Evaluation of Bird Shield™ as a blackbird repellent in ripening rice and sunflower fields
2005; Wiley; Volume: 33; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[251
ISSN1938-5463
AutoresScott J. Werner, H. Jeffrey Homan, Michael L. Avery, George M. Linz, Eric A. Tillman, Anthony A. Slowik, Robert W. Byrd, Thomas M. Primus, Margaret J. Goodall,
Tópico(s)Fire effects on ecosystems
ResumoWildlife Society BulletinVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 251-257 Evaluation of Bird Shield™ as a blackbird repellent in ripening rice and sunflower fields Scott J. Werner, Corresponding Author Scott J. Werner Scott Werner (photo) is a research wildlife biologist in the Bird Research Program of the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC). Scott's research interests include the physiological bases of food and habitat selection, and the development of non-lethal repellents for wildlife. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorH. Jeffrey Homan, Corresponding Author H. Jeffrey Homan Jeff Homan is a research wildlife biologist at the NWRC-North Dakota Field Station. Jeff's current research includes studying the environmental impact of cattail management and migratory patterns of black-birds in the Great Plains. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorMichael L. Avery, Corresponding Author Michael L. Avery Mike Avery is a research wildlife biologist and project leader at the NWRC-Florida Field Station with emphasis on vulture damage management. Mike's research interests include avian behavior, avian repellents, and waterbird ecology. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorGeorge M. Linz, Corresponding Author George M. Linz George Linz is a research wildlife biologist and project leader at the NWRC-North Dakota Field Station, with emphasis on developing methods to minimize sunflower and feedlot damages caused by blackbirds. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorEric A. Tillman, Corresponding Author Eric A. Tillman Eric Tillman is a wildlife biologist at the NWRC-Florida Field Station. Eric earned his B.S. at Florida International University and his M.S. at the University of Florida. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorAnthony A. Slowik, Corresponding Author Anthony A. Slowik Tony Slowik is a biological technician for the North Dakota Wildlife Services program. Tony assists with studies on the ecology and management of blackbirds and specializes in geospatial analyses in support of these studies. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorRobert W. Byrd, Corresponding Author Robert W. Byrd Robert Byrd is a wildlife specialist for Wildlife Services in Missouri, with emphasis on managing blackbird impacts to rice production in southeastern Missouri. Robert received his B.S. at the University of Missouri-Columbia. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorThomas M. Primus, Corresponding Author Thomas M. Primus Tom Primus is a research chemist at NWRC, with emphasis on developing analytical methods used to detect residues of anticoagulants, repellents, biomarkers, and contraceptive drugs used in wildlife management. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorMargaret J. Goodall, Corresponding Author Margaret J. Goodall Marge Goodall is a supervisory chemist at NWRC. Marge's research has focused on detecting residues of pesticides and contraceptive agents used to manage human-wildlife conflicts. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this author Scott J. Werner, Corresponding Author Scott J. Werner Scott Werner (photo) is a research wildlife biologist in the Bird Research Program of the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC). Scott's research interests include the physiological bases of food and habitat selection, and the development of non-lethal repellents for wildlife. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorH. Jeffrey Homan, Corresponding Author H. Jeffrey Homan Jeff Homan is a research wildlife biologist at the NWRC-North Dakota Field Station. Jeff's current research includes studying the environmental impact of cattail management and migratory patterns of black-birds in the Great Plains. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorMichael L. Avery, Corresponding Author Michael L. Avery Mike Avery is a research wildlife biologist and project leader at the NWRC-Florida Field Station with emphasis on vulture damage management. Mike's research interests include avian behavior, avian repellents, and waterbird ecology. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorGeorge M. Linz, Corresponding Author George M. Linz George Linz is a research wildlife biologist and project leader at the NWRC-North Dakota Field Station, with emphasis on developing methods to minimize sunflower and feedlot damages caused by blackbirds. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorEric A. Tillman, Corresponding Author Eric A. Tillman Eric Tillman is a wildlife biologist at the NWRC-Florida Field Station. Eric earned his B.S. at Florida International University and his M.S. at the University of Florida. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorAnthony A. Slowik, Corresponding Author Anthony A. Slowik Tony Slowik is a biological technician for the North Dakota Wildlife Services program. Tony assists with studies on the ecology and management of blackbirds and specializes in geospatial analyses in support of these studies. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorRobert W. Byrd, Corresponding Author Robert W. Byrd Robert Byrd is a wildlife specialist for Wildlife Services in Missouri, with emphasis on managing blackbird impacts to rice production in southeastern Missouri. Robert received his B.S. at the University of Missouri-Columbia. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorThomas M. Primus, Corresponding Author Thomas M. Primus Tom Primus is a research chemist at NWRC, with emphasis on developing analytical methods used to detect residues of anticoagulants, repellents, biomarkers, and contraceptive drugs used in wildlife management. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this authorMargaret J. Goodall, Corresponding Author Margaret J. Goodall Marge Goodall is a supervisory chemist at NWRC. Marge's research has focused on detecting residues of pesticides and contraceptive agents used to manage human-wildlife conflicts. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA; e-mail for Werner: [email protected] United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Missouri University Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO 63873, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 13 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[251:EOBSAA]2.0.CO;2Citations: 20 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Chemical repellents sometimes can provide a nonlethal alternative for reducing wildlife impacts to agricultural production. In late summer and autumn 2002, we evaluated Bird ShieldTM (active ingredient: methyl anthranilate, Bird Shield Repellent Corporation, Spokane, Wash.) as a blackbird (Icteridae) repellent in Missouri rice fields and North Dakota sunflower fields. We selected 5 pairs of ripening rice fields in southeastern Missouri and randomly allocated treatments (treated and control) within pairs. The repellent was aerially applied by fixed-winged aircraft at the recommended label rate and volume (1.17 L Bird Shield/ha and 46.7 L/ha, respectively); 1 field received 2X the label rate. We observed no difference in average bird activity (birds/minute) between treated and control fields over the 3-day post-treatment period (P = 0.503). We used reversed-phase liquid chromatography to quantify methyl anthranilate residues in treated fields. The maximum concentration of methyl anthranilate in rice samples was 4.71 μg/g. This concentration was below reported threshold values that irritate birds. In North Dakota we selected 6 pairs of sunflower fields used by foraging blackbirds. We randomly selected 1 field from each pair for 2 aerial applications of Bird Shield at the label-recommended rate ∼1 week apart. The remaining 6 fields served as controls. Daily bird counts, starting the first day of application and continuing for 5–7 days after the second application, showed similar numbers of blackbirds within treated and control fields (P = 0.964). We observed no difference in sunflower damage within treated and control fields (P = 0.172) prior and subsequent to the treatment. Bird Shield was not effective for repelling blackbirds from ripening rice and sunflower fields. Literature cited Askham, L. R. 1992. Efficacy of methyl anthranilate as a bird repellent on cherries, blueberries and grapes. Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings 15: 137–141. Google Scholar Askham, L. R. 1995. 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