Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Darfur: the politics of genocide denial syndrome

2007; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 9; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14623520701368594

1469-9494

Matthew Lippman,

African history and culture analysis

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 UN News Service, “10 years after Rwanda Genocide, Anan unveils plan to stop future massacres,” http://www.un.org/apps/news/printnewsAr.asp?nid = 10337 (accessed November 25, 2006). 2 Eric Reeves, “Kofi Annan on Darfur,” http://freeworldnow.blogspot.com/2004/06/kofi-annan-on-darfur-june-17-2004.html (accessed January 5, 2006). 3 Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary-General Kofi Annan at United Nations Headquarters, UN Press Release SG/SM/9427, July 21, 2004, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9427.doc.htm (accessed November 25, 2006). 4 Nicholas D. Kristoff, “Genocide in slow motion,” review of Julie Flint and Alex de Waal, Darfur: A Short History of a Long War, and Gerard Prunier, Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, New York Review of Books, February 9, 2006, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18674 (accessed November 25, 2006). 5 Nicholas D. Kristof, “The secret genocide archive,” New York Times, February 23, 2005. 6 Nicholas D. Kristof, “If not now, when?” New York Times, October 29, 2006. 7 Samantha Power, “Dying in Darfur,” New Yorker, August 30, 2004, p 56. 8 Daniel Wolf, “Death and deception in Darfur,” Washington Post, July 31, 2004. 9 Tony Jones, “Cease-fire monitor describes Sudan abuse,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV: Lateline Programme, April 21, 2005, http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2005/s1351006.htm (accessed November 25, 2006). 10 Brian Steidle, “In Darfur, my camera was not nearly enough,” Washington Post, March 20, 2005. 11 Julie Flint and Alex De Wall, Darfur: A Short History of A Long War (London: Zed, 1978), pp 7–12. 12 Ibid, p 6. 13 Gerard Prunier, Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005), pp 76–78. 14 Jeffrey Gettleman, “War in Sudan? Not where the oil wealth flows,” New York Times, October 24, 2006. 15 Human Rights Watch, Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2004), pp 7–9. 16 Prunier, Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, pp 95–96. 17 Human Rights Watch, Darfur in Flames, pp 23–24. 18 Scott Straus, “Darfur and the genocide debate,” Foreign Affairs, Vol 84, No 1, 2005, p 126. 19 Martin Fletcher, “Janjaweed defector confesses Sudan's atrocities in Darfur,” Sudan Tribune, October 19, 2006, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article18203 (accessed November 27, 2006). 20 “UN accuses Sudan of delaying aid efforts,” New York Times, November 23, 2006, http://www.nytimes. com/2006/11/23/world/africa/23darfur.html?…1 (accessed January 7, 2007). 21 Amnesty International, “Darfur threats to humanitarian aid,” December 1, 2006, http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR540312006 (accessed January 7, 2007). 22 Eric Reeves, “Darfur humanitarian operations now in ‘meltdown’ phase,” Sudan Tribune, December 1, 2006, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article19429 (accessed January 7, 2007). 23 Lydia Polgreen, “Darfur trembles as peacekeepers' exit looms,” New York Times, September 10, 2006. 24 Somini Sengupta, “Relentless attacks on women in West Sudan draw an outcry,” New York Times, October 26, 2004. 25 Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, We Must Halt the Genocide in Darfur Sudan Now, June 2005, http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/halt_genocide_darfur.pdf (accessed January 7, 2007). 26 Paul Salopek, “Humanitarian catastrophe unfolds in the troubled region of Sudan,” Chicago Tribune, October 8, 2006. For a full discussion of the intimidation and censorship of the media, consult Amnesty International, “Sudan: intimidation and denial: attacks on freedom of expression in Darfur,” August 25, 2004. 27 Lydia Polgreen, “Arab gunmen kill hundreds of villagers in Chad,” New York Times, November 15, 2006. 28 N'djamena Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on the Conflict in Darfur, April 8, 2004 http://darfurinformation.com/darfur-in-perspective/app-1.asp (accessed December 2, 2006). 29 Agreement Establishing the Ceasefire Commission and Monitoring Force in Darfur, May 28, 2004, http://darfurinformation.com/darfur-in-perspective/app-1.asp (accessed December 2, 2006). 30 Joint Communiqué between the Government of Sudan and the United Nations on the Occasion of the Visit of the Secretary General to Sudan, June 29–July 3, 2004, http://darfurinformation.com/darfur-in-perspective/app-5.asp (accessed December 2, 2006). 31 Protocol between the Government of the Sudan (GoS), the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) on the Improvement of the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur, November 9, 2004, http://darfurinformation.com/darfur-in-perspective/app-4.asp (accessed January 7, 2007). 32 Protocol between the Government of the Sudan (GoS), the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) on the Enhancement of the Security Situation in Darfur in Accordance with the N'Djamena Agreement, November 9, 2004, http://darfurinformation.com/darfur-in-perspective/app-4.asp (accessed January 7, 2007). 33 African Union, Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur, July 5, 2005, http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article10700 (accessed January 7, 2006). 34 Senator Sam Brownback and Congressman Frank Wolf, Trip Report Darfur, Western Sudan, June 27–29, 2004, http://www.house.gov/wolf/images/frontimages/fullsize/Sudan%20Trip%20Report.pdf (accessed January 7, 2007). 35 Salih Booker and Ann-Louise Colgan, “Genocide in Darfur,” The Nation, July 12, 2004, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040712/booker (accessed December 2, 2006). 36 United States House Congressional Resolution 467, September 7, 2004. 37 Executive Order 13067 (October 2006); Comprehensive Peace in Sudan Act, 50 U.S.C. § 1701, 2004. 38 Lucien J. Dhooge, “Condemning Khartoum: the Illinois Divestment Act and foreign relations,” American Business Law Journal, Vol 43, No 2, 2006, p 245. 39 Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, The Crisis in Darfur, September 9, 2004 (Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee), http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/36042.htm (accessed December 2, 2006). 40 Ibid, p 39. 41 US Department of State, Documenting Atrocities in Darfur (Washington, DC: United States Department of State, 2004). 42 John R. Crook, “President and Secretary of State characterize events in Darfur as genocide,” American Journal of International Law, Vol 99, No 1, 2005, p 266. 43 Taylor B. Seybolt, “The Darfur atrocities documentation project: a precedent for the future?” in Samuel Totten and Eric Markusen, eds, Genocide in Darfur. Investigating the Atrocities in Sudan (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp 164–165. 44 Jim Lobe, “U.S. public backs force against Sudan ‘genocide’,” IPS Inter Press Service News, July 20, 2004, http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews = 24711 (accessed December 2, 2006). 45 European Union, “Motion for a resolution on the humanitarian situation in Sudan,” September 16, 2004, http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_3810_en.htm (accessed January 9, 2006). 46 These photos are available at http://www.ushmm.org/conscience (accessed December 2, 2006). 47 Eric Reeves, “Genocide in Sudan,” In These Times, May 2006, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Africa/Genocide_Sudan.html (accessed January 7, 2006). 48 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Situation of Human Rights in the Darfur Region of the Sudan, UN Doc E/CN.4/2005/3, May 7, 2004. 49 Security Council Resolution 1556, July 7, 2004. 50 United Nations, Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary-General Kofi Annan at United Nations Headquarters, UN Doc SG/SM/9427, July 21, 2004. 51 Letter Dated August 10, 2004 from the Permanent Mission of the Sudan to the UN Addressed to the President of the Security Council, August 11, 2004. 52 United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraphs 6 and 13 to 16 of Security Council Resolution 1556, UN Doc S/2004, UN Doc S/2004/703, August 30, 2004, pp 6, 20. 53 Security Council Resolution 1564, September 19, 2004. 54 Security Council Resolution 1574, November 19, 2004. 55 Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General, January 25, 2005, pp 3–4 (Executive Summary). 56 Security Council Resolution 1591, March 29, 2005. 57 Security Council Resolution 1672, April 25, 2006. 58 Security Council Resolution 1593, March 31, 2005. 59 Warren Hoge, “Sudan rebuffs UN on trying Darfur war-crimes suspects abroad,” New York Times, February 9, 2006. 60 J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster (Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2006), pp 307–312; Darfur Peace Agreement, May 5, 2005, http://allafrica.com/peaceafrica/resources/view/00010926.pdf (accessed December 10, 2006). The appendix provides copies of all previous agreements between the parties. 61 Security Council Resolution 1679, May 16, 2006. 62 Security Council Resolution 1706, August 31, 2006. 63 Lydia Polgreen, “Truce is talk, agony is real in Darfur war,” New York Times, May 14, 2006. 64 Lydia Polgreen, “Obstacles test African force in grim Darfur,” New York Times, May 17, 2006. 65 Joel Brinkley, “Security Council agrees to send troops to Darfur,” New York Times, January 4, 2006. 66 “UN humanitarian official says Darfur crisis is at crucial moment,” New York Times, November 19, 2006, p 18. 67 Lydia Polgreen, “Sudan's plan for Darfur involves its own force, not the UN's,” New York Times, August 22, 2006. 68 Warren Hoge, “Bush and Sudan's leader at odds over sending UN troops to calm Darfur,” New York Times, September 20, 2006. 69 Lydia Polgreen, “African peacekeepers threaten to pull out of Sudan,” New York Times, September 6, 2006. 70 “Nigeria leader warns Africa about strife in Darfur,” New York Times, October 11, 2006. 71 Lydia Polgreen, “From cowed to defiant: Sudan balks at taking peacekeepers,” August 26, 2006. 72 Mohamed Osman, “UN nears deal on Darfur force,” Chicago Tribune, December 23, 2006, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0612230134dec23,1,5530242.story (accessed January 8, 2007). 73 Lydia Polgreen, “Peace pact has yet to touch lives of Darfur's refugees,” New York Times, May 8, 2006. 74 Rich Shapiro, “Darfur crisis crosses borders,” Christian Science Monitor, December 11, 2006. 75 Lydia Polgreen, “US governor brokers truce for Darfur,” New York Times, January 11, 2007. 76 “Secretary-General urges human rights activists to ‘fill leadership vacuum’, hold world leaders to account,” UN Doc SG/SM/10788/HR/4909/OBV 601, December 8, 2006, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sgsm10788.doc.htm (accessed January 8, 2007). 77 Human Rights Watch, UN: Rights Body Must Act Now on Darfur, December 11, 2006, http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/12/11/global14808.htm (accessed December 14, 2006). 78 Romeo Dallaire, “Looking at Darfur, seeing Rwanda,” New York Times, October 3, 2004. 79 Evelyn Leopold, “Court plans Darfur indictments by February,” Reuters, December 13, 2006. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N12364474.htm (accessed December 15, 2006). 80 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001). 81 2005 World Summit Outcome, General Assembly Resolution A/Res/60/1, October 24, 2005. 82 Charter of the United Nations, 3 Bevans 1153, 1976 Y.B.UN 1043, June 26, 1945, art. 1(3). 83 Security Council Resolution 827, May 25, 1993; Security Council Resolution 955, November 8, 1994. 84 Constitutive Act of the Africa Union, July 11, 2006, art. 4(h). 85 UN GAOR 6th Comm., 3rd Sess., pt. 1, 67th mtg. at 38, UN Doc A/C.6/SR. 67 (1948) (Mr Kaeckenbeeck, Belgium). 86 “Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co. Ltd,” ICJ Reports, Vol 3, No 32, 1970. 87 International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, p 507. 88 Ibid, pp 508–510. 89 Ibid, pp 513–517. 90 Ibid, pp 518–519. 91 Ibid, p 520. 92 Ibid, pp 518–519, 522. 93 William A. Schabas, “Genocide, crimes against humanity, and Darfur: the Commission of Inquiry's findings on genocide,” Cardozo Law Review, Vol 27, No 2, 2006, pp 1716–1718. 94 Public International Law & Policy Group, Genocide in Darfur: A Legal Analysis (Washington, DC: Public International Law & Policy Group, 2004). 95 Nsongurua J. Udombana, “An escape from reason: genocide and the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur,” International Lawyer, Vol 40, No 1, 2006, p 58. 96 David Luban, “Calling genocide by its rightful name: Lemkin's word, Darfur, and the UN Report,” Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol 7, No 1, 2006, p 315. 97 Prosecutor v Krstic, ICTY-98-22 (Appellate Chamber, April 19, 2004), pp 15, 37–38. 98 Ibid, pp 12–13, 16. 99 Ibid, pp 32–38. 100 Prosecutor v Akayesu, ICTR-96-4-T (International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda, 1988), pp 731–732. 101 International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, pp 262–268. 102 International Crisis Group, Sudan: Now or Never in Darfur, Africa Report No 80, May 23, 2004. 103 Luban, “Calling genocide by its rightful name,” pp 314–315. 104 Prosecutor v Krstic, pp 34–35. 105 International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, p 503. 106 This section draws from observations in Matthew Lippman, “The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: fifty years later,” Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol 15, No 2, 1998, pp 415–514; Matthew Lippman, “Genocide: the crime of the century. The jurisprudence of death at the dawn of the new millennium,” Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol 23, No 23, 2001, pp 467–535. 107 David Corn, “Loyal opposition: Clinton allows genocide, new report says,” Alternet, July 25, 2000, http://www.alternet.org/story/9494/ (accessed January 8, 2007). 108 Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court on February 27, 2006, indicted Ahmad Harun, Sudan's deputy minister for humanitarian affairs, and Janjaweed militia leader Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-al-Rahman on 51 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity stemming from their involvement in the conflict in Darfur.