Endothelial NF-κB As a Mediator of Kidney Damage
2007; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 101; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/circresaha.107.158295
ISSN1524-4571
AutoresTomasz J. Guzik, David G. Harrison,
Tópico(s)Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
ResumoHomeCirculation ResearchVol. 101, No. 3Endothelial NF-κB As a Mediator of Kidney Damage Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBEndothelial NF-κB As a Mediator of Kidney DamageThe Missing Link Between Systemic Vascular and Renal Disease? Tomasz J. Guzik and David G. Harrison Tomasz J. GuzikTomasz J. Guzik From the Emory University Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and the Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital, Ga. and David G. HarrisonDavid G. Harrison From the Emory University Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; and the Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital, Ga. Originally published3 Aug 2007https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.158295Circulation Research. 2007;101:227–229In the current issue of Circulation Research Henke and coworkers demonstrate a critical role for the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in the genesis of renal damage caused by hypertension.1 The authors created mice in which the NF-κB superrepressor IκBαΔN was induced in the endothelium using Cre/Lox technology. They then exposed these mice and appropriate controls to a rather complex model of hypertension involving angiotensin II infusion, high salt and inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide production. Although the NF-κB superrepressor did not prevent hypertension, it markedly diminished renal injury. Albuminuria in the NF-κB suppressed mice was reduced by half, perivascular and tubular fibrosis was decreased, TNF-α levels were diminished and the renal infiltration of inflammatory cells reduced. The study illustrates a previously unappreciated role of the endothelium and specifically endothelial NF-κB in coordinating numerous aspects of hypertensive renal damage.Prevention of hypertension and its attendant end organ damage is one of the major therapeutic aims in cardiovascular medicine. A vast amount of research has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis of hypertension, but for the past two decades this knowledge has not led to new treatments. Although current drugs are effective in many patients, there are still numerous patients in whom even combination therapies are not successful.2 Moreover while we focus almost solely on bringing the blood pressure levels back to normal, the mechanisms of end-organ damage are in part independent of blood pressure and are influenced by factors such as race, socioeconomic status, diabetes, dyslipidemia and other unknown factors. This is particularly true of renal failure, which occurs much more commonly in blacks and is exacerbated by diabetes.Hypertensive end organ damage is predominantly caused by inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrating target organs. Numerous aspects of the hypertensive milieu, including altered mechanical forces, increased angiotensin II, elevated aldosterone and locally produced cytokines seem to stimulate this process, in large part via increasing local levels of cellular adhesion molecules and chemokines, which in turn promote rolling, adhesion and penetration of inflammatory cells.3 Angiotensin II directly acts on T cells and monocytes and leads to their activation, proliferation, and promotes their migration into target organs.4 When these events occur in the vessel they predispose to atherosclerosis; in the heart, they lead to myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction; and in the kidney they cause albuminuria, progressive renal damage and ultimately renal insufficiency. Given the multiorgan nature of these insults, hypertension must be viewed as a systemic inflammatory process.Although each of the organs mentioned above are composed of numerous different cells types, all of which might participate in the inflammatory process, the endothelial cell plays a central role because it serves as the interface between the circulating inflammatory cells and the target organs. A critical signaling event leading to endothelial cell inflammation is activation of the NF-κB family of transcription factors. These fascinating Rel family proteins proteins exist in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells in an inactive state as heterotrimers, generally consisting of an inhibitory subunit, IκB and two other proteins including p50, p65 (Rel A), Rel B and c-Rel.5 When the cell is activated by diverse proinflammatory stimuli, including cytokines, endotoxin, modified lipids and reactive oxygen species the upstream I-kappa kinase (IκK) is activated. IκK in turn phosphorylates IκB and targets it for proteosomal degradation (Figure).5 The released dimer, most commonly the p50/p65 heterodimer, then translocates to the nucleus where it binds to the promoters of a variety of genes.5 In general, this leads to expression of proinflammatory molecules such as the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the monocyte chemoattractant peptide 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 and many others.5 Depending on the cell type, NF-κB activation can lead to cell specific inflammatory responses. For example, in the T cell, NF-κB activation occurs as a consequence of T cell signaling via the immunological synapse and leads to T cell activation and polarization.6 Because of these myriad roles, NF-κB can be considered a concertmaster in orchestrating intracellular and intercellular inflammatory events (Figure).5Download figureDownload PowerPointCentral roles of NF-κB in the regulation of inflammation and endothelial cell homeostasis in the setting of hypertension. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), post parandal triglycerides (TG), cytokines and angiotensin II (Ang II) act on endothelial cells to activate specific intracellular signaling events. This process is augmented by altered mechanical forces present in hypertension. One consequence of this is an increase in intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These events signal activation of the I kappa kinase complex (IκK) which leads to phosphorylation of IκB and ultimately nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 and augmented expression of numerous inflammatory genes. iNOS=inducible nitric oxide synthase. RAGE=receptor for advanced glycation end products, COX=cyclooxygenase, MNCs=mononuclear cells.Although NF-κB is generally viewed detrimental in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, it can also have protective roles. A recent study has shown that cytoprotective molecules such as the manganese superoxide dismutases, Bcl2 and GADD45β can be induced by NF-κB in endothelial cells exposed to laminar shear.7 The increase in eNOS in response to shear stress is mediated by NF-κB, at least at early time points. It is therefore incorrect to conclude that all consequences of NF-κB activation are deleterious.It should be noted that Henke et al used a "triple hit" model of hypertension involving angiotensin II infusion, high salt and inhibition of NO synthesis that would seem particularly prone to activate NF-κB. Each of these insults has been shown to independently activate NF-κB and together likely work synergistically to do so. In particular NO inhibits NF-κB activation via at least two mechanisms.8 First, NO is a potent stimulus for increasing IκB expression, which sequesters the p50/p65 heterodimers. Second, NO reacts with a critical cysteine in p50. Together, these effects of NO prevent nuclear translocation of the active subunits and inhibit expression of inflammatory molecules like VCAM-1, MCP-1 and ICAM-1.9,10,11 Likewise, angiotensin II, via its activation of the NADPH oxidase, can increase production of reactive oxygen species that oxidatively inactivate NO and also can directly activate NF-κB via redox sensitive mechanisms. The combination of these insults permitted Henke et al to observe renal damage in a relatively short time, however it is likely that the individual insults lead to renal damage over a longer period of time.Importantly, the extracellular factors that activate NF-κB are only recently being characterized. It has been demonstrated that exposure of human aortic endothelial cells to triglycerides from subjects in the postprandial state markedly augments the activation of NF-κB caused by cytokines.12 It is possible that these proatherogenic triglycerides predispose to renal injury via activation of NF-κB in the kidney. Of note, fibrates, commonly used for treatment of lipid disorders, also prevent NF-κB activation.13 Related to the study by Henke et al, these agents have been shown to prevent renal damage in hypertensive transgenic rats and to prevent progression of microalbuminuria in the DAIS trial involving diabetic subjects.14 Moreover, the VA HIT trial showed a substantial benefit of the fibrate gemfibrozil, beyond what could be expected based on changes in lipids caused by these drugs.15 It is interesting to speculate that some of this covert beneficial effect was because of inhibition of NF-κB.The considerations above raise the possibility that other drugs that inhibit NF-κB would be useful in preventing renal damage. A number of NF-κB inhibitors have been developed including panoxypanadone, pyrolidine dithiodicarbamate (PDTC), dehdyroxy-methylepoxyquinomycin (DHMEQ) and SP100030.16,17 These are not currently used clinically although some have been used in experimental animals. Drugs such as BMS34554118 and curcumin,19 which respectively inhibit IκK and the coactivating factor p300, have also been used to prevent NF-κB activation and might prove beneficial in the prevention of renal damage in the setting of hypertension. Likewise, statins and the insulin sensitizing agent metformin have also been shown to inhibit NF-κB.20The study by Henke et al might also provide insight into frequent occurrence of renal failure in patients with systemic atherosclerosis. Death from cardiovascular causes occurs in 50% of patients with renal failure and is 20-fold more prevalent than in those without renal failure.21 Individuals with renal failure in need of but prior to dialysis have markedly thickened carotid intimal medial thickness, a surrogate for systemic atherosclerosis, and this is independent of other traditional risk factors including age and blood pressure.22 Activation of NF-κB by factors like those studied by Henke et al occurs in systemic vessels and promotes the inflammatory response typical of atherosclerosis. In keeping with this, p50 and p65 are present in the nuclei of vascular smooth cells in human atheroma but not in normal vascular smooth muscle cells.23 The NF-κB inhibitor DHMEQ reduces atherosclerosis Apo(E)-deficient mice.24 Moreover, polymorphisms that reduce expression of A20, a negative regulator of NF-κB, increase atherosclerosis in diabetics by 4-fold.24 Physicians are often baffled by the unexplained relentless progression of renal failure in their patients with atherosclerosis. It is very possible that this represents a state of systemic inflammation that not only affects large vessels but also the kidneys.In conclusion, the study by Henke et al emphasizes the role of NF-κB as a major player in modulating the renal effects of hypertension. The interactions between cytokines, triglycerides, angiotensin II, altered mechanical forces and other factors that lead to endothelial NF-κB activation almost certainly link hypertension, systemic atherosclerosis and the progressive renal failure commonly observed clinically. As such this transcription factor is clearly a very important therapeutic target, keeping in mind that not all NF-κB is bad.The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.Sources of FundingThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant HL39006, NIH program project grants HL58000 and HL075209, and a Department of Veterans Affairs merit grant.DisclosuresD.G.H. is a consultant for Novartis and Merck.FootnotesCorrespondence to David G. Harrison, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMBR 319, Atlanta, GA 30322. E-mail [email protected] References 1 Henke N, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Dechend R, Park J, Qadri F, Wellner M, Obst M, Gross V, Dietz R, Luft F, Scheidereit C, Muller D. Vascular endothelial cell-specific NF-κB suppression attenuates hypertension-induced renal damage. Circ Res. 2007; 101: 268–276.LinkGoogle Scholar2 Harrison DG, Gongora MC, Guzik TJ, Widder J. Oxidative stress and hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2007; 1: 30–44.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 Touyz RM, Tabet F, Schiffrin EL. Redox-dependent signalling by angiotensin II and vascular remodelling in hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003; 30: 860–866.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4 Nataraj C, Oliverio MI, Mannon RB, Mannon PJ, Audoly LP, Amuchastegui CS, Ruiz P, Smithies O, Coffman TM. Angiotensin II regulates cellular immune responses through a calcineurin-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104: 1693–1701.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Ghosh S, Karin M. Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Cell. 2002; 109 Suppl: S81–S96.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 Li X, Massa PE, Hanidu A, Peet GW, Aro P, Savitt A, Mische S, Li J, Marcu KB. IKKα, IKKβ, and NEMO/IKKγ are each required for the NF-kappa B-mediated inflammatory response program. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 45129–45140.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 Partridge J, Carlsen H, Enesa K, Chaudhury H, Zakkar M, Luong L, Kinderlerer A, Johns M, Blomhoff R, Mason JC, Haskard DO, Evans PC. Laminar shear stress acts as a switch to regulate divergent functions of NF-κB in endothelial cells. FASEB J. 2007. In press.Google Scholar8 Grumbach IM, Chen W, Mertens SA, Harrison DG. A negative feedback mechanism involving nitric oxide and nuclear factor kappa-B modulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase transcription. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2005; 39: 595–603.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9 De Caterina R, Libby P, Peng HB, Thannickal VJ, Rajavashisth TB, Gimbrone MA Jr, Shin WS, Liao JK. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 60–68.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10 Khan BV, Harrison DG, Olbrych MT, Alexander RW, Medford RM. Nitric oxide regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 gene expression and redox-sensitive transcriptional events in human vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93: 9114–9119.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11 Bao X, Lu C, Frangos JA. Temporal gradient in shear but not steady shear stress induces PDGF-A and MCP-1 expression in endothelial cells: role of NO, NF kappa B, and egr-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 996–1003.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12 Ting HJ, Stice JP, Schaff UY, Hui DY, Rutledge JC, Knowlton AA, Passerini AG, Simon SI. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins prime aortic endothelium for an enhanced inflammatory response to tumor necrosis factor-α. Circ Res. 2007; 100: 381–390.LinkGoogle Scholar13 Staels B, Koenig W, Habib A, Merval R, Lebret M, Torra IP, Delerive P, Fadel A, Chinetti G, Fruchart JC, Najib J, Maclouf J, Tedgui A. Activation of human aortic smooth-muscle cells is inhibited by PPARα but not by PPARγ activators. Nature. 1998; 393: 790–793.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14 Ansquer JC, Foucher C, Rattier S, Taskinen MR, Steiner G. Fenofibrate reduces progression to microalbuminuria over 3 years in a placebo-controlled study in type 2 diabetes: results from the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45: 485–493.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15 Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 410–418.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16 Chiba T, Kondo Y, Shinozaki S, Kaneko E, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Umezawa K, Shimokado K. A selective NFkappaB inhibitor, DHMEQ, reduced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb. 2006; 13: 308–313.Google Scholar17 Gerlag DM, Ransone L, Tak PP, Han Z, Palanki M, Barbosa MS, Boyle D, Manning AM, Firestein GS. The effect of a T cell-specific NF-kappa B inhibitor on in vitro cytokine production and collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol. 2000; 165: 1652–1658.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18 MacMaster JF, Dambach DM, Lee DB, Berry KK, Qiu Y, Zusi FC, Burke JR. An inhibitor of IkappaB kinase, BMS-345541, blocks endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and reduces the severity of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Inflamm Res. 2003; 52: 508–511.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19 Ahmad M, Theofanidis P, Medford RM. Role of activating protein-1 in the regulation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor-α. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 4616–4621.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20 Isoda K, Young JL, Zirlik A, MacFarlane LA, Tsuboi N, Gerdes N, Schonbeck U, Libby P. Metformin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-κB in human vascular wall cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26: 611–617.LinkGoogle Scholar21 Amann K, Tyralla K, Gross ML, Eifert T, Adamczak M, Ritz E. Special characteristics of atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 2003; 60 Suppl 1: S13–S21.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar22 Shoji T, Emoto M, Tabata T, Kimoto E, Shinohara K, Maekawa K, Kawagishi T, Tahara H, Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y. Advanced atherosclerosis in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 2002; 61: 2187–2192.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar23 Bourcier T, Sukhova G, Libby P. The nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway participates in dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in human atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 15817–15824.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24 Boonyasrisawat W, Eberle D, Bacci S, Zhang YY, Nolan D, Gervino EV, Johnstone MT, Trischitta V, Shoelson SE, Doria A. Tag polymorphisms at the A20 (TNFAIP3) locus are associated with lower gene expression and increased risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2007; 56: 499–505.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Tomaszewski M, Morris A, Howson J, Franceschini N, Eales J, Xu X, Dikalov S, Guzik T, Humphreys B, Harrap S and Charchar F (2022) Kidney omics in hypertension: from statistical associations to biological mechanisms and clinical applications, Kidney International, 10.1016/j.kint.2022.04.045, Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022. Brunt V and Minson C (2021) Heat therapy: mechanistic underpinnings and applications to cardiovascular health, Journal of Applied Physiology, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2020, 130:6, (1684-1704), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021. Kalra J, Mangali S, Bhat A, Jadhav K and Dhar A (2020) Selective inhibition of PKR improves vascular inflammation and remodelling in high fructose treated primary vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165606, 1866:3, (165606), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2020. Abdel-Zaher A, Farghaly H, El-Refaiy A and Abd-Eldayem A (2018) Protective effect of the standardized leaf extract of G inkgo biloba (EGb761) against hypertension-induced renal injury in rats , Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 10.1080/10641963.2018.1425421, 40:8, (703-714), Online publication date: 17-Nov-2018. Guzik T and Cosentino F (2018) Epigenetics and Immunometabolism in Diabetes and Aging, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 10.1089/ars.2017.7299, 29:3, (257-274), Online publication date: 20-Jul-2018. Naderpoor N, Mousa A, de Courten M, Scragg R, Ranasinha S and de Courten B (2017) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is not associated with glomerular filtration rate in a predominantly obese otherwise healthy population, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.019, 173, (253-257), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2017. Dornas W, Cardoso L, Silva M, Machado N, Chianca D, Alzamora A, Lima W, Lagente V and Silva M (2017) Oxidative stress causes hypertension and activation of nuclear factor-κB after high-fructose and salt treatments, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/srep46051, 7:1, Online publication date: 1-Aug-2017. Bomfim G, Echem C, Martins C, Costa T, Sartoretto S, Dos Santos R, Oliveira M, Akamine E, Fortes Z, Tostes R, Webb R and Carvalho M (2015) Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition reduces vascular inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Life Sciences, 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.001, 122, (1-7), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2015. Ollero M and Sahali D (2014) Inhibition of the VEGF signalling pathway and glomerular disorders, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 10.1093/ndt/gfu368, 30:9, (1449-1455), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015. Hashimoto T, Ichiki T, Watanabe A, Hurt-Camejo E, Michaëlsson E, Ikeda J, Inoue E, Matsuura H, Tokunou T, Kitamoto S and Sunagawa K (2014) Stimulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by AR-R17779 suppresses atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, Vascular Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.vph.2014.03.006, 61:2-3, (49-55), Online publication date: 1-May-2014. Kashihara N, Satoh M and Kanwar Y (2014) Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease: Lessons Derived from Diabetic Nephropathy Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_185, (2675-2703), . Guzik T, Schramm A and Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M (2014) Functional Implications of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Human Blood Vessels Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_178, (1155-1176), . Izzedine H, Mangier M, Ory V, Zhang S, Sendeyo K, Bouachi K, Audard V, Péchoux C, Soria J, Massard C, Bahleda R, Bourry E, Khayat D, Baumelou A, Lang P, Ollero M, Pawlak A and Sahali D (2014) Expression patterns of RelA and c-mip are associated with different glomerular diseases following anti-VEGF therapy, Kidney International, 10.1038/ki.2013.344, 85:2, (457-470), . Lim S and Park S (2012) The high glucose-induced stimulation of B1R and B2R expression via CB1R activation is involved in rat podocyte apoptosis, Life Sciences, 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.07.020, 91:19-20, (895-906), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2012. Schramm A, Matusik P, Osmenda G and Guzik T (2012) Targeting NADPH oxidases in vascular pharmacology, Vascular Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.vph.2012.02.012, 56:5-6, (216-231), Online publication date: 1-May-2012. Lesniewski L, Durrant J, Connell M, Henson G, Black A, Donato A and Seals D (2011) Aerobic exercise reverses arterial inflammation with aging in mice, American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 10.1152/ajpheart.01276.2010, 301:3, (H1025-H1032), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2011. Sun L, Wang S, Hu C and Zhang X (2011) Down-regulation of PKHD1 induces cell apoptosis through PI3K and NF-κB pathways, Experimental Cell Research, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.025, 317:7, (932-940), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011. Rizvi A (2010) Hypertension, Obesity, and Inflammation: The Complex Designs of a Deadly Trio, Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 10.1089/met.2009.0116, 8:4, (287-294), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2010. Mangolini A, Bogo M, Durante C, Borgatti M, Gambari R, Harris P, Rizzuto R, Pinton P, Aguiari G and del Senno L (2009) NF-κB activation is required for apoptosis in fibrocystin/polyductin-depleted kidney epithelial cells, Apoptosis, 10.1007/s10495-009-0426-7, 15:1, (94-104), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010. Hao X, Zhang H, Yuan Z, Yang D, Hao L and Li X (2009) Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide alters the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system and renal damage in offspring rats, Hypertension Research, 10.1038/hr.2009.185, 33:1, (76-82), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010. Montecucco F, Pende A and Mach F (2009) The Renin-Angiotensin System Modulates Inflammatory Processes in Atherosclerosis: Evidence from Basic Research and Clinical Studies, Mediators of Inflammation, 10.1155/2009/752406, 2009, (1-13), . Pearson K, Baur J, Lewis K, Peshkin L, Price N, Labinskyy N, Swindell W, Kamara D, Minor R, Perez E, Jamieson H, Zhang Y, Dunn S, Sharma K, Pleshko N, Woollett L, Csiszar A, Ikeno Y, Le Couteur D, Elliott P, Becker K, Navas P, Ingram D, Wolf N, Ungvari Z, Sinclair D and de Cabo R (2008) Resveratrol Delays Age-Related Deterioration and Mimics Transcriptional Aspects of Dietary Restriction without Extending Life Span, Cell Metabolism, 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.011, 8:2, (157-168), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008. Donato A, Black A, Jablonski K, Gano L and Seals D (2008) Aging is associated with greater nuclear NFκB, reduced IκBα, and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells of healthy humans, Aging Cell, 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00438.x, 7:6, (805-812), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008. Kim D, Meza C, Clarke H, Kim J and Hickner R (2020) Vitamin D and Endothelial Function, Nutrients, 10.3390/nu12020575, 12:2, (575) Lomelí O, Pérez-Torres I, Márquez R, Críales S, Mejía A, Chiney C, Hernández-Lemus E and Soto M (2018) The Evaluation of Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in the Brachial Artery Correlates With Endothelial Dysfunction Evaluated by Nitric Oxide Synthase Metabolites in Marfan Syndrome Patients, Frontiers in Physiology, 10.3389/fphys.2018.00965, 9 Sun Y, Qu X, Zhang X, Caruana G, Bertram J, Li J and Rastaldi M (2013) Glomerular Endothelial Cell Injury and Damage Precedes That of Podocytes in Adriamycin-Induced Nephropathy, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0055027, 8:1, (e55027) Senoner T and Dichtl W (2019) Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target?, Nutrients, 10.3390/nu11092090, 11:9, (2090) Wan X, Chen X, Liu L, Zhao Y, Huang W, Zhang Q, Miao G, Chen W, Xie H, Cao C and Dussaule J (2013) Berberine Ameliorates Chronic Kidney Injury Caused by Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease through the Suppression of NFκB Signaling Pathway in Rats, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059794, 8:3, (e59794) Meephat S, Prasatthong P, Potue P, Bunbupha S, Pakdeechote P and Maneesai P (2021) Diosmetin Ameliorates Vascular Dysfunction and Remodeling by Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and p-JNK/p-NF-κB Expression in Hypertensive Rats, Antioxidants, 10.3390/antiox10091487, 10:9, (1487) August 3, 2007Vol 101, Issue 3 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.158295PMID: 17673681 Originally publishedAugust 3, 2007 Keywordsmolecular biologynitric oxidemonocytesNF-κBoxidative stressmonocyte chemoattractant protein-1PDF download Advertisement
Referência(s)