Artigo Revisado por pares

SEXUAL SELECTION AND ALLIED PROBLEMS IN THE INSECTS

1927; Wiley; Volume: 2; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1469-185x.1927.tb01401.x

ISSN

1469-185X

Autores

O. W. Richards,

Tópico(s)

Insect behavior and control techniques

Resumo

Biological ReviewsVolume 2, Issue 4 p. 298-364 SEXUAL SELECTION AND ALLIED PROBLEMS IN THE INSECTS O. W. RICHARDS M.A., O. W. RICHARDS M.A. Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, OxfordSearch for more papers by this author O. W. RICHARDS M.A., O. W. RICHARDS M.A. Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, OxfordSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1927 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1927.tb01401.xCitations: 115AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 Adler, H. (1894). Alternating Generations; a Study of Oak-galls and Gall-flies. Translated by C. R. Stratton. Oxford. 2 Adlerz, G. (1912). "Lefnadsförhâllanden och instinkter inom familjerna Pompilidae och Sphegidae. K. Svenska vet. Akad. Handl. 4, no. 10, 1. 3 Ainslie, C. N. (1907). 'Notes on the swarming of a species of crane-fly. Canad. Ent. 39, 26. 4 Aldrich, J. M. (1894). 'Courtship among flies. Amer. Nat. 28, 35. 5 Aldrich, J. M. and Turley, L. A. (1899). 'A balloon-making fly. Amer. Nat. 33, 809. 6 Aldrich, J. M. (1906). 'The Dipterous genus Calotarsa, with one new species. Ent. News 17, 123. 7 Alexander, C. P. (1920). "The crane flies of New York. Part 2, Biology and Phytogeny. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta. Mem. 3 (p. 705, mating of Eriocera longicornis (Walk.); pp. 710–12, mating-habits of the family). 8 Allard, H. A. (1916). " The synchronal flashing of fireflies. Science, N.S. 44, 710. 9 Allard, H. A. (1917). 'Synchronism and synchronic rhythm in the behaviour of certain creatures. Amer. Nat. 51, 438. 10 Allard, H. A. (1918). 'Rhythmic synchronism in the chirping of certain crickets and locusts. Amer. Nat. 52, 548. 11 Allard, H. A. (1920). " The flight of fireflies and the flashing impulse. Science, N.S. 52 539. 12 Alston, A. M. (1920). " The life-histories and habits of two parasites of blowflies." Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 195. 13 Anonymous (1920). No title. (Pairing of Hemaris bombyliformis Och.) From Rep. of entom. section of Somersetshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. Transactions of the Society, 46, p. lxiii. 14 Antram, C. B. (1908). 'Sexual attraction in Lepidoptera. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 18, 923. 15 Archer, H. (1884). "Bigamy in Platipteryx hamula. Ent. Mo. Mag. 20, 228. 16 Arrow, G. J. (1920). " Horned beetles." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3 March, p. xviii. 17 Balfour-Browne, F. (1910). "On the life-history of Hydrobius fuscipes. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 47, 317. 18 Balfour-Browne, F. (1922). 'On the life-history of Melittobia acasta Walker; a chalcid parasite of bees and wasps. Parasitology 14, 349. 19 Ball, F. J. (1914). 'Le dimorphisme saisonnal des androconia chez certaines Rhopalocères. Ann. Soc. ent. Beige 58, 170. 20 Barlow, J. (1921). 'The mating habits of Megarhyssa (Hym., Ichneumonidae). Ent. News 32, 291. 21 Barnes, H. F. (1924). 'Some observations on the mating habits and oviposition of the Limno-biidae (Diptera). Ent. Mo. Mag. 60, 71. 22 Barnes, P. T. (1919). ' Fireflies flashing in unison. Science, N.S. 49. 72. 23 Barrett, C. G. (1882). "Odour emitted by themaleof Hepialus hectus. Ent. Mo. Mag. 19, 90. 24 Barrett, C. G. (1885). 'Curious performance of a Noctua. Ent. Mo. Mag. 22, 112. 25 Barrett, C. G. (1886). "Singular habit of Hepialus hectus. Ent. Mo. Mag. 23, no. 26 Bateson, W. and Brindley, H. H. (1892). " On some cases of variation in secondary sexual characters, statistically examined." Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 585. 27 Bequaert, J. (1919). 'A revision of the Vespidae of the Belgian Congo, etc. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 39, 1. 28 Bernhard, C. (1907). "Ueber die vivipare Ephemeride, Chloeon dipterum. Biol. Centr. 27, 467. 29 Bertkau, P. (1882). "Duftapparat von Hepialus hectus. Arch. J. Naturges. 48, 363. 30 Bertkau, P. (1887). 'Scent organs of German Lepidoptera. Abstract in Journ. Microscop. Soc. (1888) 1, 406. 31 Bethune-Baker, B. T. (1922). " Monograph of the genus Catachrysops Boisd. (auctt.)." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 275. 32 Bethune-Baker, B. T. (1925). " On the scent-sacs in the genus Rhodogastria." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 321. 33 Bezzi, M. (1892). "Contribuzione alla Fauna Ditterologica della Provinzia di Pavia. Boll. Soc. Entom. ltal. 26, 97 (see p. 115). 34 Blair, K. G. (1915). 'Luminous insects. Nature 96, 411. 35 Blair, K. G. (1924). 'Some notes on the luminosity of insects. Ent. Mo. Mag. 60, 173. 36 Blair, K. G. (1926). 'On the luminosity of Pyrophorus (Coleoptera). Ent. Mo. Mag. 62, 11. 37 Blunck, H. (1912). 'Das Geschlechtsleben des Dytiscus marginalis L. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. 102, 169. 38 Blunck, H. (1913). 'Beitraege zur Naturgeschichte des Dytiscus marginalis L. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 30, 1. 39 Blunck, H. (1924). 'Lebensdauer, Fortpflanzungvermoegen und Alterscheinungen beim Gellbrand (Dytiscus marginalis L.). Zool. Anz. 58, 163. 40 Boldyrev, B. T. (1912). 'Liebeswerben und Spermatophoren bei einigen Locustodeen und Grylliden. Hor. Ent. Soc. Rossicac 40, 1. 41 Boulangé, H. (1924). " Recherches sur l'appareil copulateur des Hyménoptères et spéciale-ment des Chalastogastres." Mém. et Trav. des Facultés Catholiques de Lille Fasc. xxviii. 42 Bristowe, W. S. (1924). " Notes on the habits of insects and spiders in Brazil." Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 487. 43 Brown, R. (1918). "Courtship of Pararge megaera. Entomologist 51, 233. 44 Brunetti, E. (1912). Fauna of British India. Diptera Nematocera London. 45 Bryk, F. (1919). "Bibliotheca Sphragidologica. Arch. f. Nalurges. 85, Heft 5, 102. 46 Buckhurst, A. S. (1926). Gastrophilus equi on mountain tops. Ent. Mo. Mag. 62, 60. 47 Buffa, P. (1907). 'Alcune notizie anatomiche sui Tisanotteri Tubuliferi. Redia 4, 369. 48 Bugnion, E. (1916). 'Les insectes phosphorescents. Bull. Murithienne 39, 82. 49 Butler, E. A. (1923). A Biology of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera London. 50 Cambell, W. Howard (1908). 'Sexual attraction in Lepidoptera. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 18, 511. 51 Campion, H. (1915). 'The copulation of scorpion-flies. Entomologist 48, 123. 52 Carpenter, G. D. H. (1912). 'Progress report on investigations into the bionomics of Glossina palpalis, July 27, 1910 to Aug. 5, 1911. Rep. Sleeping Sickness Commission of Roy. Soc. 12, 79. 53 Carpenter, G. D. H. (1913). " The importance of preserving insects found in coitu." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 5 Nov., p. lxxxviii. 54 Carpenter, G. D. H. (1913 b). "Second report on the bionomics of Glossina fuscipes (= palpalis). Rep. Sleeping Sickness Commission of Roy. Soc. 14, 1. 55 Carpenter, G. D. H. (1914) See Poulton, E. B. (1914). 56 Carpenter, G. D. H. (1918). See Poulton, E. B. (1918 b) and Dixey, F. A. (1918). 57 Carter, A. E. J. Diptera in Scotland. Ent. Mo. Mag. 41, 163. 58 Caudell, A. N. (1909). 'The copulation and feeding habits of Idiarthron atrispinis Stál. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 11, 40. 59 Champion, G. C. (1907) (for Edwards, J.). "Forms of Osphya and a concurrent species."Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 10 April, p. xxiv. 60 Champion, G. C. (1914). " A revision of the Mexican and Central American Chauliognathinae (family Telephoridae), etc." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 128. 61 Champlain, A. B. (1921). 'The curious mating habit of Megarhyssa atrata F. Ent. News 32, 241. 62 Chapman, T. A. (186970). 'Note on the pairing of Odynerus spinipes L. Ent. Mo. Mag. 6, 214. 63 Chapman, T. A. (1891). 'A query as to hibernation. Ent. Mo. Mag. 27, 22. 64 Chapman, T. A. (1902). " On the asymmetry in the male of Hemarine and other Sphinges." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 679. 65 Chapman, T. A. (1916). " The pairing of Plebeid blue butterflies." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 151; correction, p. 297. 66 Christophers, S. K. (1915). "The male genitalia of Anopheles. Indian Journ. Med. Research 3, 37. 67 Coblentz, W. W. (1911). 'The color of the light emitted by Lampyridae. Canad. Ent. 43, 355. 68 Cochrane, A. M. (1909). "Observations on a sexual habit of Leptidia sinapis. Ent. Record 21, 201. 69 Cockle, J. W. (1908). "The mating of Boreus californicus. Canad. Ent. 40, 101. 70 Colthrup, C. W. (1919). 'Paired Lepidoptera in flight, 1918. Ent. Record 31, 75. 71 Crampton, H. E. (19034). 'Variation and selection in Satumiid Lepidoptera. Biol. Bull. 6, 310. 72 Cummings, B. F. (1914). "Scent-organs in the Trichopteron Sericostoma personatum. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1, 459. 73 Cunningham, J. C. (1900). Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom London. 74 Cuthbertson, A. (1926). 'Studies in Clyde Craneflies; the swarming of Craneflies. Ent. Mo. Mag. 62, 36. 75 Dahl, F. (1889). 'Die Insekten koennen Formen unterscheiden. Zool. Anz. 12, 243. 76 Darwin, C. (1894). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex 2nd ed. London. 77 Degeener, P. (1902). "Duftorgan von Hepialus hectus. Zeitschr.f. Wiss. Zool. 71, 276. 78 Degeener, P. and Schaposchnikow, C. (1905). "Das Duftorgan von Phassus schamyl. Zeitschr.f. Wiss. Zool. 78, 245. 79 Dell, J. A. (1905). " The structure and life-history of Psychoda sexpunctata Curt." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 293. 80 Delmas, R. (1926). 'Notes sur la biologie de 'Pristiphora conjugata' Dahlbom. Bull. Biol. France et Belgique 50, 447. 81 Demoll, R. (1908). 'Die Bedeutung der Proterandrie bei Insekten. Zool. Jahrb. Syst 26, 621. 82 Dewitz, H. (18845). "Maennlicher Geschlechtscharakter bei Catocala. Biol. Centralbl. 4, 724. 83 Dixey, F. A. (1905). No title. (Use of scent in the courtship of Pierines.) Proc: Ent. Soc. Lond. 1 Nov. p. liv. 84 Dixey, F. A. (1906). No title. (Scents of South African butterflies.) Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 7 Feb. p. ii. 85 Dixey, F. A. (1910). " Scents of butterflies." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 4 Oct. p. lxxii. 86 Dixey, F. A. (1917). ' Nuptial flight of butterflies.' Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 7 Nov. p. ii. 87 Dixey, F. A. (1918). " Capt.G.D.H. Carpenter's Pierines from Lulangru and St Michael's mission." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 5 June, p. cl. 88 Dixey, F. A. (1920). " Seasonal dimorphism in androconia." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3 March, p. xiii. 89 Doane, R. W. (1907). 'Notes on the habits of Scellus virago Aid. Ent. News 18, 136. 90 Doenitz, W. (1887). 'Ein singender Schmetterling. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. 31, 9. 91 Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. (1900). 'Notes on the copulation of Hydrophilus piceus L. Ent. Record 12, 291. 92 Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. (1907). " The life-history and occurrence of Lomechusa strumosa." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 410. 93 Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. (1917). 'Attitudes of Wasps and Psocids in copulation. Ent. Record 29, 231. 94 Drenkelfort, H. (1910). 'Biologie und Anatomie von Siphlurus lacustris Eaton. Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 29, 527. 95 Dudich, E. (1923). "Ueber die Variation des Cyclommatus tarandus Thunberg (Coleopt., Lucanidae). Arch. f. Naturges. 89, Heft 2, 62. 96 Dumont, C. (1920). " Note biologique sur Rhytirrhinus surcoufi Peyerh." Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 119. 97 Eaton, A. E. (18838). " A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies." Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. p. 1. 98 Eaton, A. E. (1901). No title. (Eversible glands of male Psychodids.) Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 6 Dec. p. xxvii. 99 Eckstein, K. (1892). 'Der Baumweissling, Aporia crataegi Hb. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 6, 230. 100 Eckstein, K. (1911). 'Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Kiefernspinner Lasiocampa (Gastropacha, Dendrolimus) pini L. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 31, 59. 101 Editors (1925). 'Chironomid flies cause an alarm of fire. Ent. Mo. Mag. 61, 23. 102 Edwards, F. W. (1920 a). 'The nomenclature of the parts of the male hypopygium of Diptera Nematocera, with special reference to mosquitoes. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol. 14, 23. 103 Edwards, F. W. (1920 b). 'Some records of predaceous Ceratopogoninae (Diptera). Ent. Mo. Mag. 56, 203. 104 Edwards, F. W. (1920 c). 'Scent-organs (?) in female midges of the Palpomyia group. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 6, 365. 105 Edwards, F. W. (1923). 'New and old observations on Ceratopogonine midges attacking other insects. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol. 17, 19. 106 Edwards, F. W. (1924). "New data concerning Styringomyia (Diptera, Tipulidae). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13 (9 ser., p. 265. 107 Edwards, F. W. (1926 a). 'Extraordinary mating habits of a mosquito.' (Quoting Kirk, 1923.) Ent. Mo. Mag. 62, 23. 108 Edwards, F. W. (1926 b). " On the British biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 389. 109 Edwards, J. (1907). See Champion, G. C. (1907). 109 Eggers, F. (1919). 'Das thoracale bitympanale Organ einer Gruppe der Lepidopteren Heteroceren. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. f. Anat. 41, 273. 110 Eltringham, H. (1910). African Mimetic Butterflies Oxford. (in). 111 Eltringham, H. (1913). " On the scent apparatus of the male Amauris niavius Linn." Trans. Ent. Soc. P 399. 112 Eltringham, H. (1915). " Further observations on the structure of the scent-organs of certain male Danaine butterflies." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 152. 113 Eltringham, H. (1919 a) ' Butterfly vision.' Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 1. 114 Eltringham, H. (1919 b). " On the histology of the scent-organs in the genus Hydroptila Dal." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 420. 115 Eltringham, H. (1923) ' On the tympanic organ in Chrysiridia ripheus Dru.' Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. P. 443. 116 Eltringham, H. (1925 a). " On the abdominal brushes in certain male noctuid moths." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 1. 117 Eltringham, H. (1925 b). " On the abdominal glands in Heliconius (Lepidoptera)." Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 269. 118 Eltringham, H. (1925 c). " On the source of the sphragidal fluid in Pamassius apollo (Lep.)." Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 11. 119 Eltringham, H. (1926 a). " On the abdominal glands in Colaenis, Dione and Eueides." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 263. 120 Eltringham, H. (1926 b). " On the structure of an organ in the hind-wing of Myrmeleon nostras Fourc." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 267. 121 Emery, C. (1884). "Untersuchungen ueber Luciola italica. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. 40, 338. 122 Englehardt, V. von (1914). 'Hancocksche Druese von Oecanthus pellucens Scop. Zool. Anz. 44, 219. 124 (123-26) Fabre, J. H. Souvenirs entomologiques. Paris, sme sér. 1897 (= 123). 6me sér. 1899 (= 124). Qme sér. 1907 (= 125). lome sér. 1910 (= 126). 127 Feuerborn, H. J. (1922 a). 'Das Hypopygium 'inversum' und 'circumversum' der Dipteren. Zool. Anz. 55, 189. 128 Feuerborn, H. J. (1922 b). "Der sexuelle Reizapparat (Schmuck-, Duft-, und Beruehrungsorgane) der Psychodiden, etc. Arch. f. Naturges. 88, Heft 4, 1. 129 Fowler, W. W. (188991). The Coleoptera of the British Isles. Vol. 2, 1888. Vol. 3. 1889. Vol. 4. 1890 Vol. 5, 1891. 130 Fraustorfer, H. (1921). "Die Orthoptera der Schweiz. Arch. f. Naturges. 87, Heft 5, 1. 131 Freiling, H. (1909). "Duftorgane der weiblichen Schmetterlingen nebst Beitraegen zur Kenntnis der Sinnesorgane auf den Schmetterlingsfluegel und der Duftpinsel der Maennchen von Danais und Euploea. Zeitschr.f. Wiss. Zool. 92, 210. 132 Fulton, B. B. (1915). "The Tree-crickets of New York. Life-history and Bionomics. Techn. Bull. 42 N. Y. Agric. Exper. Sta. p. 1. 133 Gadeau de Kerville (1903). " L'accouplement des Forficulides." Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 85. 134 Gadeau de Kerville (1906). " Sur l'accouplement et les œufs d'Anisolabis mauretanica H. Lucas." Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 202. 135 Gahan, C. J. (1889). 'Note on the variation of the mandibles in the males and descriptions of the females of the Prionidous genera Priotyrannus and Cacosceles. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6 ser. 4, 374. 136 Gahan, C. J. (1918). "The deathwatch, notes and observations. Entomologist 51, 121, 153. 137 Garman, H. (1891). "On a singular gland possessed by the male Hadenoecus subterraneus. Psyche 6, 105. 138 Gates, F. C. (1917). ' Synchronism in the flashing of fireflies. Science, N.S. 46, 314. 139 Geipel, E. (1913). 'Beitraege zur Anatomie der Leuchtorgane tropischer Kaefer. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. 112, 239. 140 Gerhardt, U. (1913). "Copulation und Spermatophoren von Grylliden und Locustodeen." Teil 1. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 35., 415. 141 Gerhardt, U. (1914). The same. Teil 2. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 37., 1. 142 Gerhardt, U. (1921). 'Neue Studien ueber Copulation und Spermatophoren von Grylliden und Locustodeen. Acta Zool. 2, 293. 143 Germer, F. (1912). 'Untersuchungen ueber den Bau und die Lebensweise der Lymexeloniden, etc. Zeitschr.f. Wiss. Zool. 101, 683. 144 Gillmer, M. (1922). "Mitteilungen zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Biston hirtarius CI. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 16, 34, 40. 145 Glaser, R. W. (1923). 'The effect of food on longevity and reproduction in flies. Journ. Exp. Zool. 38, 383. 146 Goetghebuer, M. (1914). 'Notes à propos de l'accouplement de Johannseniella Will. (Ceratopogon Mg.), mitida Mcq. Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige 58, 202. 147 Goetghebuer, M. (1922). 'Nouveaux matériaux pour l'étude de la faune des Chironomides de Belgique. (Diptera). Ann. Biol. Lacustre 11, 38. 148 Goldschmidt, R. (1923). The mechanism and physiology of sex determination (Trans. W. J. Dakin.) London. 149 Gordon, R. M. (1922). 'Notes on the bionomics of Stegomyia calopus Meigen, in Brazil. Ann. Trap. Med. and Parasitol. 16, 431. 150 Gorham, H. S. (1880). " On the structure of the Lampyridae, with reference to phosphorescence." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 63. 151 Green, E. E. (1899). 'Notes on the assembling of males of certain moths in Ceylon. Ent. Mo. Mag. 35, 258. 152 Green, E. E. (1912). " On some luminous Coleoptera from Ceylon." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 717. 153 Green, E. E. (1921). " Notes on the habits of the bee, Anthidium manicatum." Proc. Ent. Stic. Lond. 5 Oct. p. lxxii. 154 Grosvenor, T. H. L. (1921). " Race crosses in Zygaena." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 5 Oct. p. lxxiii. 155 Gruhl, K. (1924). 'Paarungs Gewohnheit der Dipteren. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zoul. 122, 205. 156 Gudger, E. W. (1919). ' A historical note on the synchronous flashing of fireflies. Science, N.S. 50, 188. 157 Haase, E. (1888). 'Dufteinrichtungen indischer Schmetterlingen. Zool. Anz. 11, 475. 158 Haettich, E. (1907). "Ueber den Bau der rudimentaeren Mundwerkezeuge bei Sphingiden und Saturniden. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Insektenbiol. 3, 229, 261. 159 Hamm, A. H. (1908). 'Observations on Empis livida L. Ent. Mo. Mag. 44, 181. 160 Hamm, A. H. (1909 a). 'Observations on Empis opaca F. Ent. Mo. Mag. 45, 132. 161 Hamm, A. H. (1909 b). 'Further observations on the Empinae. Ent. Mo. Mag. 45, 157. 162 Hamm, A. H. (1919). 'A ribbon-making fly: the oviposition of Ceratopogon nitidus Macq. Ent. Mo. Mag. 55, 66. 163 Hamm, A. H. and Richards, O. W. (1926). " The biology of the British Crabronidae." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 297. 164 Hampson, G. F. Stridulation in certain Lepidoptera, and on the distortion of the hind-wings in the males of certain Ommatophorinae.' Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 188. 165 Hancock, J. L. (1905). 'Habits of the striped meadow cricket (Oecanthus fasciatus Fitch). Amer. Nat. 39, 1. 166 Handschin, E. (1926). See Schulze, P. (1926). 167 Harnisch, O. (1915). 'Ueber den maennliche Begattungsapparat einiger Chrysomeliden. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. 114, 1. 168 Harrison, J. W. H. (1913). ' The hybrid Bistoninae.' Oberthuer's Étude de Lépidoptérologie comparée, Fasc. vn, p. 343. 169 Harrison, J. W. H. (1918). 'The pairing habits of certain bees. Ent. Record 30, 11. 170 Hase, A. (1918). " Beobachtungen ueber den Kopulationsvorgang der Bettewanze (Cimexlectularius L.)." Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 311. 171 Hase, A. (1919). " Beitraege zur morphologischen und biologischen Kenntnis der Schlupfwespe Lariophagus distinguendus (Foerst.)." Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 402. 172 Hauser, G. (1880). 'Physiologischer und histologischer Untersuchungen ueber das Geruchs-organe der Insekten. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool. 34, 367. 173 Hegner, R. W. (1908). "Observations on the breeding habits of the Chrysomelid beetles, Calligrapha bigsbyana, C. multipunctata, and C. lunata. Psyche 15, 21. 174 Heiner, H. (1914). "Zur Biologie und Anatomie von Chloeon dipterum L., Baetis binoculatus L., und Habrophlebia fusca Curt. Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturwissenschaft 53 (2), 287. 175 Hendel, F. (1913). 'Die Gattung Platystoma Meigen (Dipt.). Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 35, 55. 176 Hering, M. (1926). Biologie der Schmetterlinge Berlin. 177 Hess, W. N. (1920). 'Notes on the biology of some common Lampyridae. Biol. Bull. 38, 39. 178 Hewitt, C. G. (1906). " Some observations on the reproduction of the Hemiptera-Crypto-cerata." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 86. 179 Hirt, O. (1910). 'Dufteinrichtungen der Neotropiden. Zool. Jahrb. Anal. 30, 603. 180 Hoffmann, W. A. (1924). 'The presence of an eversible gland in a midge. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 26, 144. 181 Holland, W. J. (1922). Calopteryx maculata, Beauvois. An interesting photograph. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 24, 117. 182 Hopkins, A. D. (1894). 'Sexual characters in the Scolytidae. Canad. Ent. 26, 274. 183 Hopkins, A. D. (1898). 'On the life history and habits of the 'wood-engraver' ambrosia beetle—Xyleborus xylographus (Say.), saxesini (Ratz.). Canad. Ent. 30, 21. 184 Houghton, C. O. (1909). "Observations on the mating habits of Oecanthus. Ent. News 20, 274. 185 Howard, L. O. (1886). 'The excessive voracity of the female mantis. Science 8, 326. 186 Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. and Knab, F. (1912). " The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies." Carnegie Institute, Washington. 1. A general consideration of Mosquitoes, their habits, and relation to the human species. 187 Howlett, M. (1907). 'Note on the coupling of Empis borealis. Ent. Mo. Mag. 43, 229. 188 Howlett, M. (1912). " The effect of oil of Citronella on two species of Dacus." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 412. 189 Howlett, M. (1915). 'Chemical reactions of fruitflies. Bull. Ent. Research 6, 297. 190 Hubbard, H. G. (1896). " Ambrosia beetles." U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbook, p. 421. 191 Hubbard, H. G. (1897). ' The ambrosia beetles of the United States.' U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. N.S. 7, 9. 192 Hudson, G. H. (1918). ' Concerted flashing of fireflies. Science, N.S. 48, 573. 193 Hudson, G. H. (1920). 'On some examples of New Zealand insects illustrating the Darwinian principle of Sexual Selection. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 52, 431. 194 Hudson, G. V. (1921). 'Pairing of Bombus terrestris in New Zealand. Ent. Mo. Mag. 57, 65. 195 Huxley, J. S. (1923). 'Courtship activities in the Redthroated Diver (Culymbus stellatu. Pontopp.) together with a discussion of the evolution of courtship in birds. Journ. Linn Soc. Zool. 35, 253. 196 Huxley, J. S. (1924). 'Constant differential growth-ratios and their significance. Nature 114, 895. 197 Illig, K. (1902). "Duftorgane der maennlicher Schmetterlinge. Zoologica 15, Heft 38, 1. 198 Jllingworth, J. F. (1917). 'Notes on the mating of cockroaches. Proc. Hawai. Ent. Soc. 3, 374. 199 Jacobi, A. (1907). 'Ein Schrillapparat bei Singcikaden. Zool. Ariz. 32, 67. 200 Jensen, I. P. (1909). 'Courting and mating of Oecanthus fasciatus Harris. Canad Ent. 41, 25. 201 Johannsen, F. (1921). " Insect life on the western arctic coast of America." Rep. Canad. Arctic Expedition, 1913–18, 3, Part K, Ottawa. 202 Jordan, K. (1921). " Stridulating organs in Holocera, etc. (Saturniidae)." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 2 Feb. p. ii. 203 Joy, N. H. (1902). No title. (Fighting of males of Apatura iris L.) Proc. Ent. Soc. Land. 19 Nov. p. xl. 204 Kellogg, V. (1894). 'The taxonomic value of the scales in the Lepidoptera. Kansas Univ. Quarterly 3, 45. 205 Kellogg, V. (1906). ' A note on assortative mating. Science, N.S. 24, 665. 206 Kennedy, A. (1838). 'Observations upon the economy of several species of Hymenoptera found in a London garden. Philosoph. Mag. 12, 14. 207 Kieffer, J. J. (1925). Faune de France, Chironomidae Ceratopogoninae Paris. 208 Kirk, H. B. (1923). 'Notes on the mating habits and early life-history of the Culicid, Opifex fuscus Hutton. Trans. New Zealand Inst. 54, 400. 209 Klatt, B. (1913). "Experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Copulation und Eiablage beim Schwammspinner. Biol. Centralbl. 33, 620, 629. 210 Klatt, B. (1920). 'Beitraege zur Sexualphysiologie des Schwammspinners. Biol. Zentrkl. 40, 539. 211 Knab, F. (1905). 'Observations on Lampyridae. Canad. Ent. 37, 238. 212 Knab, F. (1909). 'Nuptial colours of the Chrysomelidae. Proc. Ent. See. Washington 11, 151. 213 Koehler, F. (1900). "Die Duftschuppen der Gattung Lycaena. Zool. Jahrlb. Syst. 13, 105. 214 Koncek, S.K. (1924). 'Zur Histologie der Rueckendruesen unserer einheimischen Blattiden. Zeitschr. f Wiss. Zool. 122, 311. 215 Krauss, H. (1890). 'Die Duftdruese der Aphlebia bivittata Brullé (Blattidae) von Teneriffa. Zool. Arts. 13, 584. 216 Krauss, H. (1891). "Beitrag zur Kenntis Westafrikanischer Orthopteren. I. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 5. 344. 217 Krueger, E. (1921). "Das Geraeusch der Ageronia-Arten. Ent. Rundsch. 38. 35. 218 Labaume, W. (1909). " Ueber die Metamorphose der Ephemeriden." Sitzungsber. Ges. Natur forsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 137. 219 Labitte, A. (1919). "Observations sur Rhodocera rhamni. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 25, 624. 220 Lamb, C. G. (1922). "The geometry of insect pairing. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 94, 1. 220a Lamborn, W. A. (All dates). See Poulton, E. B. 221 Lecerf, F. (1920). " Probable heteromorphism of secondary sexual characters in Triglochana." Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 17 Nov. p. lxxxiv. 222 Lengerken, H. von (1924). See Schulze, P. (1924). 223 Lesne, P. (1901). "La variation sexuelle chez les mâles de

Referência(s)