
Tópico(s)Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
ResumoThe polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also called membrane secretory component (SC), mediates epithelial transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgs). J Chain-containing polymeric IgA (pIgA) and pentameric IgM bind pIgR at the basolateral epithelial surface. After transcytosis, the extracellular portion of the pIgR is cleaved at the apical side, either complexed with pIgs as bound SC or unoccupied as free SC. This transport pathway may be exploited to target bioactive molecules to the mucosal surface. To identify small peptide motifs with specific affinity to human pIgR, we used purified free SC and selection from randomized, cysteine-flanked 6- and 9-mer phage-display libraries. One of the selected phages, called C9A, displaying the peptide CVVWMGFQQVC, showed binding both to human free SC and SC complexed with pIgs. However, the pneumococcal surface protein SpsA (Streptococcus pneumoniae secretory IgA-binding protein), which binds human SC at a site distinct from the pIg binding site, competed with the C9A phage for binding to SC. The C9A phage showed greatly increased transport through polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with human pIgR. This transport was not affected by pIgA nor did it inhibit pIgR-mediated pIgA transcytosis. A free peptide of identical amino acid sequence as that displayed by the C9A phage inhibited phage interaction with SC. This implied that the C9A peptide sequence may be exploited for pIgR-mediated epithelial transport without interfering with secretory immunity. The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also called membrane secretory component (SC), mediates epithelial transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgs). J Chain-containing polymeric IgA (pIgA) and pentameric IgM bind pIgR at the basolateral epithelial surface. After transcytosis, the extracellular portion of the pIgR is cleaved at the apical side, either complexed with pIgs as bound SC or unoccupied as free SC. This transport pathway may be exploited to target bioactive molecules to the mucosal surface. To identify small peptide motifs with specific affinity to human pIgR, we used purified free SC and selection from randomized, cysteine-flanked 6- and 9-mer phage-display libraries. One of the selected phages, called C9A, displaying the peptide CVVWMGFQQVC, showed binding both to human free SC and SC complexed with pIgs. However, the pneumococcal surface protein SpsA (Streptococcus pneumoniae secretory IgA-binding protein), which binds human SC at a site distinct from the pIg binding site, competed with the C9A phage for binding to SC. The C9A phage showed greatly increased transport through polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with human pIgR. This transport was not affected by pIgA nor did it inhibit pIgR-mediated pIgA transcytosis. A free peptide of identical amino acid sequence as that displayed by the C9A phage inhibited phage interaction with SC. This implied that the C9A peptide sequence may be exploited for pIgR-mediated epithelial transport without interfering with secretory immunity. Mucosal epithelia form a barrier between the interior of the body and the external environment. At least 80% of all antibody-producing plasma cells of the body are located in the gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosae, and most of them are committed to production of dimers and larger polymers of IgA, collectively called pIgA 5The abbreviations used are: pIgA, polymeric IgA; pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor; SC, secretory component; SIg, secretory Ig; SpsA, S. pneumoniae SIgA-binding protein; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; BSA, bovine serum albumin; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; mAb, monoclonal antibody; NIP, 5-iodo-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl; TU, transducing unit. (1Brandtzaeg P. Farstad I.N. Johansen F.E. Morton H.C. Norderhaug I.N. Yamanaka T. Immunol. Rev. 1999; 171: 45-87Crossref PubMed Scopus (244) Google Scholar, 2Norderhaug I.N. Johansen F.E. Schjerven H. Brandtzaeg P. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1999; 19: 481-508PubMed Google Scholar). These polymers contain, in addition to α-heavy chains and light Ig chains, a short polypeptide named the J chain that is required for binding to the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) (3Johansen F.E. Brandtzaeg P. Trends Immunol. 2004; 25: 150-157Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar, 4Brandtzaeg P. Pabst R. Trends Immunol. 2004; 25: 570-577Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar). This receptor, also called membrane secretory component (SC), is synthesized by secretory epithelial cells and delivered to the basolateral plasma membrane where it can bind pIgA and pentameric IgM. The receptor-ligand complexes are endocytosed and transcytosed to the apical cell surface by vesicular transport. At the apical surface, proteolytic cleavage of pIgR results in the release of secretory IgA (SIgA), a complex of pIgA and bound SC. Pentameric IgM is exported in the same manner, forming secretory IgM. Transcytosis and cleavage of unoccupied pIgR give rise to free SC in the secretions (2Norderhaug I.N. Johansen F.E. Schjerven H. Brandtzaeg P. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1999; 19: 481-508PubMed Google Scholar, 5Mostov K. Kaetzel C.S. Ogra P.L. Mestecky J. Lamm M.E. Strober W. Bienenstock J. McGhee J.R. Mucosal Immunology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA1999: 133Google Scholar). The pIgR is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, consisting of an ∼560-residue extracellular region, a 23-residue transmembrane region, and a 103-residue cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular region of pIgR contains five domains (D1-D5) that share sequence similarity with Ig variable regions (6Mostov K.E. Friedlander M. Blobel G. Nature. 1984; 308: 37-43Crossref PubMed Scopus (324) Google Scholar). Recently, the crystal structure of the first domain (D1) of human pIgR was resolved (7Hamburger A.E. West A.P. Bjorkman P.J. Structure (Camb.). 2004; 12: 1925-1935Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar). SIgA performs several types of non-inflammatory defense functions. In addition, SC protects SIgA by delaying cleavage of the hinge/Fc region of the α-chain (8Crottet P. Corthesy B. J. Immunol. 1998; 161: 5445-5453Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) and anchors SIgA to the mucus lining of the epithelial surface (9Phalipon A. Cardona A. Kraehenbuhl J.P. Edelman L. Sansonetti P.J. Corthesy B. Immunity. 2002; 17: 107-115Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (354) Google Scholar). Some pathogens, however, have developed strategies to exploit pIgR in order to invade the epithelium. IgA antibodies specific for herpes simplex virus and Epstein-Barr virus may facilitate internalization of the virus into pIgR-expressing epithelial cells (10Gan Y.J. Chodosh J. Morgan A. Sixbey J.W. J. Virol. 1997; 71: 519-526Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 11Lin C.T. Lin C.R. Tan G.K. Chen W. Dee A.N. Chan W.Y. Am. J. Pathol. 1997; 150: 1745-1756PubMed Google Scholar, 12Sixbey J.W. Yao Q.Y. Science. 1992; 255: 1578-1580Crossref PubMed Scopus (181) Google Scholar). Streptococcus pneumoniae may use direct interaction with pIgR as an invasive mechanism (13Hammerschmidt S. Talay S.R. Brandtzaeg P. Chhatwal G.S. Mol. Microbiol. 1997; 25: 1113-1124Crossref PubMed Scopus (261) Google Scholar, 14Hammerschmidt S. Tillig M.P. Wolff S. Vaerman J.P. Chhatwal G.S. Mol. Microbiol. 2000; 36: 726-736Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar, 15Zhang J.R. Mostov K.E. Lamm M.E. Nanno M. Shimida S. Ohwaki M. Tuomanen E. Cell. 2000; 102: 827-837Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (323) Google Scholar). The binding to pIgR is mediated through S. pneumoniae SIgA-binding protein (SpsA), also known as choline-binding protein A (CbpA) or pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC). SpsA is able to bind human pIgR, free SC, or SIgA (bound SC) via a hexapeptide motif (YRNYPT) in its α-helical domain, which is conserved among many pneumococcal strains. This interaction is specific for human SC/pIgR and may mediate translocation of the bacteria across the epithelial barrier (15Zhang J.R. Mostov K.E. Lamm M.E. Nanno M. Shimida S. Ohwaki M. Tuomanen E. Cell. 2000; 102: 827-837Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (323) Google Scholar). We and others have recently shown that SpsA binds specifically to human pIgR via motifs in D3 and D4 (16Elm C. Braathen R. Bergmann S. Frank R. Vaerman J.P. Kaetzel C.S. Chhatwal G.S. Johansen F.E. Hammerschmidt S. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 6296-6304Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar, 17Lu L. Lamm M.E. Li H. Corthesy B. Zhang J.R. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 48178-48187Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar). Ferkol et al. have exploited pIgR for the delivery of therapeutics to mucosal surfaces or epithelial cells (18Ferkol T. Kaetzel C.S. Davis P.B. J. Clin. Investig. 1993; 92: 2394-2400Crossref PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar, 19Ferkol T. Cohn L.A. Phillips T.E. Smith A. Davis P.B. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 1374-1379Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 20Ferkol T. Eckman E. Swaidani S. Silski C. Davis P. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161: 944-951Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar, 21Eckman E.A. Mallender W.D. Szegletes T. Silski C.L. Schreiber J.R. Davis P.B. Ferkol T.W. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1999; 21: 246-252Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 22Ferkol T. Perales J.C. Eckman E. Kaetzel C.S. Hanson R.W. Davis P.B. J. Clin. Investig. 1995; 95: 493-502Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). A fusion protein composed of a pIgR-specific antibody and human α1-antitrypsin showed basolateral-to-apical transcytosis similar to the transport of pIgA (19Ferkol T. Cohn L.A. Phillips T.E. Smith A. Davis P.B. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 1374-1379Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 20Ferkol T. Eckman E. Swaidani S. Silski C. Davis P. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161: 944-951Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar, 21Eckman E.A. Mallender W.D. Szegletes T. Silski C.L. Schreiber J.R. Davis P.B. Ferkol T.W. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1999; 21: 246-252Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). Furthermore, a DNA-polylysine complex covalently coupled to pIgR-specific antibodies mediated functional transgene expression in epithelial cells when the protein DNA complex was administered intravenously (18Ferkol T. Kaetzel C.S. Davis P.B. J. Clin. Investig. 1993; 92: 2394-2400Crossref PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar, 22Ferkol T. Perales J.C. Eckman E. Kaetzel C.S. Hanson R.W. Davis P.B. J. Clin. Investig. 1995; 95: 493-502Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). In this study, we used phage-display selection to identify short peptides that could bind human SC/pIgR. Such pIgR binding peptides may be ideal to carry bioactive molecules to the lumen by pIgR-mediated transcytosis. We identified several phages from two different phage-display libraries that bound human SC. One of these phages had the capacity to be transported by pIgR in vitro through a polarized epithelial monolayer. This transport was not affected by the presence of pIgA, and the pIgA transport was not hampered by the phage. A free peptide with identical amino acid sequence to that displayed by the phage was able to inhibit binding of the phage to SC, suggesting that the peptide alone was sufficient for binding. The binding of the phage to SC was inhibited by SpsA, implying that the phage binds elements in D3 and/or D4 of human pIgR. Reagents—Native free SC was purified from human colostrum as described (23Brandtzaeg P. Scand. J. Immunol. 1974; 3: 579-588Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar). Recombinant human pIgA and pentameric IgM were produced and purified as previously described (24Johansen F.E. Braathen R. Brandtzaeg P. J. Immunol. 2001; 167: 5185-5192Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar, 25Braathen R. Sorensen V. Brandtzaeg P. Sandlie I. Johansen F.E. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 42755-42762Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar). Purified native human IgG was obtained from Kabi Pharmacia AB (Uppsala, Sweden). Recombinant expression of human and murine SC in 293E cells (CRL-10852; ATCC, LGC Promochem) has been described previously (16Elm C. Braathen R. Bergmann S. Frank R. Vaerman J.P. Kaetzel C.S. Chhatwal G.S. Johansen F.E. Hammerschmidt S. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 6296-6304Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar, 26Johansen F.E. Natvig Norderhaug I. Roe M. Sandlie I. Brandtzaeg P. Eur. J. Immunol. 1999; 29: 1701-1708Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, untransfected or stably transfected with human or mouse pIgR, were produced and maintained as reported elsewhere (27Røe M. Norderhaug I.N. Brandtzaeg P. Johansen F.E. J. Immunol. 1999; 162: 6046-6052PubMed Google Scholar, 28Natvig I.B. Johansen F.E. Nordeng T.W. Haraldsen G. Brandtzaeg P. J. Immunol. 1997; 159: 4330-4340PubMed Google Scholar). Two phage-display libraries that present peptides of 6 or 9 random amino acids constrained by flanking cysteines, the Cys6 and Cys9 libraries, inserted in the gene 3 protein of the vector fUSE5 system have been detailed previously (29Lauvrak V. Berntzen G. Heggelund U. Herstad T.K. Sandin R.H. Dalseg R. Rosenqvist E. Sandlie I. Michaelsen T.E. Scand. J. Immunol. 2004; 59: 373-384Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). The complexity of the libraries is ∼2.2 × 107 and 5.5 × 107 for the Cys6 and Cys9 libraries, respectively. One random phage clone from each library, C6K (CAGAWSRC) and C9K (CVLGLHWSLAC), together with a 7-mer, 7K (LHVSQRG) were used as negative controls. The free C9A peptide, KCVVWMGFQQVCK, and an amino acid scrambled version, KCVQFQVWGMVCK, were synthesized on a robotic system (Syro MultiSynTech, Bochum, Germany) with Fmoc (N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl)/O-tert-butyl chemistry and 2-chlorotrityl resin (Senn Chemicals AG, Dielsdorf, Switzerland). The identity of the peptides was confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry, and purity was analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two lysines (K) flanking the cysteines were included to increase the solubility of the otherwise highly hydrophobic peptide. The lyophilized peptides were stored at –20 °C and dissolved before use in distilled H2O. The concentrations were determined by absorbance at 280 nm (A280 of 1 mg/ml solution, 3.66) for the free peptides. Recombinant fragments of SpsA designated SpsA SH2 (amino acids 37–283), SpsA SH3 (amino acids 37–158), and SpsA SM1 (amino acids 159–324) were produced as described (16Elm C. Braathen R. Bergmann S. Frank R. Vaerman J.P. Kaetzel C.S. Chhatwal G.S. Johansen F.E. Hammerschmidt S. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 6296-6304Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar). Affinity Selection, Amplification, and Phage Titration—For affinity selection, MaxiSorp tubes (Nunc) were coated overnight at 4 °C with 500 μl of native human free SC at 30 μg/ml in isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. The tubes were blocked with 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) or 1% (w/v) powdered skimmed milk in PBS for 1 h at room temperature and washed three times with PBS/0.05% Tween 20 (PBS/T). Approximately 1010 Escherichia coli K91K transducing units (TUs) from each library were preincubated for 30 min mixed 1:1 in PBS with 1% (w/v) BSA or skimmed milk, added to the tubes, and incubated for 1.5 h at room temperature. The tubes were then washed six times with PBS/T. Bound phage particles were eluted with 500 μl of 0.1 m HCl-glycine (pH 2.2) for 10 min and neutralized with 75 μlof1.0 m Tris, pH 9.1. The recovered phages were amplified by infection of E. coli K91K, and phage supernatants of pools of amplified phages or individual isolates were prepared as described (30Smith G.P. Scott J.K. Methods Enzymol. 1993; 217: 228-257Crossref PubMed Scopus (700) Google Scholar). Two more rounds of selection were performed with ∼109 and 108 TUs of amplified phage as input. Binding assays (elution-titration assays) were performed essentially as the affinity selection in wells of microtiter plates coated overnight with 200 μlof20 μg/ml of SC at 4 °C. PCR products of individual phage clones were produced and sequenced as described (29Lauvrak V. Berntzen G. Heggelund U. Herstad T.K. Sandin R.H. Dalseg R. Rosenqvist E. Sandlie I. Michaelsen T.E. Scand. J. Immunol. 2004; 59: 373-384Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). ELISA—For SC binding ELISA, microtiter plates (Nunc) were coated with 30 μg/ml of native free SC (or 5 μg/ml for the analysis of the C9A variants) in PBS at 4 °C overnight and blocked and washed as in the selection. 50 μl of the phage eluates after each round of panning or 50 μl (or 100 μl for the analysis of the C9A variants) of supernatant from individual clones (containing ∼1 × 1010 TU/ml) were preincubated with an equal volume blocking solution for 30 min, added to the wells, and incubated for 1.5 h at room temperature. Bound phages were detected directly by incubation with a horseradish peroxidase anti-M13 IgG conjugate (Amersham Biosciences) diluted 1/4000 in PBS with 1% (w/v) BSA or skimmed milk for 1 h at room temperature and revealed by ABTS substrate solution (ABTS tablets from Roche Applied Science in citrate buffer, pH 4.0). Indirect detection was alternatively performed with anti-M13 mAb 1/1000 (Amersham Biosciences) and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated rabbit-anti-mouse antibody 1/1000 (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) incubated for 90 min and developed with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Sigma) in diethanolamine buffer at room temperature. Absorbance was read after 10–60 min in a microtiter plate reader set at 405 nm (Tecan Sunrise Microplate Reader; Tecan Austria Gesellschaft, Salzburg, Austria) with Magellan 3.0 software. For ELISA with in vitro reconstituted SIgA, microtiter plates were coated with 100 μlof5 μg/ml of recombinant pIgA in PBS overnight at 4 °C or with 5-iodo-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NIP)-BSA (2.5 μg/ml) in 0.05 m NaHCO3 (pH 9.6) overnight at room temperature and NIP-specific pIgA in a second step to bind the NIP-BSA. The plates were then blocked with 1% (w/v) BSA for 1 h before recombinant human or mouse free SC was allowed to bind for 90 min. ∼109 TU phages/well were added, and bound phage was detected by a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-M13 IgG. Successful binding of human or mouse free SC to recombinant pIgA was determined by incubation with a rabbit antiserum to human SC diluted 1/3000 (DAKO) or to murine SC 1/10000 (gift from Dr. Blaise Corthesy, Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement, du Service d' Immunologie et d' Allergie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland), followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey antiserum to rabbit IgG diluted 1/2000 (Amersham Biosciences). In this ELISA, the TMB Microwell peroxidase substrate system (KPL) was used and the reaction stopped with an equal volume of 2 m H2SO4. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm with a Tecan Sunrise Microplate Reader. Inhibition of Phage Binding to SC—The C9A phage was co-incubated with a 2-fold dilution series of free peptides (starting concentration at 50 μm) or with recombinant pIgA, pentameric IgM, or SpsA fragments (starting concentration at 100 nm) in PBS/1% (w/v) BSA. The mix was incubated in SC-coated microtiter plates (30 μg/ml) for 1.5 h at room temperature. Bound phages were determined with anti-M13 antibody diluted 1/1000 (Amersham Biosciences) and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody diluted 1/1000 (DAKO). A 2-fold dilution series of the C9A phage was used to determine the percentage phage binding compared with no competitor. Amino Acid Substitutions of the C9A Phage—Variants of the C9A phage, each with 1 amino acid substituted with alanine (for the 9 internal amino acids) or serine (for either or both of the cysteines), were constructed with synthetic oligo nucleotides and PCR essentially as described for library construction (29Lauvrak V. Berntzen G. Heggelund U. Herstad T.K. Sandin R.H. Dalseg R. Rosenqvist E. Sandlie I. Michaelsen T.E. Scand. J. Immunol. 2004; 59: 373-384Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar). Single clone supernatants were prepared by infecting E. coli K91K cells as detailed elsewhere (30Smith G.P. Scott J.K. Methods Enzymol. 1993; 217: 228-257Crossref PubMed Scopus (700) Google Scholar). The sequence of each variant was confirmed by DNA sequencing, either in-house or at GATC Biotech AB. In Vitro Transcytosis—∼5.0 × 105 MDCK cells were seeded on 1-cm2, 3.0-μm collagen-coated PTFE filters (Transwell-COL 3494; Costar). The cells were grown to confluency for 3 days, providing a transepithelial resistance of ∼150 –200 Ω/cm2. The filters were washed in fresh medium and transferred to new wells with 200 μl of Hepes-buffered medium (20 mm Hepes; Invitrogen) containing 10 μl phage of ∼1 × 1010 TU/ml, and 200 μl of medium was added to the apical chamber. To control for paracellular leakage, 100 nm (15 μg/ml) native human IgG was included in the basolateral chamber; in some experiments 100 nm (37 μg/ml) recombinant pIgA was added. The filters were incubated for 8 h at 37°C after which the apical and the basolateral media were collected. The number of phages on either side was determined as E. coli K91K TUs. IgG and IgA were quantified by ELISA as described before (25Braathen R. Sorensen V. Brandtzaeg P. Sandlie I. Johansen F.E. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 42755-42762Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar). Affinity Selection of Peptides That Bind to SC—To obtain peptides with affinity to human SC/pIgR, we screened two different phage-display libraries for binders to native free SC. We found that a higher percentage of phage input bound to SC for each round of selection. From the Cys6 library the recovery of acid-eluted phages was 3.0 × 10–4% and 5.0 × 10–1% of the input in the first and third rounds of selection, respectively. For the Cys9 library the recovery increased from 3.0 × 10–4%to2.0 × 10–2% of the input from the first to the third round of selection. Furthermore, the SC binding ELISA (free SC as coat and anti-M13 phage for detection) performed with phage eluate revealed increased signals for each round, which supported an enrichment of positive binders during selection (Fig. 1). 20 individual phages recovered from the second round of selection and 20 recovered from the third round (from each library) were picked at random and screened by the SC binding ELISA. Of these 80 phages, 41 bound to SC. The amino acid sequence of the displayed peptide was deduced from 29 of the 80 selected phages by DNA sequencing. The results summarized in Table 1, showed that of 14 SC binding isolates from the Cys6 library only two unique sequences were found. Of 7 SC binding phages sequenced from the Cys9 library, 6 were identical. An independent selection of SC binding phages was performed with the Cys9 library. Screening of 88 individual isolates after the first round of selection and a further 88 after the second round resulted in identification of 81 SC binding phages. The sequences of 31 of these were determined and revealed three different Cys9-derived sequences, the most frequent isolate being identical to the frequently isolated phage from the first screen. The SC binding ELISA revealed that three phages (C6A, C9A, and C9D) gave much stronger signals than the other sequenced phages, suggesting a higher affinity to SC for these phages (Table 1).TABLE 1Sequences of the selected phage-displayed peptides that bound immobilized human free secretory componentScreenNameSequenceFrequencyA405 nm1.Cys6C6A-CQDPICFCGADGACYCTSRNC-12/161.22 ± 0.04C6B-CAWHYRFCGAAHSADGACREVFLVC-2/160.32 ± 0.021.Cys9C9A-CVVWMGFQQVC-6/131.89 ± 0.07C9B-CWTSGARWRLC-1/130.33 ± 0.01C6K-CAGAWSRC-0.16 ± 0.0032.Cys9C9A-CVVWMGFQQVC-13/351.26 ± 0.03C9C-CIIVPHAYAWC-6/350.31 ± 0.03C9D-CALVSEAGCLVWAA-12/350.70 ± 0.067K-LHVSQRG-0.06 Open table in a new tab We used either skimmed milk or BSA as blocking reagents during the selection. Although skimmed milk may contain bovine SIgA and free SC, the recovery of SC binding phages was not affected by blocking agent (data not shown). Furthermore, all SC binding phages were negative for binding to BSA or skimmed milk when recovered from a library screen that used the opposite blocking agent. Phage Binding to Human SC Compared with Mouse SC Complexed with pIgA—To further characterize the selected phages, we used ELISA to analyze binding to recombinant human or mouse SC that had been complexed with pIgA, i.e. reconstituted SIgA. Only the C9A phage was able to bind recombinant human SC in this assay (Fig. 2). None of the other phages showed binding to human SC in SIgA, and no binding activity was detected against mouse SC present in reconstituted SIgA. The C9C phage was not tested in this assay due to its low affinity for SC as compared with C9A and C9D. These results suggested that for C9B, C9D, C6A, and C6B the binding site on human SC was either masked in the reconstituted SIgA or these phages bound to epitopes exposed only on free SC when coated directly onto the microtiter wells. Importantly, however, the C9A phage showed binding specific for human SC, both when it was coated in free form directly onto plastic and when present as bound SC in reconstituted SIgA. Inhibition of the C9A Phage by Other SC Ligands—An abundance of pIgA-producing plasma cells in mucosal tissues ensures a high local concentration of pIgA available for pIgR-mediated epithelial export. Thus, an important aspect of pIgR-mediated targeting of mucosal therapeutics would be whether the phage would compete with pIgA for binding to the receptor. We therefore performed an SC binding ELISA with pIgA, pentameric IgM, or different fragments of SpsA as competitors of the phage C9A. Neither pIgA nor pentameric IgM competed with the phage for binding to SC, even at 100 nm concentration of these natural ligands (Fig. 3). Thus, the C9A phage utilizes a different binding site on SC from that of pIgA and pentameric IgM. However, the S. pneumoniae SpsA SH2 and SM1 fragments competed effectively with the C9A phage for binding to SC (Fig. 3). These fragments included the hexapeptide motif known to interact with SC/pIgR. A related fragment from SpsA, SpsA SH3, which lacks the SC/pIgR-binding hexapeptide, did not compete with the phage for binding to SC (Fig. 3). The SC binding ELISA performed with the C6A, C6B, C9B, and C9D phages showed that pIgA or pentameric IgM did not inhibit the binding of any of these phages to SC. However, the C6A phage was inhibited by the SpsA fragments SH2 and SM1 but not by SH3. The C6B, C9B, and C9D phages were not competed by SpsA (data not shown). Alanine/Serine Substitution Analysis of the C9A Phage—The Cys9 library contained ∼5 × 107 distinct phages. However, screening of this library identified only one phage that interacted with both human free SC and bound SC in reconstituted SIgA. To further dissect the C9A sequence, a series of recombinant phages, each with 1 amino acid substitution, were constructed. The 9 internal amino acids were each separately changed into alanine, while the 2 cysteines were altered to serine. In addition, both cysteines were mutated together into serine. These 12 new phage clones were analyzed by the SC binding ELISA as well as by acid elution of bound phage and enumeration by phage titration. Of the 12 substitutions made in the C9A sequence, only 3 retained some affinity to SC (Fig. 4). The same trend was observed with both methods of analysis. Exchange of the glutamine in position 8 for alanine had the least effect on binding to SC. In addition, substitution of glycine in position 5 or valine in position 2 into alanine was tolerated but reduced the level of phage binding almost 100-fold. Both flanking cysteines and the remaining internal amino acids of the C9A sequence were essential for the binding of the phage to immobilized SC (Fig. 4). Inhibition of the C9A Phage Binding to SC by Free Peptide—To test whether the identified amino acid sequence encoded by phage C9A was able to bind to SC independently of the phage particle, we performed competition assays with a synthetic peptide of identical sequence. Because the amino acid sequence displayed by the C9A phage was very hydrophobic, we flanked each cysteines in the free peptide with a lysine (KCVVWMGFQQVCK). A peptide with the same amino acid composition but with a scrambled sequence (KCVQFQVWGMVCK) was used as a control. The free C9A peptide clearly inhibited the binding of the C9A phage in SC binding ELISA, whereas the scrambled peptide did not (Fig. 5). This suggested that the binding of C9A phage to SC was sequence-specific and not dependent on peptide fusion to the phage. Transcytosis of the C9A Phage through pIgR-transfected MDCK Cells—The C9A phage specifically bound free SC as well as bound SC within reconstituted SIgA. To determine whether the C9A phage could be transcytosed by pIgR-expressing epithelial cells, we used human pIgR-transfected MDCK cells as well as mouse pIgR-transfected and untransfected MDCK cells. MDCK cells were seeded onto collagen-coated filters and allowed to form tight polarized monolayers. ∼1 × 108 TUs of either the C9A phage or a control phage were added to the basolateral chamber and incubated for 8 h at 37° C before the number of phages in the apical chamber was determined. The C9A phage was translocated 30–250-fold more efficiently by human pIgR-transfected MDCK cells than by untransfected MDCK cells or MDCK cells expressing mouse pIgR (Fig. 6A). Translocation of the control phage across MDCK cells was not significantly affected by pIgR expression being similar to the level of translocation of the C9A phage by MDCK ce
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