Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Maternal serum alpha‐feto‐protein: Its value in antenatal diagnosis of genetic disease and in obstetrical‐gynaecological care

1977; Informa; Volume: 56; Issue: S61 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3109/00016347709156333

1600-0412

Zacharias Habib,

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Studies

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica ScandinavicaVolume 56, Issue S61 p. 1-91 Maternal serum alpha-feto-protein: Its value in antenatal diagnosis of genetic disease and in obstetrical-gynaecological care ZACHARIAS A. HABIB, ZACHARIAS A. HABIB Department of Human Genetics, Edinburgh University, ScotlondSearch for more papers by this author ZACHARIAS A. HABIB, ZACHARIAS A. HABIB Department of Human Genetics, Edinburgh University, ScotlondSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1977 https://doi.org/10.3109/00016347709156333Citations: 15AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat BIBLIOGRAPHY Abelev G. I.. Alpha-fetoprotein in ontogenesis and its association with malignant tumors. Adv. Cancer Res. 1971; 14: 295–358. 10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60523-0 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Abelev G. I.. α-fetoprotein as a marker of embryo-specific differentiations in normal and tumor tissues. Transplant. Rev. 1974; 20: 3–37. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1974.tb00139.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Adams E. M., Finlayson A.. Familial aspects of preeclarapsia and hypertension in pregnancy. Lance 1961; 2: 1375–1378. 10.1016/S0140-6736(61)91197-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Adinolfi Adinolfi A.M., Cohen S.. Isolation and characterization of human foetal-α-globulin (α1F) from foetal and hepatoma sera. Biochim. Biophys. Act. 1971; 251: 197–207. 10.1016/0005-2795(71)90103-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Adinolfi Adinolfi A.M., Lessof M. H.. Alpha-feto-protein during development and in disease. J. Med. Genet. 1975; 12: 138–151. 10.1136/jmg.12.2.138 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Allan-Smith Ferguson L.D., Donald M. A., Sweet I.E.M., Gibson A. A.M. Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein in the antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida. Lance 1973; 2: 522–525. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)92347-7 Google Scholar Alpert E., Coston R. L.. Evaluation of a rapid latex-agglutination test for detection of α1-fetoprotein. Clin. Chem. 1973; 19: 1069–1070. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Alpert E., Coston R. L.. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseaees. Evaluation of an immunoenzymatic assay. Clin. Chim. Act. 1975; 58: 77–83. 10.1016/0009-8981(75)90487-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Alpert Coston E.R., Perrotto J.. Immunoenzymatic assay for alpha-fetoprotein. Lance 1974; 1: 626. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92684-1 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Alpert Drysdale E.J.W., Isselbacher K. J.. Isoelectric focusing of human alpha-fetoprotein: an aid in purification and characterization of microheterogeneity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1973; 209: 387–396. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47542.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Alpert E., Perencevich R. C.. Human α-fetoprotein Immunochemical analysis of isoproteins. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 131–135. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25409.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Arey L. B.. Developmental anatomy, Arey. Saunders, Philadelphia 1965; 107–109. Google Scholar Aubry Rourke R.H., Almanza J. E., Cantor R. R.M., van Doren J. E.. The lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratio in a high-risk obstetric population. Obstet. Gynec. 1976; 47: 21–27. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beischer N. A.. Low oestriol excretion. Incidence, significance and treatment in an obstetric population. Med. J. Australi. 1975; 2: 379–381. 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb105897.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Belanger Belanger L., Prive M., Larochelle L., Tremblay J. M., Aubin G.. Tyrosinémie héréditaire et alpha-1-foetoprotéine. Path. et Biol. 1973a; 21: 449–455. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Belanger Silvestre L.C., Dufour D.. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein by competitive and sandwich procedures. Clin. Chim. Act. 1973b; 48: 15–18. 10.1016/0009-8981(73)90211-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bell Loraine E.T., Mc J. A., Ewan H. P., Charles D.. Serial hormone assays in patients with uteroplacental insufficieney. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1967; 97: 562–570. 10.1016/0002-9378(67)90571-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bergstrand C. G., Czar B.. Demonstration of a new protein fraction in serum from the human fetus. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1956; 8: 174. 10.3109/00365515609049266 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bergstrand C. G., Czar B.. Paper electrophoretic study of human fetal serum proteins with demonstration of a new protein fraction. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1957; 9: 277–286. 10.3109/00365515709079971 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bergstrand Karlsson C.G.B.W., Lindberg T., Ekelund H.. α-foetoprotein, albumin and total protein in serum from preterm and term infants and small for gestational age infants. Acta Paediat. Scand. 1972; 61: 128–132. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1972.tb15915.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bock J. E., Nørgaard-Pedersen B., Trolle D.. Alpha-feto-protein in amniotic fluid and serum from pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. Acta Obstet. Gynec. Scand. 55. Suppl. 1976; 53: 7–13. 10.3109/00016347609156439 PubMedGoogle Scholar Bodman J.. Development of foetal proteins. Clin. Chim. Act. 1959; 4: 103–109. 10.1016/0009-8981(59)90089-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock D. J.H. The molecular nature of alpha-fetoprotein in anencephaly and spina bifida. Clin. Chim. Act. 1974a; 57: 315–320. 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90413-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock D. J.H. Antenatal misdiagnosis of neural-tube defects. Lance 1975; 2: 495. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90561-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock D. J.H. Prenatal diagnosis-chemical methods. Br. Med. Bull. 1976a; 32: 16–20. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock D. J.H. The prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. Obstet. Gynec. Surve. 1976b; 31: 32–40. 10.1097/00006254-197601000-00015 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Brock Bolton D.J.H.A.E., Monaghan J. M.. Prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly through maternal serum alphafetoprotein measurement. Lance 1973; 2: 923–924. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)92592-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock Bolton D.J.H.A.E., Scrimgeour J. B.. Prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and anencephaly through maternal plasma-alpha-fetoprotein measurement. Lance 1974; 1: 767–769. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92839-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock D. J.H., Scrimgeour J. B.. Early prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly. lance 1972; 2: 1252–1253. 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92306-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock D. J.H., Scrimgeour J. B.. Screening for neural tube defects. Lance 1975; 1: 745. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91655-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock Scrimgeour D.J.H., Bolton J. B., Wald A. E., Peto N. R., Barker S.. Effect of gestational age on screening for neural-tube defects by maternal plasma-A.F.P. measurement. Lance 1975; 2: 195–196. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90669-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock Scrimgeour D.J.H.J.B., Nelson M. M.. Amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein measurements in the early prenatal diagnosis of central nervous system disorders. Clin. Genet. 1975b; 7: 163–169. 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1975.tb00313.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brock D. J.H., Sutcliffe R. G.. Alpha-fetoprotein in the antenatal diagnosis of anencephaly and spina bifida. Lance 1972; 2: 197–199. 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91634-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar de Bruijn H. W.A., Huisjes H. J.. Omphalocele and raised alphafetoprotein in amniotic fluid. Lance 1975; 1: 525–526. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)92876-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cahill Cohen J.H., Starkovsky N.. A rapid screening test for detection of alpha-1-fetoprotein as an indicator for fetal distress. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1974; 119: 1095–1100. 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90265-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Campbell S.. Early detection of neural tube defects by ultrasound. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1976; 83: 330. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Campbell Johnstone S., Holt F. D.E.M., May P.. Anencephaly: early ultrasonic diagnosis and active management. Lance 1972; 2: 1226–1227. 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92273-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Carr D. H.. Chromosome abnormalities and spontaneous abortions. Human population cytogenetics, Price Law Jacobs. Edinburgh Univ. Press. 1970; 104–118. Google Scholar Carter David C.O.P.A., Laurence K. M.. A family study of major central nervous system malformations in South Wales. J. Med. Genet. 1968; 5: 81–106. 10.1136/jmg.5.2.81 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Carter C. O., Evans K.. Spina bifida and anencephaly in greater London. J. Med. Genet. 1973; 10: 209–234. 10.1136/jmg.10.3.209 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Carter C. O., Roberts J. A.P. The risk of recurrence after two children with central nervous system malformations. Lance 1967; 1: 306–308. 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)91240-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chard Kitau T., Ledward M. J., Coltart R., Embury T. S., Seller M. J.. Elevated levels of maternal plasma alpha-feto-protein after amniocentesis. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1976; 83: 33–34. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00726.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chayvialle J. A.P., Ganguli P. C.. Radioimmunoassay of alphafetoprotein in human plasma. Lance 1973; 1: 1355–1357. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91676-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chesley Annitto L.C.J.E., Cosgrove R. A.. The familial factor in toxemia of pregnancy. Obstet. Gynec. 1968; 32: 303–311. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chesley Cosgrove L.C.R.A., Annitto J. E.. Pregnancies in the sistere and daughters of eclamptic women. Obstet. Gynec. 1962; 20: 39–46. 10.1097/00006250-196207000-00004 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cowchock F. S., Jackson L. G.. Diagnostic use of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. Obstet. Gynec. 1976; 47: 63–68. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Diczfalusy E.. Steroid metabolism in the foeto-placental unit. The foeto-placental unit, Finzi Pecile. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam 1969; 65–109. Google Scholar Duhring McJ.L., Kean H., Hager W. D.. Amniotic fluid analysis in Rh-sensitized pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1976; 125: 368–375. 10.1016/0002-9378(76)90573-1 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Editorial. Obstet. Gynec. Surve. 1976a; 31: 279. 10.1097/00006254-197604000-00005 Google Scholar Editorial. Obstet. Gynec. Surve. 1976b; 31: 281. Google Scholar Editorial. Obstet. Gynec. Surve. 1976c; 31: 299. Google Scholar Elmfors B., Tryding N.. Date of confinement prediction from serum diamine oxidase determination in early pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1976; 83: 6–10. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00722.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Endo Kanai Y., Oda K., Mitamura T., Lino K. S., Suzuki H.. Clinical significance of α-fetoprotein in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 234–238. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25418.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fairweather D. V.I. Techniques and safety of amnioeentesis. Amniotic fluid research and clinical application, Eskes Fairweather. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1973. Google Scholar van Furth R., Adinolfi M.. In vitro synthesis of the foetal α1-globulin in man. Natur 1969; 222: 1296–1299. 10.1038/2221296a0 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Garoff L., Seppälä M.. Alpha-fetoprotein and human placental lactogen levels in maternal serum in multiple pregnancies. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Br. Commonw. 1973; 80: 695–700. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb16052.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Garoff L., Seppälä M.. Prediction of fetal outcome in threatened abortion by maternal serum placental lactogen and alpha fetoprotein. Ara. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1975; 121: 257–261. 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90650-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gitlin D.. Normal biology of α-fetoprotein. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 7–16. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25397.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gitlin D., Boesman M.. Serum α-fetoprotein, albumin and G-globulin in the human conceptus. J. Glin. Invest. 1966; 45: 1826–1838. 10.1172/JCI105486 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gitlin D., Boesman M.. Sites of serum α-fetoprotein synthesis in the human and in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 1967; 46: 1010–1016. 10.1172/JCI105590 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gitlin Kitzes D.J., Boesman N.. Cellular distribution of serum α-fetoprotein in organs of the foetal rat. Natur 1967; 215: 534. 10.1038/215534a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gitlin D., Perricelli A.. Synthesis of serum albumin, prealbumin, α-foetoprotein, α1-antitrypsin and transferrin by the human yolk sac. Natur 1970; 228: 995–997. 10.1038/228995a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gitlin Perricelli D.A., Gitlin G. M.. Synthesis of α-feto-protein by liver, yolk sac and gastrointestinal tract of the human conceptus. Cancer Hes 1972; 32: 979–982. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gluck L., Kulovich M. V.. Lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1973; 115: 539–546. 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90404-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Greenhill J. P.. Year Book of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenhill. Year Book Med. Publishers, Chicago 1975. Google Scholar Halbrecht I., Klibanski C.. Identification of a new normal embryonic haemoglobin. Natur 1956; 178: 794–795. 10.1038/178794a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hamilton W. J., Mossman H. W.. In Human embryology, Moesman Hamilton. Heffer, Cambridge 1972; 339–349. Google Scholar Harris Jennison R., Barson R. F., Laurence A. J., Ruoslahti K. M.E., Seppälä M.. Comparison of amniotic-fluid and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in the early antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and anencephaly. Lance 1974; 1: 429–433. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92384-8 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hay D. M., Lorscheider F. L.. Serum oestriol in normal pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1976; 83: 118–123. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00792.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hellman L. M., Pritchard J. A.. Williams Obstetrics, Hellman, Pritchard. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1971. Google Scholar Hellström, Lindsten B., Malmqvist J., Marsk E. L., Nørgaard-Pedersen B.. Prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly and spina bifida by determination of alpha-fetoprotein. Läkartidninge. 1975; 72: 236–238. PubMedGoogle Scholar Herrera L.. The precision of percentiles in establishing normal limits in medicine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1958; 52: 34–42. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hirai H., Nishi S.. Mass screening of AFP by hemagglutination test. L'Alpha-Foeto-Proteine, Masseyeff. INSERM, Paris 1974; 555–556. Google Scholar Humphries J. O.. Occurrence of hypertensive toxemia of pregnancy in mother-daughter pairs. Bull Hopkins Hosp 1960; 107: 271–277. Web of Science®Google Scholar Ichida F., Shibasaki K.. Alpha-fetoprotein and hepatitis B antigen in hepatoma and hepatitis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 259–260. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25422.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ishiguro T.. Alpha-fetoprotein in twin pregnancy. Lance 1973; 2: 1214. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)92989-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ishiguro T.. Serum alpha-fetoprotein in hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma and twin pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1975; 121: 539–541. 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90088-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ishiguro T., Nishimura T.. Radioimmunoassay of maternal serum α-fetoprotein associated with pregnancy. Am.J. Obstet. Gynec. 1973; 116: 27–33. 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90878-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Johnson Umansky A.M., Alper I., Everett C. A.C., Greenspan G.. Amniotic fluid proteins: Maternal and fetal contributions. J. Pediat. 1974; 84: 588–593. 10.1016/S0022-3476(74)80687-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kekomäki, Sepp M., älä, Ehnholm M. C., Schwartz A. L., Raivio K.. Perfusion of isolated human fetal liver, synthesis and release of α-fetoprotein and albumin. Int. J. Cance. 1971; 8: 250–258. 10.1002/ijc.2910080209 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kjessler Johansson B., Sherman S. G.O., Gustavsson M. K.H., Hultquist G.. Alpha-fetoprotein in antenatal diagnosis of congenital nephrosis. Lance 1975a; 1: 432–433. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91495-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kjessler Johansson B., Sherman S. G.O., Gustavsson M. K.H., Hultquist G.. Antenatal diagnosis of congenital nephrosis. Lance 1975b; 2: 553. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90926-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Klopper A.. The assessment of feto-placental function by estriol assay. Obstet. Gynec. Surve. 1968; 23: 813–838. 10.1097/00006254-196809000-00001 Google Scholar Klopper Jandial A.V., Wilson G.. Plasma steroid assay in the assessment of foetoplacental function. J. Steroid Biochem. 1975; 6: 651–656. 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90047-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kohn J.. Method for the detection and identification of alpha fetoprotein in serum. J. Clin. Path. 1970; 23: 733–735. 10.1136/jcp.23.8.733 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Laurell C-B. Quantitative estimation of proteins by electrophoresis in agarose gel containing antibodies. Analyt. Biochem. 1966; 15: 45–52. 10.1016/0003-2697(66)90246-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Laurence K. M.. Effect of early surgery for spina bifida cystioa on survival and quality of life. Lance 1974; 1: 301–304. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92606-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Leek Kitau A.E.M.J., Chard T.. Origin of alpha-fetoprotein. Lance 1974; 2: 1088. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92199-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Leek A. E., Chard T.. Some observations on the radioimmunoassay of α-foeto protein. L'Alpha-FoetoProteine, Masseyeff. INSERM, Paris 1974; 563–570. Google Scholar Leek Leighton A.E., Kitau P. C.M.J., Chard T.. Prospective diagnosis of spina bifida. Lance 1974b; 2: 1511. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)90245-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Leek Ruoss A.E., Kitau C. F.M.J., Chard T.. Raised alphafetoprotein in maternal serum with anencephalic pregnancy. Lance 1973; 2: 385. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)93236-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lehmann F-G. Early detection of hepatoma: Prospective study in liver cirrhosis using passive hemagglutination and the radioimmunoassay. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 196–210. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25414.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Leighton Gordon P.C., Kitau Y. B., Leek M. J.A.E., Chard T.. Levels of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood as a screening test for fetal neural-tube defect. Lance 1975; 2: 1012–1015. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90295-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Leschot N. J., Treffers P. E.. Elevated amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein without neuraltube defects. Lance 1975; 2: 1141. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91024-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Longo L. D.. Disorders of placental transfer. Pathophysiology of gestation, Assali. Academic Press, London, N.Y. 1972; vol. II: 52–58. Google Scholar Macri Weiss J.N., Starkovsky R. R., Elligers N. A.K.W., Berger D. B.. Maternal serum alphafetoprotein and prospective screening. Lance 1975; 2: 719–720. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90832-6 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Malmqvist Lindsten E.J., Nørgaard-Pedersen, Hellstr B., öm B., Sundberg B.. Elevated levels of alfa fetoprotein in maternal serum and amniotic fluid in two cases of spina bifida. Clin. Genet. 1975; 7: 176–180. 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1975.tb00315.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mancini Carbonara G.A.O., Heremans J. F.. Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion. Immunochemistr 1965; 2: 235–254. 10.1016/0019-2791(65)90004-2 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Masopust Kithier J., Radl K., Koutecky J. J., Kotal L.. Occurrence of fetoprotein in patients with neoplasms and nonneoplastic diseases. Int. J. Cance. 1968; 3: 364–373. 10.1002/ijc.2910030306 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Masseyeff Gilli R., Krebs G., Bonet B. C., Zrihen H.. Evolution en fonction de l'age du taux serique physiologique de 1′alpha-foetoproteine chez l'homme et le rat. L'Alpha-Foetoproteine, Masseyeff. INSERM, Paris 1974; 313–322. Google Scholar Masseyeff Gilli R., Krebs J., Calluaud B. A., Bonet C.. Evolution of α-fetoprotein serum levels throughout life in humans and rats, and during pregnancy in the rat. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 17–28. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25398.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mawas Kohen C., Lemerle M., Buffe J., Schweisguth D. O., Burtin P.. Serum alpha 1-fetoprotein in children with malignant ovarian or testicular teratomas. Int. J. Cance. 1969; 4: 76–79. 10.1002/ijc.2910040110 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mehlman Bulkley D.J.B.H., Wiernik P. H.. Serum alpha1-fetoglobulin with gaetric and prostatic carcinomas. New Engl. J. Med. 1971; 285: 1060–1061. 10.1056/NEJM197111042851907 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Milunsky A.. The causes and prevalence of mental retardation. The prevention of genetic disease and mental retardation, Milunsky. Saunders, Philadelphia 1975. Google Scholar Milunsky A., Alpert E.. The value of alpha-fetoprotein in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. J. Pediat. 1974; 84: 889–893. 10.1016/S0022-3476(74)80776-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nevin H. C., Armstrong M. J.. Raised alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in a triplet pregnancy in which one fetus had an omphalocoele. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1975; 82: 826–828. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00581.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Niermeijer Sachs M.F., Jahodova E. S., Tichelaar-Klepper M., Kleijer C.W.J., Galjaard H.. Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. J. Med. Genet. 1976; 13: 182–194. 10.1136/jmg.13.3.182 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nishi S.. Isolation and characterization of a human fetal α-globulin from the sera of fetuses and a hepatoma patient. Cancer Res 1970; 30: 2507–2513. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nørgaard-Pedersen B.. α1-fetoprotein concentration in cord serum as a parameter for gestational age. Acta Paediat. Scand. 1973a; 62: 167–172. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1973.tb08086.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nørgaard-Pedersen B.. A highly sensitive radioimmuno-electrophoretic quantitation of human alpha-fetoprotein. Clin. Chim. Act. 1973b; 48: 345–346. 10.1016/0009-8981(73)90207-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nørgaard-Pedersen B., Jørgensen P. I., Trolle D.. Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentration during the last trimester in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies with severe fetal abnormalities. Acta Obstet. Gynec. Scand. 1976a; 55: 59–62. 10.3109/00016347609156785 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nøfrgaard-Pedersen B., Klebe J. G.. Alpha1-fetoprotein and carbonic anhydrase B & C concentration in cord blood from newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Acta Endocr. (Kbh) 1974; 182: 81–86. Google Scholar Nørgaard-Pedersen B., Schultz-Larsen P.. Reference interval for maternal serum alphafetoprotein. J. Clin. Genet. 1976; 9: 374–377. 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01590.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ouchterlony ö. In vitro method for testing the toxin producing capacity of diphtheria bacteria. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. 1948; 25: 186–193. 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1948.tb00655.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Purtilo Clark D.T.J.V., Williams R.. Primary hepatic malignancy in pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1975; 121: 41–44. 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90972-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Purves L. R., van der Merwe E., Bersohn I.. Variants of alpha-fetoprotein. Lance 1970; 2: 464–465. 10.1016/S0140-6736(70)90076-0 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Purves L. R., Purves M.. Serum alpha-fetoprotein VI. The radioimmunoassay. Evidence for the presence of alpha-fetoprotein in the serum of normal people and during pregnancy. S. Afr. Med. J. 1972; 46: 1290–1297. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Robinson R.. Neurological development in infants of diabetic mothers. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 1970; 12: 227–229. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1970.tb01896.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Rodeok Campbell C.H.S., Biswas S.. Maternal plasma alpha-fetoprotein in normal and complicated pregnancies. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1976; 83: 24–32. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00725.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Rome Glover R.M.J.I., Simmons S. C.. The benefits and risks of amniocentesis for the assessment of fetal lung maturity. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1975; 82: 662–668. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00703.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ruoslahti Pihko E.H., Seppälä M.. Alpha-fetoprotein: immunochemical purification and chemical properties. Expression in normal state and in malignant and non-malignant liver disease. Transplant. Rev. 1974a; 20: 38–60. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ruoslahti Salaspuro E., Pihko M., Andersson H. L., Seppälä M.. Serum alpha-fetoprotein: Diagnostic significance in liver disease. Br. Med. J. 1974b; 2: 527–529. 10.1136/bmj.2.5918.527 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ruoslahti E., Seppälä M.. Studies of carcino-fetal proteins: physical and chemical properties of human α-fetoprotein. Int. J. Cance. 1971a; 7: 218–225. 10.1002/ijc.2910070205 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ruoslahti E., Seppälä M.. Studies of carcino-fetal proteins III. Development of a radioimmunoassay for α-fetoprotein. Demonstration of α-fetoprotein in serum of healthy human adults. Int. J. Cance. 1971b; 8: 374–383. PubMedGoogle Scholar Ruoslahti E., Seppαlα M.. Normal and increased alpha-fetoprotein in neoplastic and non-neoplastic liver disease. lance 1972; 2: 278–279. 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91711-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ruoslahti Sepp E., αlα Pihko M.H., Vuopio P.. Studies of carcino-fetal protein II. Biochemical comparison of α-fetoprotein from human fetuses and patients with hepatocellular cancer. Int. J. Cance. 1971; 8: 283–288. PubMedGoogle Scholar Sakamoto Yachi S., Anzai A. T., Wada T.. AFP-producing cells in hepatitis and in liver cirrhosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 253–258. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25421.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Saunders P., Rhodes P.. The origin and circulation of the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid research and clinical application, Fairweather, Eekes. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1973; 11. Google Scholar Schmid W., Muhlethaler J. P.. High amniotic fluid alpha-1-fetoprotein in a case of fetal sacrocoocygeal teratoma. Humangeneti 1975; 26: 353–354. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Scrimgeour J. B.. Amniocentesis: Technique and complications. Antenatal diagnosis of genetic disease, Emery. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London 1973. Google Scholar Sell S.. Synthesis, equilibration and catabolism of α1F during gestation and in hepatoma bearing rats. L'Alpha-FoetoProteine, Masseyeff. INSERM, Paris 1974; 365–381. Google Scholar Seller M. J.. Alpha-fetoprotein in human conceptuses. L'Alpha-FoetoProteine, Masseyeff. INSERM, Paris 1974; 383–386. Google Scholar Seller Creasy M.J.M.R., Alberman E. D.. Alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluids from spontaneous abortions. Br. Med. J. 1974a; 2: 524–525. 10.1136/bmj.2.5918.524 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seller Singer M.J., Coltart J. D.T.M., Campbell S.. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. Lance 1974b; 1: 428–429. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92383-6 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M.. Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid associated with a congenital esophageal atresia of the fetus. Obstet. Gynec. 1973a; 42: 613–614. 10.1097/00006250-197310000-00023 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M.. Alpha-fetoprotein levels in women taking oral contraceptives. Int. J. Fertil. 1973b; 18: 206–208. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M.. Petal pathophysiology of human alpha fetoprotein. Ann. N.Y. Acad, Sci. 1975; 259: 59–73. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb25402.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä, Bagshawe M. K.D., Ruoslahti E.. Radioimmunoassay of alpha fetoprotein: a contribution to the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma and hydatidiform mole. Int. J. Cance. 1972; 10: 478–481. 10.1002/ijc.2910100306 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä, Laes M. E., Harvo-Noponen M.. Elevated amniotic alpha-fetoprotein in congenital oesophageal atresia. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Br. Commonw. 1974; 81: 827–828. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1974.tb00389.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. Radioimmunoassay of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein during pregnancy and delivery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1972a; 112: 208–212. 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90117-2 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. Alpha fetoprotein in amniotic fluid: An index of gestational age. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1972b; 114: 595–598. 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90834-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. α-fetoprotein in normal and pregnancy sera. Lance 1972c; 1: 375–376. 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92865-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. Alpha-fetoprotein in abortion. Br. Med. J. 1972d; 4: 769–771. 10.1136/bmj.4.5843.769 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppαlα M., Ruoslahti E.. Alpha-fetoprotein: physiology and pathology during pregnancy and application to antenatal diagnosis. J. perinat. Med. 1973a; 1: 104–113. 10.1515/jpme.1973.1.2.104 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. Alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum: a new marker for detection of fetal distress and intrauterine death. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1973b; 115: 48–52. 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90087-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. Alpha-fetoprotein in antenatal diagnosis. Lance 1973c; 1: 155. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90232-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. Alpha-fetoprotein in Rh-immunized pregnancies. Obstet. Gynec. 1973d; 42: 701–706. 10.1097/00006250-197310000-00023 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seppälä M., Ruoslahti E.. Alpha-fetoprotein and fetal development. L'Alpha-FoetoProteine, Masseyeff. INSERM, Paris 1974; 387–391. Google Scholar Seppälä M., Unnerus H-A. Elevated amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein in fetal hydrocephaly. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 1974; 119: 270–272. 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90047-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sheehan H. L., Lynch J. B.. Pathology of toxaemia of pregnancy, Sheehan, Lynch. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1973; 83–474. Google Scholar Sizaret P.. Addendum-AFP in different ethnic groups. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1975; 259: 155. Web of Science®Google Scholar Stevenson A. C.. Frequency of congenital and hereditary disease, with special reference to mutation. Br. Med. Bull. 1961; 17: 254–259. Web of Science®Google Scholar Stevenson Say A.C., Ustaoglu B. S., Durmus Z.. Aspects of preeclamptic tozaemia of pregnancy, consanguinity, and twinning in Ankara. J. Med. Genet. 1976; 13: 1–8. 10.1136/jmg.13.1.1 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Stewart Hingley C.H., Ward S.A.M., Cooke I. D.. Elevated maternal serum alpha fetoprotein levels in pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1976; 83: 329. Web of Science®Google Scholar Sutcliffe R. G.. The nature and origin of the soluble protein in human amniotic fluid. Biol. Rev. 1975; 50: 1–33. 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1975.tb00988.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sutcliffe R. G., Brock D. J.H. Immunological studies on the nature and origin of the major proteins in amniotic fluid. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Br. Commonw. 1973; 80: 721–727. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb16058.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Usategui-Gomez, Morgan M. D.F., Toolan H. W.. A comparative study of amniotic fluid, maternal sera and cord sera by disc electrophoresis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1966a; 123: 547–551. 10.3181/00379727-123-31539 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Usategui-Gomez M., Morgan D. F.. Maternal origin of the group specific (Gc) proteins in amniotic fluid. Natur 1966b; 212: 1600–1601. 10.1038/2121600a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar WHO. Genetic factors in congenital malformations. Technical Report Serie 1970; 438: 17–26, Geneva. Google Scholar Wald Barker N., Peto S., Brock R. D.J.H., Bonnar J.. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in multiple pregnancy. Br. Med. J. 1975; 1: 651–652. 10.1136/bmj.1.5959.651 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wald Brock N.J.D.J.H., Bonnar J.. Prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and anencephaly by maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein measurement. A controlled study. Lance. 1974; 1: 756–767. Google Scholar Waldmann T. A., McIntire K. R.. Serum-alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Lance 1972; 2: 1112–1115. 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92717-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ward A. M., Stewart C. R.. False-positive results in antenatal diagnosis of neuraltube disorders. Lance 1974; 2: 345–346. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91717-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ward Whyley E.H.T., Fairweather G. A., Thomas D. V.I.G., Chard T.. Alpha-fetoprotein levels in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid during prostaglandin-induced midtrimester abortions: The relation to fetal distress and death. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1976; 83: 299–302. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00830.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Whyley Ward G.A.H., Hardy N. R.. Alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by rhesus isoimmunization. J. Obstet. Gynaec. Br. Commonw. 1974; 81: 459–465. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1974.tb00496.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wynne-Davies R.. Heritable disorders in orthopaedic practice, Wynne-Davies. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1973; 156–161. Google Scholar Wynne-Davies R.. Congenital vertebral anomalies: aetiology and relationship to spina bifida cystica. J. Med. Genet. 1975; 12: 280–288. 10.1136/jmg.12.3.280 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume56, IssueS61January 1977Pages 1-91 ReferencesRelatedInformation