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Increased taxon and character sampling reveals novel intergeneric relationships in the Cracidae (Aves: Galliformes)

2007; Wiley; Volume: 45; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00396.x

1439-0469

K. Frank-Hoeflich, Luís Fábio Silveira, J. Estudillo-López, A. M. García-Koch, Laura Ongay‐Larios, Daniel Piñero,

Ichthyology and Marine Biology

The Cracidae is one of the most endangered bird families in the World. Several studies have been published recently on the evolution and conservation of cracids. Phylogenetic analyses using a fragment of 661 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for 39 different species of cracids corroborated most relationships found in previous studies. The present work attempts to refine the former phylogenetic hypothesis by increasing taxon sampling and combining molecular with osteological, integumentary and behavioural characters using Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analyses. We present both separate and combined total evidence analyses with our molecular data, 152 osteological and 74 integumentary + behavioural characters. While supporting most aspects of the molecular-based hypotheses, the tree based on the combined matrix suggests several modifications of the generic composition for each of the two subfamilies: Penelopinae and Cracinae, and supports the merging of the genera Pipile with Aburria and Mitu with Pauxi. These results suggest that increased taxon and character sampling from a diversity of sources may be at least as important as increased sampling of only one type. Besides, of a total of 891 characters we had 437 parsimony-informative sites (almost half of the analyzable sites) proving the efficiency of a total-evidence approach. La familia Cracidae pertenece a uno de las grupos más amenazados del mundo. Recientemente se han publicado diversos estudios sobre su evolución y conservación. Los análisis filogenéticos con un fragmento de 661 bp del citocromo b mitocondrial para 39 diferentes especies de crácidos, corroboran la mayoría de las relaciones obtenidas en estudios anteriores. Este trabajo intenta refinar las hipótesis filogenéticas anteriores mediante un incremento en el muestreo taxonómico y la combinación de datos moleculares con caracteres osteológicos, integumentarios y conductuales mediante análisis de máxima parsimonia (MP) y Bayesianos. Con nuestros datos moleculares, 152 caracteres osteológicos y 74 caracteres integumentarios y conductuales, realizamos análisis por separado y combinados con evidencia-total. Aunque nuestros resultados favorecen la mayoría de las relaciones propuestas por la hipótesis molecular previa, el árbol obtenido de la matriz combinada sugiere varias modificaciones en los géneros que constituyen a cada una de las dos subfamilias: Penelopinae y Cracinae, y apoya la fusión del género Pipile con Aburria y de Mitu con Pauxi. Estos resultados sugieren que un incremento en el muestreo taxonómico y la inclusión de diferentes tipos de caracteres puede ser tan importante como un gran muestreo de un solo tipo. Además, de un total de 891 caracteres, obtuvimos 437 sitios parsimoniosamente informativos (casi la mitad de los sitios analizables) probando la eficacia de un enfoque de evidencia total. Appendix S1. Osteological characters. Appendix S2. Integumentary and behavioral characters. Please note: Blackwell Publishing are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supplementary materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.