Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

FACTORS THAT LIMIT THE RANGE OF FRESHWATER ANIMALS

1961; Wiley; Volume: 36; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1469-185x.1961.tb01582.x

1469-185X

T. T. Macan,

Fish Ecology and Management Studies

Biological ReviewsVolume 36, Issue 2 p. 151-195 FACTORS THAT LIMIT THE RANGE OF FRESHWATER ANIMALS T. T. MACAN, T. T. MACAN Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, WestmorlandSearch for more papers by this author T. T. MACAN, T. T. MACAN Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, WestmorlandSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1961 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1961.tb01582.xCitations: 62AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Allen, K. R. (1940). Studies on the biology of the early stages of the salmon (Salmo salar). 1. Growth in the River Eden. J. Anim. Ecol. 9, 1–23. Alsterberg, G. (1930). Wichtige Züge in der Biologie der Süsswassergastropoden. Lund : Gleerupska Univ.-Bokhandeln. Ambühl, H. (1961). Die Strömung als physiologischer und ökologischer Faktor. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 14, 390–5. Anderson, W. L. (1948). Results of an analysis of farm ponds in the Midwest. Progr. Fish Cult. 10, 111–16. Andrewartha, H. G. & Birch, L. C. (1954). The distribution and abundance of animals. Chicago : University Press. Baldwin, N. S. (1957). Food consumption and growth of Brook Trout at different temperatures. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 86, 323–8. Bar-Zeev, M. (1958). The effect of temperature on the growth rate and survival of the immature stages of Aëdes aegypti (L.). Bull. ent. Res. 49, 157–63. Bates, M. (1939). The use of salt solution for the demonstration of physiological differences between the larvae of certain European anopheline mosquitoes. Amer. J. trop. Med. 19, 357–84. Bates, M. (1940). Oviposition experiments with anopheline mosquitoes. Amer. J. Trop. Med. 20, 569–83. Bates, M. (1949). The natural history of mosquitoes. New York : Macmillan. Beauchamp, R. S. A. (1935). The rate of movement of Planaria alpina. J. exp. Biol. 12, 271–85. Beauchamp, R. S. A. (1937). Rate of movement and rheotaxis in Planaria alpina. J. exp. Biol. 14, 104–16. Beauchamp, R. S. A. & Ullyott, P. (1932). Competitive relatioships between certain species of fresh-water triclads. J. Ecol. 20, 200–8. Beadle, L. C. (1939). Regulation of the haemolymph in the saline water mosquito larva Aëdes detritus Edw. J. exp. Biol. 16, 346–62. Beadle, L. C. (1957). Comparative physiology: osmotic and ionic regulation in aquatic animals. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 19, 329–58. Beadle, L. C. (1959). Osmotic and ionic regulation in relation to the classification of brackish and inland saline waters. Arch. Oceanogr. Limnol. Roma., 11, 143–51. Beadle, L. C. & Cragg, J. B. (1940). Studies on adaptation to salinity in Gammarus spp. J. exp. Biol. 17, 153–63. Beadle, L. C. & Shaw, J. (1950). The retention of salf and the regulation of the non-protein nitrogen fraction in the blood of the aquatic larva, Sialis lutaria. J. exp. Biol. 27, 96–109. Berg, K. (1941). Contributions to the biology of the aquatic moth Acentropus niveus (Oliv.). Vidensk. Medd. dansk. naturh. Foren. Kbh. 105, 59–139. Berg, K. (1948). Biological studies on the River Sussa. Folia limnol. scand. no. 4, pp. 1–318. Berg, K. (1951). On the respiration of some molluscs from running and stagnant water. Ann. Biol. 27, 329–35. Berg, K. (1952). On the oxygen consumption of Ancylide (Gastropoda) from an ecological point of view. Hydrobiologia, 4, 225–67. Berg, K. (1953). The problem of respiratory acclimatization. Hydrobiologia, 5, 331–50. Berg, K., Lumbye, J. & Ockelmann, K. W. (1958). Seasonal and experimental variations of the oxygen consumption of the limpet Ancylus fluviatilis (O. F. Müller). J. exp. Biol. 35, 43–73. Bläsing, I. (1953). Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Umfang der ökologischen und physiologischen Toleranz von Planaria alpina Dana und Planaria gonocephala Dugès. Zool. Jb. (Physiol.), 64, 112–52. Blunck, H. (1914). Die Entwicklung des Dytiscus marginalis L. vom Ei bis zur Imago. 1. Teil. Das Embryonalleben. Z. wiss. Zool. 111, 76–151. Blunck, H. (1924). Die Entwicklung des Dytiscus marginalis L. vom Ei bis zur Imago. 2. Teil. Die Metamorphose (B. Das Larven-und das Puppenleben). Z. wiss. Zool. 121, 171–391. Boisen Bennike, S. A. (1943). Contributions to the ecology and biology of the Danish fresh-water leeches (Hirudinea). Folia limnol. scand. 2, 1–109. Bondesen, P. & Kaiser, E. W. (1949). Hydrobia (Potamopyrgus) jenkinsi Smith in Denmark illustrated by its ecology. Oikos, 1, 252–81. Boone, E. &. Baas-Becking, L. G. M. (1931). Salt effects on eggs and nauplii of Artemia salina L. J. gen. Physiol. 14, 753–63. Bourrelly, P. (1958). Algues microscopiques de quelques cuvettes supralittorales de la région de Dinard. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 13, 683–6. Bovbjerg, R. V. (1952). Comparative ecology and physiology of the crayfish Orconectes propinquus and Cambarus fodiens. Physiol. Zool. 25, 34–56. Boycott, A. E. (1927). Oecological notes. X. Transplantation experiments on the habitats of Planorbis corneus and Bithinia tentaculata. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 17, 156–8. Boycott, A. E. (1936). The habitats of fresh-water Mollusca in Britain. J. Anim. Ecol. 5, 116–86. Brand, T.v. (1944). Occurrence of anaerobiosis among invertebrates. Biodynamica, 4, 185–328. Brand, T. v. (1945). The anaerobic metabolism of invertebrates. Biodynamica, 5, 165–295. Brett, J. R. (1944). Some lethal temperature relations of Algonquin Park fishes. Publ. Ont. Fish. Res. Lab. 63, 1–49. Brett, J. R. (1956). Some principles in the thermal requirements of fishes. Quart. Rev. Biol. 31, 75–87. Brinkhurst, R. O. (1959). The habitats and distribution of British Gerris and Velia species. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 6, 37–44. Brown, L. A. (1927). Temperature coefficients for development of cladocerans. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N. Y., 25, 164–5. Brown, L. A. (1929). Natural history of cladocerans in relation to temperature. Amer. Nat. 63, 248–64, 346–52, 443–54. Brundin, L. (1951). The relation of O2-microstratification at the mud surface to the ecology of the profundal bottom fauna. Rep. Inst. Freshw. Res. Drottning. no. 32, 33–42. Buscemi, P. A. (1958). Littoral oxygen depletion produced by a cover of Elodea canadensis. Oikos, 9, 239–45. Butcher, R. W., Pentelow, F. T. K. & Woodley, J. W. A. (1930). Variation in composition of river waters. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 24, 47–80. Buxton, P. A. & Hopkins, G. H. E. (1927). Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia. Mem. London Sch. trop. Med. Hyg. 1, 1–260. Carbine, W. F. (1942). Observations on the life history of the northern pike, Esox lucius L., in Houghton Lake, Michigan. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 71, 149–64. Carpenter, K. E. (1926). The lead mine as an active agent in river pollution. Ann. appl. Biol. 13, 395–401. Chimits, P. (1951). Quelques observations sur la fraye du Brochet et le transport des œufs embryonnés. Bull. franç. Piscic. 23, 135–43. Chimits, P. (1956). Le Brochet. Bull. franç. Piscic. 28, 81–96. Claus, A. (1937). Vergleichend-physiologische Untersuchungen zur Ökologie der Wasserwanzen. Zool. Jb. 58, 365–432. Clemens, H. P. (1950). Life cycle and ecology of Gammarus fasciatus Say. Contr. Stone Lab. Ohio Univ. no. 12, 1–63. Coker, R. E. (1954). Streams, lakes, ponds. Univ. B. Carolina Press. Colless, D. H. (1956). The Anopheles leucosphyrus group. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 180, 37–116. Couégnas, J. (1920). L'aire de distribution géographique des écrivisses de la region de Sussac (Haute-Vienne) et ses rapports avec les données géologiques. Arch. Zool. exp. gén. 59, 11–13. Creaser, C. W. (1930). Relative importance of hydrogen-ion concentration, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions on habitat selection by brook trout. Ecology, 10, 246–62. Croghan, P. C. (1958a). The survival of Artemia salina (L.) in various media. J. exp. Biol. 35, 213–18. Croghan, P. C. (1958b).The osmotic and ionic regulation of Artemia salina (L.). J. exp. Biol. 35, 219–33. Croghan, P. C. (1958c). The mechanism of osmotic regulation in Artemia salina (L.): the physiology of the branchiae. J. exp. Biol. 35, 234–42. Croghan, P. C. (1958d). The mechanism of osmotic regulation in Artemia salina (L.): the physiology of the gut. J. exp. Biol. 35, 243–9. Croghan, P. C. (1958e). Ionic fluxes in Artemia salina (L.): J. exp. Biol. 35, 425–36. Dahm, A. G. (1958). Taxonomy and ecology of five species groups in the family Planariidae. Malmo : Nya Litografen. Davies, L. & Smith, C. D. (1958). The distribution and growth of Prosimulium larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) in hill streams in northern England. J. Anim. Ecol. 27, 335–48. Davis, N. C. (1932). The effects of heat and cold upon Aëdes (Stegomyia) aegypti. Amer. J. Hyg. 16, 177–91. Dittmar, H. (1953). Hat das Verhältnis von Kalzium zu Magnesium einen Einfluss auf die Besiedlung der Forellengwässer mit dem Bachflohkrebs (Gammarus pulex fossarum Koch) Natur. u. Heimat. 13. Diver, C. (1944). In Symposium on the interrelations of plants and insects; the place of both in the eco-system. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. C, 8, 44–8. Dodds, G. S. & Hisaw, F. L. (1924). Ecological studies of aquatic insects. 11. Size of respiratory organs in relation to environmental conditions. Ecology, 5, 262–71. Dorier, A. & Vaillant, F. (1954). Observations et expériences relatives à la resistance au courant de divers Invertébrés aquatiques. Trav. Lab. Hydrobiol. Grenoble, 45 and 46, 9–31. Dunn, L. H. (1927a). Mosquito breeding in 'test' water-containers. Bull. ent. Res. 18, 17–22. Dunn, L. H. (1927b). Obsevations on the oviposition of Aëdes aegypti Linn., in relation to distance from habitations. Bull. ent. Res. 18, 145–8. Dymond, J. R. (1955). The introduction of foreign fishes in Canada. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 12, 543–53. Ebeling, G. (1930). Fischereischädigungen durch Thuya occidentalis. Z. Fisch. 28, 435–53. Edmondson, W. T. (1944). Ecological studies of sessile Rotatoria. 1. Factors affecting distribution. Ecol. Monogr. 14, 31–66. Ellis, A. E. (1951). Census of the distribution of British non-marine Mollusca. J. Conch. 23, 171–243. Elson, P. F. (1942). Effect of temperature on activity of Salvelinus fontinalis. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 5, 461–70. Elster, H.-J. (1955). Ein Beitrag zur Produktionsbiologie des Zooplanktons. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 12, 404–11. Fabricius, E. (1950). Heterogeneous stimulus summation in the release of spawning activities in fish. Rep. Inst. Freshw. Res. Drottning. no. 31, 57–99. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1950). Ecology of ciliate infusoria. Endeavour, 9, 183–7. Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1951). Associations infusoriennes à Beggiatoa. Hydrobiologia, 3, 65–71. Ferguson, R. G. (1958). The preferred temperature of fish and their midsummer distribution in temperature lakes and streams. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 15, 607–24. Fish, F. F. (1948). The return of blueback salmon to the Columbia River. Sci. Mon. N. Y. 66, 283–92. Fisher, K. C. & Elson, P. F. (1950). The selected temperature of Atlantic salmon and speckled trout and the effect of temperature on the response to an electrical stimulus. Physiol. Zool. 23, 27–34. Fox, H. M. (1921). An investigation into the cause of the spontaneous aggregation of flagellates and into the reactions of flagellates to dissolved oxygen. J. gen. Physiol. 3, 483–511. Fox, H. M. (1955). The effect of oxygen on the concentration of haem in invertebrates. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 143, 203–14. Fox, H. M., Gilchrist, B. M. & Phear, E. A. (1951). Functions of haemoglobin in Daphnia. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 138, 514–28. Fox, H. M. & Phear, E. A. (1953). Factors influencing haemoglobin synthesis by Daphnia. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 141, 179–89. Fox, H. M. & Ramage, H. (1931). A spectrographic analysis of animal tissues. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 108, 157–73. Fox, H. M. & Simmonds, B. G. (1933). Metabolic rates of aquatic arthropods from different habitats. J. exp. Biol. 10, 67–74. Fox, H. M., Simmonds, B. G. & Washbourn, R. (1935). Metabolic rates of ephemerid nymphs from swiftly flowing and from still waters. J. exp. Biol. 12, 179–84. Fox, H. M. & Taylor, A. E. R. (1955). The tolerance of oxygen by aquatic invertebrates. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 143, 214–25. Fox, H. M., Wingfield, C. A. & Simmonds, B. G. (1937). The oxygen consumption of ephemerid nymphs from flowing and from still waters in relation to the the concentration of oxygen in the water. J. exp. Biol. 14, 210–18. Frank, P. W. (1952). A laboratory study of intraspecies and interspecies competition in Daphnia pulicaria (Forbes) and Simocephalus vetulus O. F. Müller. Physiol. Zool. 25, 178–204. Fraser, F. C. (1952). Methods of exophytic oviposition in Odonata. Ent. mon. Mag. 88, 261–2. Friedrich, H. (1952). Über neuere Gesichtspunkte zur Physiologie der Biocönosen. Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven, 1, 225–31. Frömming, E. (1936). Über den Einfluss der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration auf unsere Süsswasserschnecken. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 33, 25–37. Frömming, E. (1938). Untersuchungen über den Einfluss der Härte des Wohngewässers auf das Vorkommen unserer Süsswassermollusken. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 36, 531–61. Fry, F. E. J. (1947). Effects of the environment on animal activity. Publ. Ont. Fish. Res. Lab. 68, 1–62. Fry, F. E. J. (1951). Some environmental relations of the speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Proc. N. E. Atlantic Fisheries Conference (cyclostyled). Fry, F. E. J. (1957). The aquatic respiration of fish. Chap. 1. 1. in The physiology of fishes, vol. 1, ed. M. E. Brown New York : Academic Press. Fry, F. E. J., Brett, J. R. & Clawson, G. H. (1942). Lethal limits of temperature for young goldfish. Rev. canad. Biol. 1, 50–6. Fry, F. E. J. & Hart, J. S. (1948). The relation of temperature to oxygen consumption in the goldfish Biol. Bull., Woods Hole, 94, 66–77. Fry, F. E. J., Hart, J. S. & Walker, K. F. (1946). Lethal temperature relations for a sample of young speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Publ. Ont. Fish. Res. Lab. 66, 1–35. Gajevskaja, N. S. (1958). Le röle des groupes principaux de la flore aquatiqiue dans les cycles trophiques des différents bassins d'eau douce. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 13, 350–62. Gardner, A. E. (1950a). The life-history of Sympetrum sanguineum Müller (Odonata). Ent. Gaz. 1, 21–6. Gardner, A. E. (1950b). The life-history of Aeshna mixta Latreille (Odonata). Ent. Gaz. 1, 128–38. Gardner, A. E. (1953). Futher notes on exophytic oviposition in Odonata. Ent. mom. Mag. 89, 98–9. Garside, E. T. & Tait, J. S. (1958). Preferred temperature of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) and its unusual relationship to acclimation temperature. Canad. J. Zool. 36, 563–7. Geijskes, D. C. (1935). Faunistisch-ökologische Untersuchungen am Röserenbach bei Liestal im Baseler Tafeljura. Tijdschr. Ent. 78, 249–382. Gerking, S. D. (1959). The restricted movement of fish populations. Biol. Rev. 34, 221–42. Gibson, M. B. (1954). Upper lethal temperature relations of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Canad. J. Zool. 32, 393–407. Gibson, E. S. & Fry, F. E. J. (1954). The performance of the lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, at various levels of temperature and oxygen pressure. Canad. J. Zool. 32, 252–60. Gibson, M. B. & Hirst, B. (1955). The effect of salinity and temperature on the pre-adult growth of guppies. Copeia, 1955, 241–3. Gilchrist, B. M. (1954). Haemoglobin in Artemia. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 143, 136–46. Gillett, J. D. (1955a). Haemoglobin in Artemia. Proc. roy. Soc. B, 143, 136–46. Gillett, J. D. (1955a). Variation in the hatching-response of Aëdes eggs (Diptera: Culcidae). Bull. ent. Res. 46, 241–54. Gillett, J. D. (1955b). The inherited basic of variation in the hatching-response of Aëdes eggs (Diptera: Culcidae). Bull. ent. Res. 46, 255–65. Gillies, M. T. (1950). Egg laying of olives. Salm. Trout Mag. no 129, 106–8. Gislén, T. (1948). Aerial plankton and its conditions of life. Biol. Rev. 23, 109–26. Godwin, H. (1923). Dispersal of pond floras. J. Ecol. 11, 160–4. Graham, J. M. (1949). Some effects of temperature and oxygen pressure on the metabolism and activity of the speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Canad. J. Res. D, 27, 270–88. Greenbank, J. (1945). Limnological conditions in ice-covered lakes, especially as related to winter-kill of fish. Ecol. Monogr. 15, 343–92. Grenier, P. (1949). Contribution à l'étude biologique des Simuliides de France. Physiol. comp. 1, 165–330. Hall, R. E. (1953). Observations on the hatchings of eggs of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 123, 95–109. Hall, R. E. (1959). The development of eggs of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost in relation to depth of water. Hydrobiologia 14, 79–84. Halsband, E. (1953). Untersuchungen über das Verhalten von Forelle (Trutta iridea W. Gibb.) und Döbel (Squalius cephalus Heck.) bei Einwirkung verschiedener Aussenfaktoren. Z. Fisch. 2, 227–70. Hardy, A. C. & Milne, P. S. (1937). Insect drift over the North Sea. Nature, Lond., 139, 510. Hardy, A. C. & Milne, P. S. (1938). Studies in the distribution of insects by aerial currents. J. Anim. Ecol. 7, 199–229. Harnisch, O. (1951). Hydrophysiologie der Tiere. Die Binnengewässer, 19, vii-229. Harnisch, O. (1958). Leben ohne Sauerstoff namentlich bei euryoxybionten Süsswassertieren. Gewässer und Abwässer, no. 20, 7–12. Harris, J. R. (1952). An angler's entomology. London : Collins. Hart, J. S. (1947). Lethal temperature relations of certain fish of the Toronto region. Trans. roy. Soc. Can. 41, 57–71. Hecht, O. (1931). Über den Wärmesinn der Stechmücken bei der Eiablage. Riv. Malariol. 9, 706–24. Hecht, O. (1934). Experimentelle Beiträge zur Biologie der Stechmücken. V. Über den Wärmesinn der Anopheles maculipennis-Rassen bei der Eiablage. Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 38, 124–31. Hedgpeth, J. W. (1957). Estuaries and lagoons. II. Biological aspects. Mem. geol. Soc. Amer. 67, (I), 693–729. Hedgpeth, J. W. (1959). Some preliminary considerations of the biology of inland mineral waters. Arch. Oceanogr. Limnol. Roma., suppl. 11, 111–41. Herbert, M. R. (1954). The tolerance of oxygen deficiency in the water by certain Cladocera. Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. 8, 99–107. Hetherington A. (1932). The constant culture of Stentor coeruleus. Arch. Protistenk. 76, 118–29. Holmquist, C. (1959). Problems on marine-glacial relicts on account of investigations of the genus Mysis. Lund: Berling. Hubault, E. (1927). Contribution a l'étude des Invertébrés torrenticoles. Bull. biol. suppl. 9, 1–388. Hubault, E. (1955). Intoduction of species of fish into lakes in the eastern part of France. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 12, 515–19. Hubendick, B. (1947). Die Verbreitungsverhältnisse der limnischen Gastropoden in Südschweden. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala, 24, 419–559. Hudson, B. N. A. (1956). The behaviour of the female mosquito in selecting water for oviposition. J. exp. Biol. 33, 478–92. Huet, M. (1942). Esquisse hydrobiologique des eaux piscicoles de la Haute-Belgique. Trav. Sta. Rech. Groenendael. D, no. 2, 1–40. Hunter, W. R. (1953). On migrations of Lymnaea peregra (Müller) on the shores of Loch Lomond. Proc. roy. Soc. Edinb. B, 65, 84–105. Hunter, W. R. & Warwick, T. (1957). Records of Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith) in Scottish fresh waters over fifty years (1906-56). Proc. roy. Soc. Edinb. B, 66, 360–73. Huntsman, A. G. (1946). Heat stroke in Canadian maritime stream fishes. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 6, 476–82. Hutchinson, G. E. (1932). Experimental studies in ecology. 1. The magnesium tolerance of Daphniidae and its ecological significance. Int. Rev. Hydrob. 28, 90–108. Hutchinson, G. E. (1941). Ecological aspects of succession in natural populations. Amer. Nat. 75, 406–18. Hynes, H. B. N. (1941). The taxonomy and ecology of the nymphs of British Plecoptera with notes on the adults and eggs. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 91, 459–557. Hynes, H. B. N. (1952). The Plecoptera of the Isle of Man. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. A, 27, 71–6. Hynes, H. B. N. (1954). The ecology of Gammarus duebeni Lilljeborg and its occurence in fresh water in western Britain. J. Anim. Ecol. 23, 38–84. Hynes, H. B. N. (1955a). Distribution of some freshwater Amphipoda in Britain. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 12, 620–8. Hynes, H. B. N. (1955b). The reproductive cycle of some British freshwater Gammaridae. J. Anim. Ecol. 24, 352–87. Hynes, H. B. N. (1958). The effect of drought on the fauna of a small mountain stream in Wales. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 13, 826–33. Hynes, H. B. N. (1961). The effect of water-level fluctuations on littoral faunna. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 14. Ide, F. P. (1935). The effect of temperature on the distribution of the mayfly fauna of a stream. Publ. Ont. Fish. Res. Lab. 50, 1–76. Illies, J. (1955). Die Bedeutung der Plecopteren für die Verbreitungsgeschichte der Süsswasserorganismen. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 12, 643–53. Jackson, D. J. (1952). Observations on the capacity for flight of water beetles. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. A, 27, 57–70. Jackson, D. J. (1956a). Observations on flying and flightless water beetles. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 43, 18–42. Jackson, D. J. (1956b). The capacity for flight of certain water beetles and its bearings on their origin in the western Scottish Isles. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 167, 76–96. Jacobi, E. F. & Baas-Becking, L. G. M. (1933). Salt antagonism and effect of concentration in nauplii of Artemia salina L. Tijdschr. ned. dierk. Ver. 3, 145–53. Jewell, M. E. (1935). An ecological study of the fresh-water sponges of north-eastern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 5, 461–504. Jewell, M. E. (1939). An ecological study of the fresh-water sponges of Wisconsin. II. The influence of calcium. Ecology, 20, 11–28. Jobling, B. (1935). The effect of light and darkness on oviposition in mosquitoes. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 157–66. Johnson, W. H. (1941). Populations of citiates. Amer. Nat. 75, 438–57. Jones, J. R. E. (1952). The reaction of fish to water of low oxygen concentration. J. exp. Biol. 29, 403–15. Jones, J. R. E. (1958) A furthern study of the zinc-polluted River Ystwyth. J. Anim. Ecol. 27, 1–14. Kalleberg, H. (1958). Observations in a stream tank of territoriality and competition in juvenile salmon and trout (Salmo salar L. and S. trutta L.). Rep. Inst. Freshw. Res. Drottning. 39, 55–98. Kinne, O. (1953). Zur Biologie und Physiologie von Gammarus duebeni Lillj. II. Über die Häutungs-frequenz, ihre Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Salzgehalt, sowie über ihr Verhalten bei isoliert gehaltenen und amputieren Versuchstieren. Zool. Jb. (Abt. Zool. Phys.), 64, 183–206. Kinne, O. (1954a). Zur Biologie und Physiologie von Gammarus duebeni Lillj. Z. wiss. Zool. 157, 427–91. Kinne, O. (1954b). Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluss des Salzgehaltes auf die Hitzresistenz von Brackwassertieren. Zool. Anz. 152, 10–16. Kitching, J. A. (1948). The physiology of contractile vacuoles. V, VI. J. exp. Biol. 25, 406–36. Kligler I. J. & Theodor, O. (1925). Effect of salt concentration and reaction on the development of Anopheles larvae. Bull. ent. Res. 16, 45–9. Kreuzer, A. (1940) Limnologisch-ökologische Untersuchungen an holsteinischen Kleingewässern. Arch. Hydrobiol. 10, Suppl. 359–572. Krogh, A. (1939). Osmotic regulation in aquatic animals. Cambridge University Press. Lamborn, W. A. (1922). Some problems of the breeding-places of the anophelines of Malaya; a contribution towards their solution. Bull. ent. Res. 13, 1–23. Lansbury, I. (1955). Some notes on invertebrates other than insecta found attached to water-bugs (Hemipt.-Heteroptera). Entomologist, 88, 139–40. Laurie, E. M. O. (1942). The dissolved oxygen of an upland pond and its inflowing stream, at Ystumtuen, North Cardiganshire, Wales. J. Ecol. 30, 357–82. Laurie, R. O. & Jones, J. R. E. (1938). The faunistic recovery of a lead-polluted river in north Cardiganshire, Wales. J. Anim. Ecol. 7, 272–89. Lefévre, M., Hedwig, J. & Nisbet, M. (1951). Compatibilités et antagonismes entre algues d'eau douce dans les collections d'eau naturelles. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 11, 224–9. Lefévre, M., Jakob, H. & Nisbet, M. (1952). Auto et hétéroantagonisme chez les algues d'eau douce. Ann. Sta. cent. Hydrobiol. appl. 4, 5–198. Leitch, I. (1916). The function of haemoglobin in invertebrates with special reference of Planorbis and Chironmus larvae. J. Physiol. 50, 370–9. Leloup, E. (1944). Recherches sur les Triclades dulcicoles épigés de la forêt de Soignes. Mem. Mus. roy. Hist. nat. Belg. 102, 1–112. Lindberg, H. (1944). Ökologisch-geographische Untersuchungen zur Insektenfauna der Felsentümpel an den Küsten Finnlands. Acta zool. fenn. no. 41, 1–178. Lindroth, A. (1941). Sauerstoffverbrauch der Fische bei verscheidenem Sauerstoffdruck und verschiedenem Sauerstoffbedarf. Z. vergl. Physiol. 28, 142–52. Lindroth, A. (1942). Sauerstoffverbrauch der Fische. II. Verschiedene Entwicklungs- und Altersstadien vom Lachs und Hecht. Z. vergl. Physiol., 29, 583–94. Linduska, J. P. (1942). Bottom type as a factor influencing the local distribution of mayfly nymphs. Canad. Ent. 74, 26–30. Lloyd, Lf (1937). Observations on sewage flies: their seasonal incidence and abundance. J. & Proc. Inst. Sewage Purification. pp. 2–16. Lloyd, Ll., Graham, J. F. & Reynoldson, T. B. (1940). Materials for a study in animal competition. The fauna of sewage bacteria beds. Ann. appl. Biol. 27, 122–50. Lucas, C. E. (1947). The ecological effects of external metabolites. Biol. Rev. 22, 270–95. Lundblad, O. (1921). Vergleichende Studien über die Nahrungsaufnahme einiger schwedischer Phyllopoden, nebst synonymischen, morphologischen und biologischen Bemerkungen. Ark. Zool. 13, 1–114. Macan, T. T. (1938). Evolution of aquatic habitats with special reference to the distribution of Corixidae. J. Anim. Ecol. 7, 1–19. Macan, T. T. (1939