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Securitisation from below: the relationship between immigration and foreign policy in South Africa's approach to the Zimbabwe crisis

2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 12; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14678802.2012.667659

1478-1174

Anne Hammerstad,

Sex work and related issues

Abstract The political and economic debacle in Zimbabwe has led to a large-scale influx of Zimbabweans into neighbouring South Africa. This article argues that there is a complex and significant link between the domestic response to this immigration influx and South Africa's foreign policy towards Zimbabwe. South Africa's foreign and security policy elite preferred to use an immigration approach of benign neglect as a tool to promote its 'quiet diplomacy' approach towards the Zimbabwean regime, treating the influx as a 'non-problem'. But increased xenophobic violence, vigilantism and protests in townships and informal settlements against Zimbabwean and other African immigrants, culminating in widespread riots across the country in 2008, contributed to a change not only in immigration policy but also in the mediation efforts towards the Zimbabwean parties. I argue that this foreign policy change was pushed by a process of 'securitisation from below', where the understanding of Zimbabwean immigrants as a security threat were promoted not by traditional security elites but by South Africa's marginalised urban poor. Acknowledgements My warmest appreciation to Ruth Blakeley, Hugh Miall, Adam Roberts, Elizabeth Sidiropolous and three anonymous referees for providing valuable comments at various stages of the writing of this article. I am grateful to the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) for providing the funds for field research in South Africa and to the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) for providing institutional support during my stay there. Notes 1. Lipton Lipton, Merle. 2009. Understanding South Africa's Foreign Policy: The Perplexing Case of Zimbabwe. South African Journal of International Affairs, 16(3): 331–346. 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