Revisão Revisado por pares

THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND LIFE EXPECTANCY

1977; Wiley; Volume: 301; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb38230.x

ISSN

1749-6632

Autores

Arthur S. Leon, Henry Blackburn,

Tópico(s)

Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

Resumo

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 301, Issue 1 p. 561-578 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND LIFE EXPECTANCY Arthur S. Leon, Arthur S. Leon Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene School of Public Health and Department of Medicine Medical School University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455Search for more papers by this authorHenry Blackburn, Henry Blackburn Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene School of Public Health and Department of Medicine Medical School University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455Search for more papers by this author Arthur S. Leon, Arthur S. Leon Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene School of Public Health and Department of Medicine Medical School University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455Search for more papers by this authorHenry Blackburn, Henry Blackburn Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene School of Public Health and Department of Medicine Medical School University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1977 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb38230.xCitations: 40AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Leon, A. S. 1973. Comparative cardiovascular adaptations to exercise in animals and man and its relevance to coronary heart disease. In Comparative Pathophysiology of Circulatory Disturbance. C. M. Bloor, Ed.: 143– 174. Plenum Publishing Corporation. New York , N.Y . 2 Fletcher, G. F. & J. D. Cantwell. 1974. Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease. Charles C Thomas, Publisher. Springfield , Ill . 3 Björntorp, B. P., M. Fahlen, G. Grimby, A. Gustafson, J. Holm, P. Renstrom & T. Schersten. 1972. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in middle-aged physically well trained men. Metabolism 21: 1037– 1044. 4 Lopez-S, A., R. Vial, L. Belfort & G. Arroyave. 1974. Effect of exercise and physical fitness on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 20: 1– 9. 5 Wood, P. D., P. D. Klein, S. Lewis & W. L. Haskell. 1974. Plasma lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged male runners (Abstract). Circulation 49 (Suppl. 3): 115. 6 Lewis, B., A. Chait, C. M. O. Oakly, I. D. P. Wooton, D. M. Krikler, A. Onitiri, G. Sigurdsson & A. February. 1974. Serum lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with ischaemic heart disease; comparisons with a control population. Brit. Med. J. iii: 489– 493. 7 Miller, G. J. & N. E. Miller. 1975. Plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet i: 16– 19. 8 Heinzelmann, F. 1973. Social and psychological factors that influence the effectiveness of exercise programs. In Exercise Testing and Exercise Training in Coronary Heart Disease. J. P. Naughton & H. K. Hellerstein, Eds.: 275– 287. Academic Press. New York , N.Y . 9 Bahr, R. 1975. This doctor prescribes movement. Runners World 10(Nov.): 40– 42. 10 Taylor, H. L., A. Henschel, J. Brozek & A. Keys. 1949. Effects of bed reston cardiovascular function and work performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 2: 223– 239. 11 Kottke, F. J. 1966. The effects of limitation of activity upon the human body. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 196: 825– 830. 12 Saltin, B., G. Blomquist, J. H. Mitchell, R. L. Johnson Jr, K. Wildenthal & C. B. Chapman. Response to exercise after bed rest and after training. Circulation 38(Suppl. 12): 1– 55. 13 Hickey, N., R. Mulcahy, G. J. Bourke, I. Graham & K. Wilson-Davis 1975. Study of coronary risk factors related to physical activity in 15,171 men. Brit. Med. J. ii: 507– 509. 14 Cooper, K. H., M. L. Pollack, R. P. Martin, S. R. White, A. C. Linnerud & A. Jackson. 1976. Physical fitness levels vs. selected coronary risk factors. A cross-sectional study. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 236: 116– 169. 15 Mann, G. V., H. L. Garrett, A. Farhi, H. Murray & F. T. Billings. 1969. Exercise to prevent coronary heart disease. An experimental study of the effects of training on risk factors for coronary disease in man. Amer. J. Med. 46: 12– 27. 16 Smith, E. 1864. Report on the sanitary circumstances of tailors in London. In Rep Med Officer Primary Council with Appendix. 6th edit.: 416– 430. H. M. Stationary Office. London , England . (Cited in Reference 2.). 17 Froelicher, V. F. & A. Oberman. 1972. Analysis of epidemiologic studies of physical inactivity as risk factor for coronary artery disease. Prog. Cardiov. Dis. 15: 41– 65. 18 Fox, S. M. III & J. P. Naughton. 1972. Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Prev. Med. 1: 92– 120. 19 Hedley, O. F. 1939. Analysis of 5,116 deaths reported as due to acute coronary occlusion in Philadelphia, 1933–1937. U.S. Weekly Pub. Health Rep. 54: 972. (Cited by Clarke, H. H. 1972. Physical activity and coronary heart disease. Physical Fitness Res. Digest 2: 1– 13. 20 Morris, J. N., J. A. Heady, P. A. B. Raffle, C. G. Roberts & J. W. Parks. 1953. Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 265: 1053– 1057 1111–1120. 21 Lillienfeld, A. M. 1956. Variations of mortality from heart disease. Public Health Rep. 71: 545– 552. 22 Stamler, J., M. Kjelsberg & Y. Hall. 1960. Epidemiological studies on cardiovascular-renal diseases: I. Analysis of mortality by age-race-sex-occupation. J. Chron. Dis. 12: 440– 455. 23 Breslow, L. & P. Buell. 1960. Mortality from coronary heart disease and physical activity of work in California. J. Chron. Dis. 11: 428– 444. 24 Zukel, W. J., R. H. Lewis, P. E. Enterline, R. C. Painter, L. S. Ralston, R. M. Fawcett, A. P. Meredith & B. Peterson. 1959. A short-term community study of the epidemiology of coronary heart disease. Amer. J. Pub. Health 49: 1630– 1639. 25 Fox, S. M. III & W. L. Haskell. 1966. Physical activity and health maintenance. J. Rehab. 32: 89– 92. 26 Brunner, D. & G. Manelis. 1960. Myocardial infarction among members of communal settlements in Israel. Lancet ii: 1049– 1050. 27 Brunner, D. & G. Manelis. 1970. Physical activity at work and ischemic heart disease. In Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness. O. A. Larsen & R. O. Malmborg, Eds.: 244– 250. University Park Press. Baltimore , Md . 28 Taylor, H. L., E. Klepetar, A. Keys, W. Parln, H. Blackburn & T. Puchner. 1962. Death rates among physically active and sedentary employees of the railroad industry. Amer. J. Publ. Health 52: 1697– 1707. 29 Kahn, H. A. 1963. The relationship of reported coronary heart disease mortality to physical activity of work. Amer. J. Publ. Health 53: 1058– 1067. 30 Adelstein, A. M. 1963. Some aspects of cardiovascular mortality in South Africa. Brit. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 17: 29– 40. 31 Mortensen, J. M., T. T. Stevensen & L. H. Whitney. 1959. Mortality due to coronary disease analyzed by broad occupational groups. Arch. Indust. Health 19: 1– 4. 32 Hinkle, L. E., L. A. Whitney, E. W. Lehman, J. Dunn & B. Benjamin. 1968. Occupation, education, and coronary heart disease. Science 161: 238– 246. 33 McDonough, J. R., C. G. Hames, S. C. Stulb & G. E. Garrison. 1965. Coronary heart disease among Negroes and whites in Evans County. Georgia. J. Chron. Dis. 18: 443– 468. 34 Pell, S. & C. D'Alonzo. 1970. Chronic disease morbidity and income level in an employed population. Amer. J. Publ. Health 60: 116– 129. 35 Stamler, J., H. A. Lindberg, D. M. Berkson, A. Shaffer, W. Miller & A. Poindevter. 1960. Prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease in strata of the labor force of a Chicago industrial corporation. J. Chron. Dis. 11: 405– 420. 36 Karvonen, M. J., P. M. Rautaharju, E. Orma, S. Punsar & J. Takkunen. 1961. Heart disease and employment. Cardiovascular studies on lumberjacks. J. Occup. Med. 3: 49– 53. 37 Rose, G. 1969. Physical activity and coronary heart disease. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 62: 1183– 1188. 38 Mann, G. V., R. D. Shaffer & A. Rich. 1965. Physical fitness and immunity to heart disease in Masai. Lancet ii: 1308– 1310. 39 Frank, C. W., E. Weinblatt, S. Shapiro & R. V. Sager. 1966. Physical inactivity as a lethal factor in myocardial infarction among men. Circulation 34: 1022– 1033. 40 Frank, C. W. 1968. The course of coronary heart disease: Factors relating to prognosis. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 44: 900– 915. 41 Shanoff, H. M. & J. A. Little. 1961. Studies of male survivors of myocardial infarction due to "essential" atherosclerosis. I. Characteristics of the patients. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 84: 519– 530. 42 Forssman, O. & B. Lindegard. 1958. The post-coronary patient. J. Psychosom. Res. 3: 89– 169. 43 Morgan, J. E. 1873. University Oars. (Cited in Karpovich, P. V. 1941. Longevity and athletics. Res. Quart. 12: 451– 455. 44 Dublin, L. I. 1932. College honormen long-lived. Statis. Bull. Metropolitan Life Insur. Co. 13: 5– 7. 45 Rook, A. 1954. Investigation into longevity of Cambridge sportsmen. Brit. Med. J. i: 773– 777. 46 Montoye, H., W. D. van Huss, H. Olson, A. Hudee & E. Mahoney. 1956. Study of the longevity and morbodity of college athletes. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 162: 1132– 1134. 47 Karvonen, M. J., J. Kihlberg, J. Maata & J. Virkajarvi. 1956. Longevity of champion skiers. Duodecim 72: 893– 903 (In Finnish, abstact in English.). 48 Pomeroy, W. C. & P. D. White. Coronary heart disease in former football players. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 167: 711– 714. 49 Paffenbarger, R. S., J. Notkin, D. E. Krueger, P. A. Wolf, M. C. Thorne, E. J. La Bauer & J. Williams. 1966. Chronic disease in former college students. II. Methods and observations on mortality from coronary heart disease. Amer. J. Publ. Health 56: 1026– 1030. 50 Polednak, A. P. & A. Damon. 1970. College athletics, longevity and cause of death. Human Biol. 42: 28– 46. 51 Polednak, A. P. 1972. Longevity and cardiovascular mortality among former college athletes. Circulation 46: 649– 654. 52 Schnohr, P. 1971. Longevity and causes of death in male athletic champions. Lancet ii: 1364– 1366. 53 Prout, C. 1972. Life expectancy of college oar men. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 220: 1709– 1711. 54 Bassler, T. J. 1972. Previous health and longevity of male athletes (Letter). Lancet ii: 711. 55 Bassler, T. J. 1976. Marathon running and myocardial infarction (Letter). Ann. Intern. Med. 85: 389. 56 Metropoltan Life Insurance Co. 1975. Longevity of major league baseball players. Statis. Bull. (September.). 57 Stamler, J., D. M. Berkson, H. A. Lindeberg, T. T. Whipple, W. Miller & Y. Hall. Long-term epidemiologic studies on the possible role of physical activity and physical fitness in the prevention of premature clinical coronary heart disease. 1970. In Medicine and Sports. Vol. 4. Physical Activity and Aging. D. Brunner & E. Jokl, Eds.: 274– 300. University Park Press. Baltimore , Md . 58 Morris, J. N., A. Hagan, D. C. Patteson & M. J. Gardner. 1966. Invidence and prediction of ischaemic heart disease in London busmen. Lancet ii: 553– 559. 59 Paul, O., M. H. Lepper, W. H. Phelan, G. W. Dupertuis, A. MacMillan, H. McKean & H. A. Park. 1963. A longitudinal study of coronary heart disease. Circulation 28: 20– 31. 60 Taylor, H. B., H. Blackburn, A. Keys, R. W. Parlin, C. Vasquez & T. Puchner. 1970. IV. Five-year follow-up of employees of selected U.S. railroad companies. Circulation 41(Suppl. I): 12 & 139. 61 Taylor, H. L., A. Menotti, V. Puddu, M. Monti & A. Keys. 1970. XI. Five years of follow-up of railroad men in Italy. Circulation 41(Suppl. I): 113– 122. 62 Chapman, J. M. & F. J. Massey. 1964. The interrelationship of serum cholesterol, hypertension, body weight, and risk of coronary disease. Results of the first ten years' follow-up in the Los Angeles heart study. J. Chron. Dis. 17: 933– 949. 63 Paffenbarger, R S. Jr, A. S. Gima, M. E. Laughlin, E. Mary & R. A. Black. 1971. Characteristics of longshoremen related to CHD and stroke. Amer. J. Pub. Health 61: 1362– 1370. 64 Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr, & W. E. Hale. 1975. Work activity and coronary heart mortality. New Engl. J. Med. 292: 545– 550. 65 Hammond, E. C. 1964. Smoking in relation to mortality and morbidity. Findings in first thirty-four months of follow-up in a prospective study started in 1959. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 32: 1161– 1188. 66 Keys, A., Ed. 1970. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41(Suppl. I): 1– 211. 67 Kannel, W. B. 1966. The Framingham Heart Study, Habits, and Coronary Heart Disease. Public Health Service Publication No. 1515. Washington , D.C. , US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 68 Rosenman, R. H. 1970. The influence of different exercise patterns on the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Western Collaborative Group Study. In Medicine and Sports. Vol. 4. Physical Activity and Aging. D. Brunner & E. Jokl, Eds.: 267– 273. University Park Press. Baltimore , Md . 69 Cassel, J., S. Heyden, A. G. Bartel, B. H. Kaplan, H. A. Tyroler, J. C. Coroni & C. G. Hames. 1972. Occupation and physical activity and coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 128: 920– 928. 70 Werko, L. 1971. Can we prevent heart disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 74: 278– 288. 71 Wilhelmsen, L., G. Tibblin & L. Werko. 1972. A primary prevention in Götesborg. Sweden. Prev. Med. 1: 153– 160. 72 Morris, J. N., S. P. W. Chave, C. Adam, C. Sirey, L. Epstein & D. J. Sheehan. 1973. Vigorous exercise in leisure-time and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Lancet i: 333– 339. 73 Epstein, L., G. J. Miller, F. W. Stitt & J. N. Morris. 1976. Vigorous exercise in leisure time, coronary risk factors, and resting electrocardiogram in middle-aged male Civil Servants. Brit. J. 38: 403– 409. 74 Kannel, W. B. 1967. Habitual levels of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 811– 812. 75 Birkson, D. M., T. J. Stamler, H. A. Lindberg, W. A. Miller, E. L. Stevens, R. Soyugenc, T. J. Tokich & R. Stamler. 1970. Heart rate: An important risk factor for coronary mortality-10-year experience of the Peoples' Gas Company epidemiologic study (1958–68). In Atherosclerosis, 2nd International Symposium. R. J. Jones Ed.: 382– 389. Springer/Verlag. New York , N.Y . 76 Karvonen, M. 1976. Physical activity of occupation and coronary heart disease. In Advances in Cardiology Vol. 18. 3rd Paavo Nurmi Symposium. Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease, Porvow (Finland), September 1975. P. Halonen & E. Louhija, Eds.: 243– 248. S. Karger, New York , N.Y . 77 Taylor, H. L. & H. Blackburn. Unpublished findings in US. Railroad Employees Study. Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene. Minneapolis , Minn . 78 Bruce, R. A. 1976-June. Presentation at the International Congress of Electrocardiology. Brussels, Belgium. 79 Pyörala, K., R. Karava, S. Punsar, P. Oja, P. Teraslinna, T. Partanen, M. Jaaskelainen, M. Pekkarinen & A. Koskela. 1971. A controlled study of the effects of 18 months physical training in sedentary middle-aged men with high indicies of risk relative to coronary heart disease. In Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness. O. A. Larsen & R. O. Malmborg, Eds.: 261– 265. University Park Press. Baltimore , Md . 80 Taylor, H. L., E. R. Buskirk & R. D. Remington. 1973. Exercise in controlled trials of the prevention of coronary heart disease. Fed. Proc. 32: 1623– 1627. 81 Spain, D. & V. A. Bradess. 1957. Sudden death from coronary atherosclerosis. Age, race, sex, physical activity and alcohol. Arch. Intern. Med. 100: 228– 231. 82 Rose, G., R. J. Prineas & J. R. A. Mitchell. 1967. Myocardial infarction and the intrinsic calibre of coronary arteries. Brit. Heart. J. 29: 548– 552. 83 Spain, D. M. & V. A. Bradess. 1960. Occupational physical activity and the degree of coronary atherosclerosis in "normal" men. A postmortem study. Circulation 22: 239– 242. 84 Morris, J. N., J. A. Heady, P. A. B. Raffle, C. G. Roberts & J. W. Parks. 1953. Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work. Lancet ii: 1053– 1057. 85 Currens, J H. & P. D. Whte. 1961. Half century of running. Clinical, physiologic, and autopsy findings in the case of Clarence DeMar ("Mr. Marathon"). N. Eng. J. Med. 265: 988– 993. 86 Mitrani, Y., H. Karplus & D. Brunner. 1970. Coronary atherosclerosis in cases of traumatic death. In Medicine and Sport. Vol. 4. Physical Activity and Aging. D. Brunner & E. Jokl, Eds.: 241– 248. University Park Press. Baltimore , Md . 87 Hellerstein, H. K. 1968. Exercise therapy in coronary disease. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 44: 1028– 1043. 88 Göttheiner, V. 1968. Long-range strenuous sports training for cardiac reconditioning and rehabilitaiton. Amer. J. Cardiol. 22: 426– 435. 89 Brunner, D. & N. Meshulam 1969. Prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction by physical exercise. Israel J. Med. Sci. 5: 783– 785. 90 Rechnitzer, P. A., H. A. Pickard, A. V. Paivo, M. S. Yuhasz & D. Cunningham. 1972. Long-term follow-up study of survival and recurrence rates following myocardial infarction in exercising and control subjects. Circulation 45: 853– 857. 91 Bruce, E. H., K. Fredrick, R. A. Bruce & L. D. Fischer. 1976. Comparison of active participants and dropouts in Capri cardiovascular rehabilitation programs. Amer. J. Cardiol. 37: 53– 60. 92 Wilhelmsen, L., H. Sanne, D. Elmfeldt, G. Grimby, G. Tibblin & H. Wedel. 1975. A controlled trial of physical training after myocardial infarction. Effects on risk factors, nonfatal reinfarction and death. Prev. Med. 4: 491– 508. 93 Morris, J. N., J. A. Heady & P. A. Raffle. 1956. Physique of London busmen. Epidemiology of uniforms. Lancet ii: 569– 570. 94 Keys, A. 1975. Coronary heart disease. The global picture. Atherosclerosis 22: 149– 192. 95 Brunner, D., G. Manels, M. Modan & S. Levin. 1974. Physical activity at work and the incidence of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and death due to ischemic heart disease. An epidemiological study in Israeli collective settlements (kibbutzim). J. Chron. Dis. 27: 217– 233. 96 Leon, A. S., G. de Backer, D. R. Jacobs Jr. & H. L. Taylor. 1976. Relationship of life habits and physical characteristics to work capacity on treadmill. Circulation 53(Suppl. II): 52. 97 Green, L. H., S. I. Cohen & G. Kurland. 1976. Fatal myocardial infarction in marathon racing. Ann. Intern. Med. 84: 704– 706. 98 Cantwell, J. D. 1976. Marathon racing and myocardial infarction (letter). Ann. Intern. Med. 85: 391– 392. 99 Blackburn, H., H. L. Taylor, B. Hamrell, E. Buskirk, W. C. Nicholas & R. D. Thorsen. 1973. Premature ventricular complexes induced by stress testing. Amer. J. Cardiol. 31: 441– 448. 100 Taylor, H. L., R. W. Parlin, H. Blackburn & A. Keys. 1966. Problems in the analysis of the relationship of coronary heart disease to physical activity or the lack with special reference to sample size and occupational withdrawal. Proc. of the Beitostolen Symposium in 1966. K. Evang & K. L. Anderson, Eds.: 242– 261. Williams & Wilkins Company. Baltimore , Md . 101 Remington, R. & M. A. Schork. 1967. Determination of number of subjects needed for experimental epidemiologic studies on the effect of increased physical activity on incidence of coronary heart disease-preliminary consideration. In Phyical Activity and the Heart. Proc. of a Symposium, Helsinki, Finland. M. J. Karvonen & A. J. Barry, Eds.: 311– 319. Charles C Thomas, Publisher. Springfield , Ill . 102 Leon, A. S. & H. Blackburn. 1974. Exercise and coronary heart disease. Minn. Med. 57: 106– 107. 103 Leon, A. S. 1976. How much exercise. Med. World News 17: 51– 53. 104 Rechnitzer, P. A., S. Sangal, D. A. Cunningham, G. Andrew, C. Buck, N. L. Jones, T. Kavanagh, J. O. Parker, R. J. Shepard & M. S. Yuhacz. 1975. A controlled prospective study on the effects of endurance training on the recurrence rate of myocardial infarction. A description of the experimental design. Amer. J. Epid. 102: 358– 364. 105 Retzlaff, E., J. Fontaine & W. Furuta. 1966. Effect of daily exercise of life-span of albino rats. Geriatrics 21: 171– 177. 106 Leon, A. S. & C. M. Bloor. 1976. The effects of complete and partial deconditioning on exercise-induced cardiovascular changes in the rat. In Advances in Cardiology, Vol. 18. 3rd Paavo Nurmi Symposium on Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease. Porvoo (Finland) September 1975. P. Halonen & A. Louhija, Eds.: 81– 92. S. Karger. New York . N.Y . 107 Belloc, N. B. 1973. Relationship of health practices and mortality. Prev. Med. 2: 67– 81. 108 Leaf, A. 1973. Getting old. Sci. Amer. 229: 45– 52. 109 Leaf, A. 1973. Scientists visit some of the world's oldest people. Every day is a gift when you are over 100. National Geographic 143: 92– 119. 110 Wrench, G. T. 1972. The Wheel of Health. The Sources of Long Life and Health Among the Hunza. 2nd edit. Schocken Books, New York , N.Y . 111 Taylor, H. L. & H. L. Montoye. 1972. Physical fitness, cardiovascular function and age. In Epidemiology of Aging. A. M. Ostfeld, D.C. Gibson & C. P. Donnelly, Eds.: 223– 241. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington , D.C . 112 Pollock, M. L. 1973. The quantification of endurance training programs. In Exercise and Sports Science Reviews. J. W. Wilmore, Ed. Vol. 1: 155– 188. Academic Press. New York , N.Y . 113 Report of the Joint Committee of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Cardiac Society. 1976. Brit. Heart J. In press. 114 Morris, J. 1977. Exercise: health and prevention. In The Strategy of Postponement of Ischemic Heart Disease. P. Schnohr, Ed. Danish Heart Foundation. Copenhagen , Denmark . In press. 115 Leon, A. S., J. Conrad, D. Hunninghake, D. Jacobs & R. Serfass. 1977. Exercise effects on body composition, work capacity, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of young obese men. Med. Sci. Sports 9: 60. Citing Literature Volume301, Issue1The Marathon: Physiological, Medical, Epidemiological, and Psychological StudiesOctober 1977Pages 561-578 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)