ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Lyme Disease in Dogs: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
2006; Wiley; Volume: 20; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[422
ISSN1939-1676
AutoresMeryl P. Littman, Richard E. Goldstein, Mary Anna Labato, Michael R. Lappin, George E. Moore,
Tópico(s)Viral Infections and Vectors
ResumoJournal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 20, Issue 2 p. 422-434 Open Access ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Lyme Disease in Dogs: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Meryl P. Littman, Corresponding Author Meryl P. Littman Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, P Department of Clinic Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010; e-mail [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorRichard E. Goldstein, Richard E. Goldstein Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinar Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NYSearch for more papers by this authorMary A. Labato, Mary A. Labato Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, N Grafton, MASearch for more papers by this authorMichael R. Lappin, Michael R. Lappin Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CSearch for more papers by this authorGeorge E. Moore, George E. Moore Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, I.Search for more papers by this author Meryl P. Littman, Corresponding Author Meryl P. Littman Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, P Department of Clinic Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010; e-mail [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorRichard E. Goldstein, Richard E. Goldstein Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinar Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NYSearch for more papers by this authorMary A. Labato, Mary A. Labato Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, N Grafton, MASearch for more papers by this authorMichael R. Lappin, Michael R. Lappin Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CSearch for more papers by this authorGeorge E. Moore, George E. Moore Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, I.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 February 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02880.xCitations: 122 Presented in part at the 23rd Annual Veterinary Medical Forum American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD June 1–4, 2005. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The purpose of this report is to offer a consensus opinion of ACVIM diplomates on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs (canine Lyme disease). Clinical syndromes known to commonly be associated with canine Lyme disease include polyarthritis and glomerulopathy. Serological test results can be used to document exposure to B. burgdorferi but not prove illness. Although serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/indirect fluorescent antibody assay titers can stay positive for months to years after treatment, quantitative C6 peptide antibody paired tests need more study. Serological screening of healthy dogs is controversial because it can lead to overdiagnosis or overtreatment of normal dogs, most of which never develop Lyme disease. However, serological screening can provide seroprevalence and sentinel data and stimulate owner education about tick infections and control. Although it is unknown whether treatment of seropositive healthy dogs is beneficial, the consensus is that seropositive dogs should be evaluated for proteinuria and other coinfections and tick control prescribed. Tick control can include a product that repels or protects against tick attachment, thereby helping to prevent transmission of coinfections as well as Borrelia spp. Seropositive dogs with clinical abnormalities thought to arise from Lyme disease generally are treated with doxycycline (10 mg/kg q24h for 1 month). Proteinuric dogs might need longer treatment as well as medications and diets for protein-losing nephropathy. The ACVIM diplomates believe the use of Lyme vaccines still is controversial and most do not administer them. It is the consensus opinion that additional research is needed to study predictors of illness, "Lyme nephropathy," and coinfections in Lyme endemic areas. References 1 Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 115–125. 10.1056/NEJM200107123450207 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2 Sigal LH. Misconceptions about Lyme disease: Confusions hiding behind ill-chosen terminology. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 413–419. 10.7326/0003-4819-136-5-200203050-00024 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Nadelman RB, Wormser GP. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 1998; 352(9127): 557–565. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01146-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 4 Keirans JE, Hutcheson HJ, Durden LA, Klompen JS. Ixodes (Ixodes) scapularis (Acari:Ixodidae): Redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical variation, and medical and veterinary importance. J Med Entomol 1996; 33: 297–318. 10.1093/jmedent/33.3.297 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 5 Greene CE, Appel MJG, Straubinger RK. Lyme borreliosis. In: CE Greene, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. Philadelphia , PA : WB Saunders; 1998: 282–293. or. Google Scholar 6 Greene CE Straubinger RK. Borreliosis. In: CE Greene, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 3rd ed. Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier Saunders; 2006: 417–435. Google Scholar 6 Badon SJ, Fister RD, Cable RG. Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in blood products. Transfusion 1989; 29: 581–583. 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1989.29789369673.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7 Chang YF, Straubinger RK, Jacobson RH, et al. Dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi after experimental infection in dogs. J Spirochetal Tick-Borne Dis 1996; 3: 80–86. Google Scholar 8 Burgess EC. Natural exposure of Wisconsin dogs to the Lyme disease spirochete (Bb). Lab Anim Sci 1986; 36: 288–290. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 9 Appel MJG, Allen S., Jacobson RH, et al. Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 651–664. 10.1093/infdis/167.3.651 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 10 Bushmich SL. Lyme disease: Comparative aspects. Proc 18th ACVIM Forum 2000; 203–205. Google Scholar 11 Grauer GF, Burgess EC, Cooley AJ, Hagee JH. Renal lesions associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in the dog. JAVMA 1988; 193: 237–239. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 12 Post JE, Shaw EE, Wright SD. Suspected borreliosis in cattle. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988; 539: 488. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31916.x Web of Science®Google Scholar 13 Lissman BA, Bosler EM, Camay H., et al. Spirochete-associated arthritis (Lyme disease) in a dog. JAVMA 1984; 185: 219–220. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 14 Kornblatt AN, Urband PH, Steere AC. Arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs. JAVMA 1985; 186: 960–964. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 15 Levy SA, Magnarelli LA. Relationship between development of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs and the subsequent development of limb/joint borreliosis. JAVMA 1992; 200: 344–347. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 16 Greene RT, Levine JF, Breitschwerdt EB, et al. Clinical and serologic evaluations of induced Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49: 752–757. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 17 Cerri D., Farina R., Andreani E., et al. Experimental infection of dogs with Borrelia burgdorferi. Res Vet Sci 1994; 57: 256–258. 10.1016/0034-5288(94)90069-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 18 Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Summers BA, et al. Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and effect of antibiotic treatment on Lyme borreliosis in dogs. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1998; 110: 874–881. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 19 Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Härter L., et al. Borrelia burgdorferi migrates into joint capsules and causes an up-regulation of interleukin-8 in synovial membranes of dogs experimentally infected with ticks. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 1273–1285. 10.1128/IAI.65.4.1273-1285.1997 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 20 Straubinger RK, Summers BA, Chang YF, Appel MJG. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 111–116. 10.1128/JCM.35.1.111-116.1997 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 21 Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Summers BA, Jacobson RH. Status of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after antibiotic treatment and the effects of corticosteroids: An experimental study. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1069–1081. 10.1086/315340 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 22 Straubinger RK. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2191–2199. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 23 Liang FT, Jacobson RH, Straubinger RK, et al. Characterization of a Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE invariable region useful in canine Lyme disease serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 4160–4166. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 24 Harter L., Straubinger RK, Summers BA, et al. Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in dogs experimentally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 67: 271–284. 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00231-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 25 Callister SM, Jobe DA, Schell RF, et al. Detection of borreliacidal antibodies in dogs after challenge with Borrelia burgdorferi–infected Ixodes scapularis ticks. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 3670–3674. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 26 Chang YF, Novosel V., Chang CF, et al. Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 1104–1112. 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1104 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 27 Straubinger RK, Rao TD, Davidson E., et al. Protection against tick-transmitted Lyme disease in dogs vaccinated with a multiantigenic vaccine. Vaccine 2002; 20: 181–193. 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00251-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar 28 Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Schreier AB. Persistence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs on New York and Connecticut. JAVMA 1990; 196: 1064–1068. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 29 Frank JC. Taking a hard look at Borrelia burgdorferi. JAVMA 1989; 194: 1521. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 30 Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Schrier AB, Ficke CM. Clinical and serologic studies of canine borreliosis. JAVMA 1987; 191: 1089–1094. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 31 Rondeau MP, Walton RM, Bissett S., et al. Suppurative, nonseptic polyarthropathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2005; 19: 654–662. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02743.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 32 Dambach DM, Smith CA, Lewis RM, van Winkle TJ. Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987–1992). Vet Pathol 1997; 34: 85–96. 10.1177/030098589703400201 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 33 Sanders NA. Canine "Lyme nephritis." Proc. 18th ACVIM Forum 2000; 627–628. Google Scholar 34 Levy S.. Developing an integrated approach for diagnosing, managing tick-borne diseases. DVM Magazine 2002;June: 14–18. Google Scholar 35 Camacho AT, Guitian FJ, Pallas E., et al. Azotemia and mortality among Babesia microti—like infected dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18: 141–146. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00152.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 36 Belongia EA. Epidemiology and impact of coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2002; 2: 265–273. 10.1089/153036602321653851 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 37 Adelson ME, Rao RV, Tilton RC, et al. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp, Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophila in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in northern New Jersey. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2799–2801. 10.1128/JCM.42.6.2799-2801.2004 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 38 Mitchell PD, Reed KD, Hofkes JM. Immunoserologic evidence of coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and human granulocytic Ehrlichia species in residents of Wisconsin and Minnesota. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 724–727. 10.1128/JCM.34.3.724-727.1996 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 39 Eskow E., Rao RVS, Mordechai E.. Concurrent infection of the central nervous system by Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella henselae: Evidence for a novel tick-borne disease complex. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 1357–1363. 10.1001/archneur.58.9.1357 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 40 Thomas V., Anguita J., Barthold SW, Fikrig E.. Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 3359–3371. 10.1128/IAI.69.5.3359-3371.2001 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 41 Moro MH, Zegarra-Moro OL, Bjornsson J., et al. Increased arthritis severity in mice coinfected with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 428–431. 10.1086/341452 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 42 Hopkins RS, Jajosky RA, Hall PA, et al. Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 2003. MMWR 2005; 52(54): 1–85. (http:www.cdc.govmmwr). PubMedGoogle Scholar 43 Richter D., Spielman A., Komar N., Matuschka FR. Competence of American robins as reservoir hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6: 133–138. 10.3201/eid0602.000205 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 44 Gylfe A., Bergstrom S., Lundstrom J., Olsen B.. Reactivation of Borrelia infection in birds. Nature 2000; 403(6771): 724–725. 10.1038/35001663 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 45 Burgdorfer W., Barbour A., Hayes S., et al. Lyme Disease—A tick-borne spirochetosis. Science 1982; 216(18Jun): 1317–1319. 10.1126/science.7043737 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 46 Persing DH, Rutledge BJ, Rys PN, et al. Target imbalance: Disparity of Borrelia burgdorferi genetic material in synovial fluid from Lyme arthritis patients. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 668–672. 10.1093/infdis/169.3.668 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 47 Kersten A., Poitschek C., Rauch S., Aberer E.. Effects of penicillin, cetriaxone, and doxycycline on morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1127–1133. 10.1128/AAC.39.5.1127 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 48 Gruntar I., Malovrh T., Murgia R., Cinco M.. Conversion of Borrelia garinii cystic forms to motile spirochetes in vivo. APMIS 2001; 109: 383–388. 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.090507.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 49 Brorson O., Brorson SH. A rapid method for generating cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, and their reversal to mobile spirochetes. APMIS 1998; 106: 1131–1141. 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb00269.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 50 Brorson O., Brorson SH. In vitro conversion of Borrelia burgdorferi to cystic forms in spinal fluid, and transformation to mobile spirochetes by incubation in BSK-H medium. Infection 1998; 26: 144–150. 10.1007/BF02771839 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 51 Brorson O., Brorson SH. Transformation of cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to normal, mobile spirochetes. Infection 1997; 25: 240–246. 10.1007/BF01713153 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 52 Murgia R., Piazzetta C., Cinco M.. Cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Induction, development, and the role of RpoS. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002; 114: 574–579. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 53 Brorson O., Brorson SH. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to hydroxychloroquine. Int Microbiol 2002 Mar; 5: 25–31. 10.1007/s10123-002-0055-2 PubMedGoogle Scholar 54 Brorson O., Brorson SH. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to metronidazole. APMIS 1999; 107: 566–576. 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01594.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 55 Mursic VP, Wanner G., Reinhardt S., et al. Formation and cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi spheroplast L-form variants. Infection 1996; 24: 218–226. 10.1007/BF01781096 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 56 MP Littman. Canine borreliosis. In: DK Macintire, EB Breitschwerdt, eds. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003: 33: 827–862. 10.1016/S0195-5616(03)00037-8 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 57 Greene RT, Walker RL, Burgess EC, Levine JF. Heterogeneity in immunoblot patterns obtained by using four strains of Borrelia burgdorferi and sera from naturally exposed dogs. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2287–2291. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 58 Guerra MA, Walker ED, Kitron U.. Quantitative approach for the serodiagnosis of canine Lyme disease by the immunoblot procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2628–2632. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 59 Bacon RF, Biggerstaff BJ, Schriefer ME, et al. Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1187–1199. 10.1086/374395 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 60 Levy S., O'Connor TP, Hanscom JL, Shields P.. Utility of an in-office C6 ELISA test kit for determination of infection status of dogs naturally exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi. Vet Ther 2002; 3: 308–315. PubMedGoogle Scholar 61 Levy S.. Use of a C6 ELISA test to evaluate the efficacy of a whole-cell bacterin for the prevention of naturally transmitted canine Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Vet Ther 2002; 3: 420–424. PubMedGoogle Scholar 62 IDEXX Laboratories, Lyme Quant C6 Test. Available at: http:www.idexx.comanimalhealthlaboratoryc6index.jsp Accessed February 27, 2006. Google Scholar 63 Mogilyansky E., Loa CC, Adelson ME, et al. Comparison of Western immunoblotting and the C6 Lyme antibody test for laboratory detection of Lyme disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004; 11: 924–929. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 64 Steere AC. Duration of antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease. Ann Int Med 2003; 138: 761–762. 10.7326/0003-4819-138-9-200305060-00014 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 65 Wormser GP, Ramanathan R., Nowakowski J., et al. Duration of antibiotic therapy for early Lyme disease. Ann Int Med 2003; 138: 697–704. 10.7326/0003-4819-138-9-200305060-00005 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 66 Klempner MS, Hu LT, Evans J., et al. Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 85–92. 10.1056/NEJM200107123450202 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 67 Philipp MT, Bowers LC, Fawcett PT, et al. Antibody response to IR6, a conserved immunodominant region of the VlsE lipoprotein, wanes rapidly after antibiotic treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in experimental animals and in humans. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 870–878. 10.1086/323392 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 68 Murgia R., Cinco M.. Induction of cystic forms by different stress conditions in Borrelia burgdorferi. APMIS 2004; 112: 57–62. 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1120110.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 69 Alban PS, Johnson PW, Nelson DR. Serum-starvation-induced changes in protein synthesis and morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Microbiology 2000; 146: 119–127. 10.1099/00221287-146-1-119 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 70 Brorson O., Brorson SH. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to tinidazole. Int Microbiol 2004; 7: 139–142. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 71 Murgia R., Piazzetta C., Cinco M.. Cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Induction, development, and the role of RpoS. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002; 114: 574–579. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 72 Fendler C., Laitko S., Sorensen H., et al. Frequency of triggering bacteria in patients with reactive arthritis and un-differentiated oligoarthritis and the relative importance of the tests used for diagnosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 337–343. 10.1136/ard.60.4.337 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 73 Yu LP, Smith GN, Brandt KD, et al. Reduction of the severity of canine osteoarthritis by prophylactic treatment with oral doxycycline. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 1150–1159. 10.1002/art.1780351007 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 74 Yu LP, Burr DB, Brandt KD, et al. Effects of oral doxycycline administration on histomorphometry and dynamics of subchondral bone in a canine model of osteoarthritis. J Rheum 1996; 23: 137–142. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 75 Lees GE, Brown SA, Elliott J., et al. Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM Forum consensus statement (small animal). J Vet Intern Med 2005; 19: 377–385. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 76 Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Summers BA, et al. Status of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after antibiotic treatment and the effects of corticosteroids: An experimental study. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181: 1069–1081. 10.1086/315340 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 77 Peltomaa M., McHugh G., Steere AC. Persistence of the antibody response to the VlsE sixth invariant region (IR6) peptide of Borrelia burgdorferi after successful antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1178–1186. 10.1086/374376 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 78 Neer TM, Breitschwerdt EB, Greene RT, Lappin MR. Consensus statement of ehrlichial disease of small animals from the infectious disease study group of the ACVIM. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16: 309–315. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02374.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 79 Duncan AW, Correa MT, Levine JF, Breitschwerdt EB. The dog as a sentinel for human infection: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 antibodies in dogs from southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2004; 4: 221–229. 10.1089/vbz.2004.4.221 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 80 Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J., Fish D., et al. Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 79–84. 10.1056/NEJM200107123450201 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 81 Wallich R., Siebers A., Jahraus O., et al. DNA vaccines expressing a fusion product of outer surface proteins A and C from Borrelia burgdorferi induce protective antibodies suitable for prophylaxis but not for resolution of Lyme disease. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 2130–2136. 10.1128/IAI.69.4.2130-2136.2001 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 82 Zhong W., Gern L., Stehle T., et al. Resolution of experimental and tick-borne Borrelia burgdorferi infection in mice by passive, but not active immunization using recombinant OspC. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29: 946–957. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199903)29:03 3.0.CO;2-P CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 83 Appel MJG. Lyme disease in dogs. Suppl Comp Cont Ed 2002; 24(1A): 19–23. Google Scholar 84 Levy SA, Lissman BA, Ficke CM. Performance of a Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin in borreliosis-endemic areas. JAVMA 1993; 202: 1834–1838. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 85 Levy SA, Clark KK, Glickman LT. Infection rates in dogs vaccinated and not vaccinated with an OspA Borrelia burgdorferi vaccine in a Lyme disease–endemic area of Connecticut. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005; 3: 1–5. Google Scholar 86 Conlon JAR, Mather TN, Tanner P., et al. Efficacy of a non-adjuvanted, outer surface protein A, recombinant vaccine in dogs after challenge with ticks naturally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Vet Ther 2000; 1: 96–107. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 87 Klingborg DJ, Hustead DR, Curry-Galvin EA, et al. AVMA council on biologic and therapeutic agents' report on cat and dog vaccines. JAVMA 2002; 221: 1401–1407. 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1401 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 88 Jacobson RH, Chang YF, Shin SJ. Lyme disease: Laboratory diagnosis of infected and vaccinated symptomatic dogs. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1996; 11: 172–182. 10.1016/S1096-2867(96)80030-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 89 Paul MA, Appel M., Barrett R., et al. Report of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force: Executive summary and 2003 canine vaccine guidelines and recommendations. JAAHA 2003; 39: 119–131. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 90 Straubinger RK, Chang YF, Jacobson RH, Appel MJG. Sera from OspA-vaccinated dogs, but not those from tick-infected dogs, inhibit in vitro growth of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2745–2751. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 91 Littman MP. Why I don't use Lyme disease vaccines. Comp Cont Ed 1997; 19: 1269, 1272, 1274–1275. Web of Science®Google Scholar 92 Littman MP. Immune-mediated reactions against Lyme vaccine. Proc 18th Ann Vet Med Forum, ACVIM 2000; 629–630. Google Scholar 93 Guerau-de-Arellano M., Huber BT. Development of auto-immunity in Lyme arthritis. Curr Opin Rheum 2002; 14: 388–393. 10.1097/00002281-200207000-00009 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 94 Birner P., Gatterbauer B., Drobna D., et al. Molecular mimicry in infectious encephalitis and neuritis: Binding of antibodies against infectious agents on Western blots of human nervous tissue. J Infect 2000; 41: 32–38. 10.1053/jinf.2000.0661 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 95 Benvenga S., Guarneri F., Vaccaro M., et al. Homologies between proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi and thyroid autoantigens. Thyroid 2004; 14: 964–966. 10.1089/thy.2004.14.964 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 96 Steere AC, Gross D., Meyer AI, Huber BT. Autoimmune mechanisms in antibiotic treatment–resistant Lyme arthritis. J Autoimmun 2001; 16: 263–268. 10.1006/jaut.2000.0495 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 97 Gross DM, Fortshubar T., Tary-Lehmann M., et al. Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science 1998; 281: 703–706. 10.1126/science.281.5377.703 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 98 Sigal LH, Williams S., Soltys B., Gupta R.. H9724, a monoclonal antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi's flagellin, binds to heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) within live neuroblastoma cells: A potential role for HSP60 in peptide hormone signaling and in an autoimmune pathogenesis of the neuropathy of Lyme disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2001; 21: 477–495. 10.1023/A:1013815322485 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 99 Trollmo C., Meyer AI, Steere AC, et al. Molecular mimicry in Lyme arthritis demonstrated at the single cell level: LFA-1αL is a partial agonist for outer surface protein A-reactive T cells. J Immunol 2001; 166: 5286–5291. 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5286 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 100 Willett TA, Meyer AI, Brown EL, et al. An effective second-generation outer surface protein A—derived Lyme vaccine that eliminates a potentially autoreactive T cell epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 1303–1308. 10.1073/pnas.0305680101 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 101 Lim LC, England DM, DuChateau BK, et al. Development of destructive arthritis in vaccinated hamsters challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 2825–2833. 10.1128/IAI.62.7.2825-2833.1994 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 102 Du Chateau BK, England DM, Callister SM, et al. Macrophages exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi induce Lyme arthritis in hamsters. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 2540–2547. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 103 Hu LT, Klempner MS. Host-pathogen interactions in the immunopathogenesis of Lyme disease. J Clin Immunol 1997; 17: 354–365. 10.1023/A:1027308122565 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 104 Philipp MT. Studies on OspA: A source of new paradigms in Lyme disease research. Trends Microbiol 1998; 6: 44–47. 10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01201-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 105 Sigal LH. Lyme disease: A review of aspects of its immunology and immunopathogenesis. Ann Rev Immunol 1997; 15: 63–92. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.63 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 106 Croke CL, Munson EL, Lovrich SD, et al. Occurrence of severe destructive Lyme arthritis in hamsters vaccinated with outer surface protein A and challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 658–663. 10.1128/IAI.68.2.658-663.2000 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 107 Gondolf KB, Mihatsch M., Curschellas E., et al. Induction of experimental allergic arthritis with outer surface proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1070–1077. 10.1002/art.1780370713 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 108 Westport Weston Health District, Analyze your property. Available at: http:www.wwhd.orgTLD_CDanaprop2.htm Accessed February 27, 2006. Google Scholar 109 Westport Weston Health District, Tick safe zones. Available at: http:www.wwhd.orgTLD_CDzones.htm Accessed February 27, 2006. Google Scholar 110 Stafford III, KC. Tick management handbook. Available at: http:www.cdc.govncidoddvbidlymeresourceshandbook.pdf Accessed February 27, 2006. Google Scholar 111 DesVignes F., Piesman J., Heffernan R., et al. Effect of tick removal on transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis nymphs. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 773–778. 10.1086/318818 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 112 Kidd L., Breitschwerdt EB. Transmission times and prevention of tick-borne diseases in dogs. Comp Cont Ed 2003; 25: 742–750. Web of Science®Google Scholar 113 Elfassy OJ, Goodman FW, Levy SA, Carter LL. Efficacy of an amitraz-impregnated collar in preventing transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by adult Ixodes scapularis to dogs. JAVMA 2001; 219: 185–189. 10.2460/javma.2001.219.185 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 114 Blagburn BL, Spencer JA, Billeter SA, et al. Use of imidacloprid-permethrin to prevent transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from naturally infected Ixodes scapularis ticks to dogs. Vet Ther 2004; 5: 212–217. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 115 Korshus JB, Munderloh UG, Bey RF, et al. Experimental infection of dogs with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto using Ixodes scapularis ticks artificially infected by capillary feeding. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2004; 193: 27–34. 10.1007/s00430-003-0178-x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 116 Zhong W., Oschmann P., Wellensiek HJ. Detection and preliminary characterization of circulating immune complexes in patients with Lyme disease. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1997; 186: 153–158. 10.1007/s004300050058 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume20, Issue2March 2006Pages 422-434 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)