Heretic or hero? Posthumous representations of Gilbert of Poitiers in texts and images before 1200
2010; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 26; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/02666280903335429
ISSN1943-2178
Autores Tópico(s)Medieval European Literature and History
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements I owe a great debt of gratitude to Patricia Stirnemann, Ian Wei, and Rita Copeland who provided inspiration for this paper and advice during its development. A glance at my footnotes will reveal the importance of the work of Nikolaus M. Häring who edited many of the relevant documents and commented on almost all the works and authors pertaining to Gilbert of Poitiers. His work is a giant on whose shoulders this piece rests. Notes 1 – N. M. Häring, The Commentaries on Boethius by Gilbert of Poitiers (Toronto, 1966), pp. 3–6. 2 – For the texts see: John of Salisbury, John of Salisbury's Memoirs of the Papal Court (the Historia Pontificalis), ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (London, 1956); Otto of Freising The Deeds of Frederick Barabarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (Toronto, 1994), Latin text in Ottonis et Rahewini Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Hannover and Leipzig, 1912); Geoffrey of Auxerre ‘Geoffrey of Auxerre: Writings against Gilbert of Poitiers’, ed. N. M. Häring, Analecta Cisterciensia, 22 (1966), pp. 3–83. For the trial and its sources see: A. Hayden, ‘Le Concile de Reims et l'erreur théologique de Gilbert de la Porrée’, Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale er Littéraire du Moyen Age, 10 (1935–36), pp. 29–102; N. M. Häring, ‘The Case of Gilbert de la Porrée, bishop of Poitiers (1142–1154)’, Medieval Studies, 13 (1951), pp. 1–40; L. O. Nielsen, Theology and Philosophy in the Twelfth Century (Leiden, 1982), p. 30; C. Monagle, ‘The trial of ideas: two tellings of the trial of Gilbert of Poitiers’, Viator, 35 (2004), pp. 113–29. 3 – ‘Hiis episcopo consentiente, precepit dominus papa ut his adverse, si in libro suo repperirentur, corrigeret, inhibens ne retineretur ab aliquo iam exscriptus, vel traderetur alicui exscribedus, ante/quam ad hanc formam corrigeretur’, John of Salisbury, pp. 23–5; ‘Porro volumen illud in quo manifesta esset inventa iniquitas lectitari de cetero vel transcribi summus Pontifex aposolica auctoritate prohibuit nisi forte romana ecclesia purgatum illud ederet et correctum’, Geoffrey of Auxerre, p. 38; ‘Episcopus vero premissam summi pontificis sententiam reverenter excipiens, archidiaconibus suis in gratiam receptis, cum ordinis integritate et honoris plenitudine ad propriam dyocesim remeavit’, Ottonis et Rahewini, p. 87. 4 – ‘Memini me ipsum ex parte abbatis episcopum sollicitasse quatinus convenirent in aliquo religioso loco […] ubi episcopo visum esset, ut amice et sive contentione conferrent super dictis beati Hylarii. Ille vero respondit iam satis esse quod hucusque contenderant, et abbatem, si plenam intelligenciam Hylarii affectaret, prius in disciplinis liberalibus et aliis prediscendis plenius instrui oportere’, John of Salisbury, p. 26. 5 – Geoffrey of Auxerre, pp. 3–83. 6 – É. Lesne, Les écoles de la fin du VIIIe siècle à la fin du XIIe (Histoire de la Propriété Ecclésiatique en France; Lille, 1940), Vol. 5, pp. 165–6; W. Cahn, Romanesque Manuscripts: The Twelfth Century (London, 1996), Vol. 2, pp. 152–4. 7 – These are collected in N. M. Häring, ‘Epitaphs and necrologies on Bishop Gilbert II of Poitiers’, Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Age, 36 (1969), pp. 57–87. 8 – Häring (1969), pp. 72–4, 83. 9 – Ibid. p. 84. 10 – Ibid. pp. 80–1. 11 – ‘Sic Gislebertus, antistes Pictaviensis, Egregius doctor, vite finivit agonem. Sensu fama minor cuius modo vivat in ordbe, Vivat in eternum gaudenter spiritus ejus’, Nécrologe — Obituaire de la Cathedrale du Mans, ed. G. Busson and A. Ledru (Le Mans, 1906), p. 232. 12 – ‘Parisius in aula episcopi fere tercentesimus assedi’, N. M. Häring ‘The Cistercian Everard of Ypres and His Appraisal of the Conflict between Saint Bernard and Gilbert of Poitiers’, Medieval Studies, 17 (1955), p. 252. 13 – ‘Unde et meruit eminere magisterii merito supra omnes doctors in tempore suo et obtinuit nomen grande supra nomen magnorum qui sunt in terra’, Häring (1969), pp. 59, 70. 14 – ‘Tanta vero in divina et humana pagina fuit plenitudine scientie repletus ut ad magisterii honorem provectus super omnes nostris in temporibus in hac officii dignitate floreret et odor discipline eius multas et diversas terrarum partes adeo repleret ut in omnem terram gloria nominis eius exiret et in fines orbis terre doctrine verba procederent’, Häring (1969), pp. 76, 79. 15 – ‘Qui quam facundus verbis fuit atque profundus/Sensu, testantur bene qui legisse probantur/Illius in libris magni comenta Boecii’, Häring (1969), p. 82. 16 – ‘Hoc tamen certum est quod publico nunc plura scolarium teruntur usu, que tunc ab ipso prolata videbantur esse prophane novitates’, John of Salisbury, p. 17; for dating of the text see ibid., pp. xix–xxx. 17 – ‘Il est en forme de cercueil de six à sept piés de long, élevé sur quatre piliers de deux piés de hauteur; la façade exposée à la vue est ornée de bas reliefs, qui représentent l'entrée de Jésus-Christ à Jérusalem, et le jugement de Pilate’, Häring (1969), pp. 64–5. 18 – ‘Habebit defunctus quos et habuit uiuus scriptorum suorum et auctores et testes adversus eorum contradicitones qui de fide Christi disceptare presumunt — nescientes, ut dicit Apostolus, quid loquantur neque de quibus affirmant’, Häring (1969), pp. 59–60, 71. 19 – ‘Unde Pape Eugenius: Quomodo judicabimus quod non intelligimus? Loquitur enim iste homo Deo, non hominibus’, N. M. Häring, ‘A Latin Dialogue on the Doctrine of Gilbert of Poitiers’, Medieval Studies, 15 (1953), p. 274; N. M. Häring, ‘The Cistercian Everard of Ypres and his appraisal of the conflict between Saint Bernard and Gilbert of Poitiers’, Medieval Studies, 17 (1955), pp. 143–72; Geoffrey of Auxerre, p. 11. 20 – ‘vel quia ex novitate verborum absona videbantur’, John of Salisbury, p. 15. 21 – ‘Iste enim ab adolescentia magnorum virorum disciplinae se subiciens magisque illorum ponderi quam suo credens ingenio, qualis primo fuit Hylarius Pictaviensis, post Bernhardus Carnotensis, ad ultimum Anshelmus et Radulfus Laudunenses’, Ottonis et Rahewini, p. 74; translated in Otto of Freising, p. 88. 22 – ‘doctorum tamen verba, Hylarii dico, Ieronimi, Augustini, et similium, sicut opinion communis est, familiarius noverat’, John of Salisbury, p. 27; Grabmann, Vol. 2, pp. 411, 413. 23 – ‘Cuius dicti obscuritatem tamquam verborum profanam novitatem tam inpacienter magister Iohelinus Suessionensium episcopus excepit’, Ottonis et Rahewini, p. 76; translated in Otto of Freising, p. 89. 24 – Gerhoch of Reichersberg Letter to Pope Hadrian about the Novelties of the Day, ed. N. M. Häring, (Toronto, 1974), p. 7; see also C. J. Mews ‘Accusations of Heresy and Error in the Twelfth-Century Schools: The Witness of Gerhoch of Reichersberg and Otto of Freising’, Heresy in Transition: Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, eds I. Hunter, J. C. Lawsen, C. J. Nederman, (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 43–58. 25 – ‘Ut noverint illum sapientiorem qui nichil se scire fatebatur nisi Christum Iesum et hunc crucifixum quam coaceruatos illos magistros de quorum doctrina non fulget ecclesia sed fumant scole plures in Francia et aliis terris, permaxime a duabus caudis ticionum fumigantium: videlicet Petri Abaiolardi et episcopi Gilliberti’, Gerhoch of Reichersberg, p. 106. 26 – ‘Item damnat quasdam novitates quas Gillebertus motus subtilitate dogmatizabat’ Nicholas of Amiens ‘Ex Nicolai Ambianensis Chronico’, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, Vol. 14, p. 22. 27 – ‘Contra Gillebertum quoque Pictvorum episcopum, qui quadam nova verborum subtilitate in scriptis suis scandalizabat aecclesiam, multa sunt dicta et disputata. Unde et quaedam, quae defendere non presumpsit vel non potuit, ab ipso sunt dampnata et abrasa’, ‘Continuatio Praemonstratensis a 1113–55’, ed. D. L. C. Bethmann, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, Vol. 6, p. 454; Häring (1966), p. 12. 28 – ‘consuetus ex ingenii subtilis magnitudine ac rationum acumine multa preter communem hominum morem dicere’, Ottonis et Rahewini, pp. 67–8; translated in Otto of Freising, p. 82. 29 – Geoffrey of Auxerre, pp. 30–69. 30 – Ibid., pp. 69–81; see also L. O. Nielsen, Theology and Philosophy in the Twelfth Century (Leiden, 1982) pp. 30–1. 31 – ‘eleganti quidem stilo, recte gratus universis, nisi videretur invehentis habere speciem, et ex quacunque causa conceptam amaritudinem continere’, John of Salisbury, p. 25. 32 – Häring (1966), pp. 4–5. 33 – ‘Annales Magdeburgenses’ Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, Vol. 16, p. 190; ‘Continuatio Praemonstratensis’, p. 454; ‘Ex Chronico Turonensi’ Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, Vol. 12, p. 472; Nicholas of Amiens, p. 22. 34 – Moritur etiam Gisblebertus episcopus Pictavensis, vir religious et multiplicis doctrine, qui psalmos et epistolas Pauli luculenter exposuit’ Robert de Monte ‘Roberti de Monte […] cronica a 1100–1186’, ed. D. L. C. Bethmann, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, Vol. 6, p. 504. 35 – Chronicle accounts written in the thirteenth century include: ‘Chronicon Montis Sereni’, ed. E. Ehrenfeuchter, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, Vol. 23, p. 147; Alberic of Trois-Fontaines ‘Albrici monachi Triumfontium Chronicon’, ed. P. Scheffer-Boichorst, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, Vol. 23, p. 840; Helinand of Froidmont ‘Chronicon’ Patrologia Latina, Vol. 212, Col. 1038; Roger of Wendover ‘Ex Rogeri de Wendover Floribus historiarum’, ed. F. Liebermann, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum, Vol. 28, p. 29; ‘Guillelmi de Nangiaco Chronicon’, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, Vol. 20, p. 733. 36 – ‘Continuatio Praemonstratensis’, p. 454; Nicholas of Amiens, p. 22. 37 – In eodem concilio magister Gislebertus scripta sua contra omnes calumpniatores suos magnis auctoritatibus sanctorum patrum defendit ut clericus’, Magdeburg, p. 190; Häring (1966), p. 12. 38 – ‘Florebat et S. Bernardus Abbas Claraevallis … et Magister Gislebertus Porrèe, tam liberalium artium quam divinarum Scripturarum Doctor eximius, et fere incomparabiliter eruditus. Hic post Magistrum Anselmum super Psalterium et super epistolas Pauli, ex dictis SS. Patrum compactam edidit glossaturam’, ‘Chronico Turonensi’, p. 472. 39 – N. M. Häring, ‘The Cistercian Everard of Ypres and His Appraisal of the Conflict between Saint Bernard and Gilbert of Poitiers’, Medieval Studies, 17 (1955), pp. 143–72. 40 – ‘Hii omnes magistri Theodorici senioris viri litteratissimi per multa tempora auditores fuerent; horum tamen novissimus, magister Ivo, magistri Gilleberti Porrea Pictavesis episcopi, quem post magistrum Theodoricum audierat, doctrinam profitebatur’, R. B. C. Huygens ‘Guillaume de Tyr étudiant: Un chapitre (XIX, 12) de son ‘Histoire’ retrouvé’, Latomus, 21 (1962), p. 822. 41 – John of Salisbury, The Metalogicon of John of Salisbury: A Twelfth-Century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium, ed. and trans. D. D. McGarry (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1955), p. 144. 42 – ‘Super librum etiam Boetii De Trinitate novum opus est ad sua usque tempora interpretatum, modo expositionis materie auctoris congruo, consummavit et in Concilio Remensi quod ab Eugenio papa celebratum est que hoc opere digna reprehensione inventa sunt, sententie episcoporum humiliter adquiescens propio ore dampnavit’, Häring, ‘Two catalogues of Medieval Authors’, Franciscan Studies (1966[b]), Vol. 25, pp. 195, 210; ‘Sed haec minime iam contra ipsum loquimur; quippe qui in eodem conventu sententiae episcoporum humiliter acquiescens, tam haec quam caetera digna reprehensione inventa proprio ore damnavit’, St Bernard, ‘Sermo 80’ Patrologia Latina, Vol. 183, Col. 1170. 43 – Walter of Saint Victor, ‘Le Contra quatuor labyrinthos Franciae de Gauthier de Saint Victor’, ed. P. Glorieux, Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Age (1952), p. 195. 44 – ‘multas hereses olim vomuisse et adhuc errors pullulare’, Walter of Saint Victor, p. 210. 45 – Häring (1966), p. 14; Lesne, p. 166. 46 – Häring (1966), p. 15. 47 – ‘Quam abbatis voluntatem fortasse negligentiae tradidissem si non postea multorum claustralium postulations apud me invaluissent conquerentium de difficultate glosarum episcopi Pictavensis quas ille sermone perplexo et stilo in voluto super Boetii scripta De Trinitate reliquit’, N. M. Häring, Life and Works of Clarembald of Arras (Toronto, 1965), p. 63; The Boethian Commentaries of Clarembald of Arras, ed. and trans. D. B. George and J. R. Fortin (Notre Dame, 2002), pp. xv, 2. 48 – Häring (1966), p. 40–2. 49 – M. Grabmann, Die Geschichte der scholastischen Methode (Freiburg, 1911), Vol. 2, p. 432. 50 – N. M. Häring, ‘A Christmas Sermon by Gilbert of Poitiers’, Medieval Studies, 23 (1961), p. 127. 51 – W. Cahn, Romanesque Manuscripts: The Twelfth Century (London, 1996), Vol. 2, pp. 152–3; A. Boeckler, Abendländische Miniaturen bis zum ausgang der romanischen zeit (Berlin and Leipzig, 1930), p. 95. 52 – K. Escher, Die Miniaturen in den Basler Bibliotheken, Museen und Archiven, (Basel, 1917), pp. 45–7; P. Stirnemann, ‘O[ugrave] ont été fabriqués les livres de la glose ordinaire dans la première moitié du XIIe siècle?’, in Le XIIe siècle: Mutations et renouveau en France dans la première moitié du XIIe siècle, ed. F. Gasparri (Paris, 1994), p. 282, n. 52. 53 – Häring (1951), pp. 1–2; Häring (1966), pp. 53–6. 54 – ‘Non sum nescius oratores ingeniis acutos, arte peritos et inter sophistas diu multumque exercitatos, in suo – hoc est civili — themate genera causarum diligenter attendere et — pro rerum vel indignitate — obscuriora quidem plurimis sive inductionibus sive ratiocinationibus ostendere: minus autem obscura [paucorum] vel exemplorum vel entimematum commemoratione transire: in his vero, quae manifesta sunt, omne argumentationum genus et silendo contempnere et contempnendo silere’; Häring (1966), p. 233. 55 – ‘Omnium, quae [in percipiendis rebus] suppeditant, rationum alie communes sunt multorum generum, aliae propriae aliquorum’, Häring (1966), p. 57. 56 – ‘Quod Grece philosophia, Latine amor sapientie dicitur’; Häring (1966), p. 183; for images of Wisdom and Philosophy see d'Alverny, M-T., Etudes sur le symbolisme de la Sagesse et sur l'iconographie, ed. C. Burnett (Aldershot, 1993). 57 – ‘Anxie te quidem diuque sustinui ut de ea quae in conventu mota est questione loqueremur’; Häring (1966), p. 384. 58 – Cahn, Vol. 2, p. 153. 59 – Por[r]ata co. q[ui] glosavit hunc libru[m]; Häring (1966), p. 18. 60 – Su[pe]r libr[o] bo[etii]. 61 – Grabmann, Vol. 2, p. 409. 62 – Häring, (1966), p. 5; ‘sed propter eos adhuc librum illum contra apostolicum utique promulgatum ibidem interdictum, transcribere et lectitore feruntur, contentiosus persistentes sequi episcopum’, Bernard, Patrologia Latina, Vol. 183, Col. 1170. 63 – ‘Quorum discipuli eorum dictis et scriptis inbuti hominem verbo dei unitum regant esse filium dei deum dicendum nisi accidentali, ut aiunt connexione’, Gerhoch of Reichersburg, p. 106. 64 – Grabmann, Vol. 2, p. 430. 65 – ‘Ex his quidam temperant Porri condimenta, Quorum genus creditur generis contenta; Decem rerum triplicant hii predicamenta, Evertuntur veterum per hoc fundamenta’, Godefroy de Saint-Victor, Fons Philosophie, ed. P. Michand-Quantin (Namur, Louvain, Lille, 1956), p. 44; Grabmann, provides the alternative reading ‘Porrectanis’, Vol. 2, p. 430. 66 – ‘et in scriptis discipulorum inveniebantur plura digna ut apientibus videbantur reprehensione, vel quia non consonabant regulis, vel quia ex novitate verborum absona videbantur’, John of Salisbury, p. 15. 67 – ‘Fateor me plures habvisse discipulos, qui me quidem omnes audierunt, sed quidam minus intellexerunt: quod opinati sunt scripserunt de cordo suo, non de spiritu meo. […] Illos et conformes eorum super hoc libello et similibus poteritis rectius convenire. Quid a me vultis amplius? Ego libellum istum cum auctore suo et omnes hereses que in eo scripte sunt anathematizo vobiscum’, John of Salisbury, p. 22. 68 – John of Salisbury, p. 23. 69 – Magister Gillebertus Pictavensis episcopus altiora theologice philosohie secreta diligentibus, altentis et pulsantibus reserans discipulis quatuor, quorum nomina subscripta sunt, quia digni sunt memoria. 70 – H. Denifle, Quellenbelege: Die abendländischen Scriftausleger bis Luther über Justitia Dei (Rom 1,17) und Justificatio (Mainz, 1905), p. 345. 71 – Nicholaus qui pro dignitate sua Pictavensis episcopi sentenciis ut digni intro mittantur ad eas lucem plene expositionis infundit. 72 – See above n. 26. 73 – Hii tres et ille quartus intensiore studio attenti mentis acie perspicacissima et sola veritatis specie tracti sub Pictavensi episcopo digni viguerunt discipuli quorum anime requiescant in pace. 74 – See Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle, ed. and trans. R. C. Johnston (Oxford, 1981) Introduction; M. D. Legge, Anglo-Norman Literature and Its Background (Oxford, 1963), pp. 75–81. 75 – The Letters of John of Salisbury, eds W. J. Millor, H. E. Butler and C. N. L. Brooke (London, 1955), Vol. 1, pp. 95–6. 76 – A. Clerval, Les Écoles de Chartres au Moyen-Age (Paris, 1895), p. 186. 77 – B. Smalley, ‘Master Ivo of Chartres’ English Historical Review, 50 (1935), No. 200, pp. 680–6. 78 – Geoffrey of Auxerre, p. 71. 79 – Clerval, p. 187. 80 – ‘A prege festinans morsus arcere luporum/contra paganos querere venit opes’, P. Masini, ‘Il Maestro Giovanni Beleth; ipotesi di una traccia biografica’, Studi Medievali, Vol. 34 (1993), pp. 303–15. 81 – ‘Floruit magister Iohannes Belet in ecclesia Ambianensi, qui scripsit librum de divinis officiis per annum’, Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, p. 847. 82 – Catalogue Général des Manuscrits des Bibliotheques Publiques des Départements, Vol. 25, pp. 206–8.
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