A Comparison of Lupus Anticoagulant–Positive Patients With Clinical Picture of Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Those Without
2007; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 27; Issue: 12 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/atvbaha.107.153536
ISSN1524-4636
AutoresVittorio Pengo, Alessandra Biasiolo, Paolo Gresele, Francesco Marongiu, Nicoletta Erba, Fabio Veschi, Angelo Ghirarduzzi, Doris Barcellona, Armando Tripodi,
Tópico(s)Liver Diseases and Immunity
ResumoHomeArteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular BiologyVol. 27, No. 12A Comparison of Lupus Anticoagulant–Positive Patients With Clinical Picture of Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Those Without Free AccessLetterPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessLetterPDF/EPUBA Comparison of Lupus Anticoagulant–Positive Patients With Clinical Picture of Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Those Without Vittorio Pengo, Alessandra Biasiolo, Paolo Gresele, Francesco Marongiu, Nicoletta Erba, Fabio Veschi, Angelo Ghirarduzzi, Doris Barcellona and Armando Tripodi Vittorio PengoVittorio Pengo From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. , Alessandra BiasioloAlessandra Biasiolo From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. , Paolo GreselePaolo Gresele From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. , Francesco MarongiuFrancesco Marongiu From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. , Nicoletta ErbaNicoletta Erba From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. , Fabio VeschiFabio Veschi From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. , Angelo GhirarduzziAngelo Ghirarduzzi From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. , Doris BarcellonaDoris Barcellona From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. and Armando TripodiArmando Tripodi From Clinical Cardiology (V.P., A.B.), Thrombosis Centre, University Hospital, Padova; Internal and Vascular Medicine (P.G.), University Hospital, Perugia; Internal Medicine (F.M., D.B.), University Hospital, Cagliari; Tranfusion Medicine (N.E.), District Hospital, Merate; Clinical Pathology (F.V.), District Hospital, Massa; Vascular Medicine (A.G.), District Hospital, Reggio Emilia; and Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (A.T.), University and IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Milano, Italy. Originally published1 Dec 2007https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153536Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2007;27:e309–e310Among antiphospholipid antibodies, Lupus Anticoagulant (LAC) is recognized as the strongest risk factor for thromboembolic events or pregnancy morbidity.1 The presence of LAC in a subject with previously documented thromboembolism or a significant history of pregnancy loss defines the Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). Some patients, however, are diagnosed with LAC without ever having experienced previous vascular thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. The antiphospholipid antibody profiles of LAC positive patients with or without associated clinical features of APS have been evaluated by us in a multicenter study.Centers affiliated with Italian Federation of Thrombosis Centers (FCSA) were invited to identify consecutive LAC positive patients diagnosed over a 1-year period. Three hundred twenty-one recruited patients were contacted and after giving informed consent they underwent testing for LAC after at least 12 weeks from the first one using routine laboratory procedures. LAC was not confirmed by Thrombosis Centers in 19 patients (6 were children with previous acute infections). The plasma samples of 302 patients were sent to a central reference laboratory for final LAC confirmation and measurement of anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-human β2-Glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) antibodies by ELISA, as previously described.2–4On the basis of the results obtained, these patients were classified as category I when either IgG/IgM aCL or IgG/IgM aβ2GPI were also positive and as category IIa when LAC alone was positive.5Fisher exact test (using Woolf approximation) was performed for the comparisons of categorical variables. dRVVT ratios were compared by the unpaired student t test. aCL and aβ2GPI antibody values were compared by the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test.Of the 231 patients whose positivity to LAC was confirmed by a central reference laboratory, 152 reported clinical events and had been diagnosed with APS (LAC/APS group) whereas 79 had no previous thromboembolic events or pregnancy morbidity (LAC/no APS group).The subjects in the LAC/APS group were slightly younger, and two-thirds in both groups were female. The ratio between the coagulation times of mixing to control plasma was used to compare LAC potency. Patients in the LAC/APS group had a 1.75±0.55 dRVVT ratio whereas those in the LAC/noAPS group had a 1.59±0.43 dRVVT ratio (P=0.02).As shown in the Figure, the median (interquartile) IgG aCL was 41.5 GPL (17 to 98.5) in the LAC/APS group and 17.50 GPL (8 to 39.5) in the LAC/noAPS one (P<0.001). In the same way, the IgG aβ2GPI antibody median values (27 U [10 to 81] versus 12.5 U [5 to 23.5], P<0.001) were significantly different in the 2 groups. No difference instead was found in the IgM aCL and IgM aβ2GPI median values. Download figureDownload PowerPointBox and whiskers graph showing the median, the 25th and the 75th percentiles, and the range of IgG anticardiolipin value (GPL Units) in the LAC/APS and LAC/noAPS groups. The difference between values in the 2 groups is statistically significant.Of the 152 patients in LAC/APS group, 96 were also positive for IgG aCL or IgG aβ2GPI (71 had triple positivity) and were classified as category I. The rate of patients in category I in the LAC/APS group was significantly higher than that in the LAC/noAPS one (63% versus 30%, OR=3.3, 95%CI 2.2 to 7.0, P<0.001). On the other hand, the frequency of LAC positivity alone (classification category IIa) was significantly higher in the LAC/noAPS group (51% versus 28%, OR=2.7, 95%CI 1.5 to 4.7, P<0.001).With reference to a large number of patients with LAC, the LAC/APS group was found to have a stronger LAC potency and higher titers of IgG aCL and IgG aβ2GPI. This is in accordance with the hypothesis that the quantity of IgG aβ2GPI might be an important determinant of thromboembolic events and pregnancy morbidity. In addition, a clear association with clinical events was confirmed in the patients positive to LAC as well as to IgG aCL and/or IgG aβ2GPI (classification category I).6–8 Conversely, LAC positivity alone is associated with the LAC/no APS group. Although the criterion of single test positivity was maintained at the recent Sydney consensus conference, the association of a single positive test with clinical events appears weaker.6,8 Further studies will clarify the nature of the differences observed in the laboratory profiles of LAC positive subjects with or without relevant clinical events.This study was completed on behalf of the participating centers (see Appendix online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org) of the Italian Federation of Thrombosis Centers (FCSA)Sources of FundingThis study was partially funded by the Italian Federation of Thrombosis Centers (FCSA).DisclosuresNone.FootnotesCorrespondence to Vittorio Pengo, MD, Clinical Cardiology, Thrombosis Centre, Ospedale 'Ex Busonera', Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy. E-mail [email protected] References 1 Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood. 2003; 101: 1827–1832.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2 Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Gresele P, Marongiu F, Erba N, Veschi F, Ghirarduzzi A Barcellona D, and Tripodi A. A Survey on Lupus Anticoagulant diagnosis by central evaluation of positive plasma samples. J Thromb Haemost. 2007; 5: 925–930.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Rampazzo P, Brocco T. dRVVT is more sensitive than KCT or TTI for detecting lupus anticoagulant activity of anti β2-glycoprotein I antibodies. Thromb Haemost. 1999; 81: 256–258.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4 Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Fior MG. Autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a cryptic epitope expressed when β2-Glycoprotein-I is bound to a suitable surface. Thromb Haemost. 1995; 73: 29–34.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, Derksen RHWM, de Groot PG, Koike T, Meroni PL, Reber G, Shoenfeld Y, Tincani A, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Krilis SA. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006; 4: 295–306.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Pegoraro C, Cucchini U, Noventa F, Iliceto S. Antibody profiles for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2005; 93: 1147–1152.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 Sailer T, Zoghlami C, Kurz C, Rumpold H, Quehenberger P, Panzer S, Pabinger I. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies are associated with pregnancy loss in women with the lupus anticoagulant. Thromb Haemost. 2006; 95: 796–801.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8 Zoghlami-Rintelen C, Vormittag R, Sailer T, Lehr S, Rumpold H, Quehenberger P, Male C, Pabinger I. 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