Revisão Revisado por pares

A critical appraisal of the prognostic and predictive factors for uveal malignant melanoma

2004; Wiley; Volume: 45; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01874.x

ISSN

1365-2559

Autores

M A Mudhar Parsons H S, Karen Sisley, Paul Rundle, Arun D. Singh, IG Rennie,

Tópico(s)

melanin and skin pigmentation

Resumo

HistopathologyVolume 45, Issue 1 p. 1-12 A critical appraisal of the prognostic and predictive factors for uveal malignant melanoma H S, M A Mudhar Parsons, H S, M A Mudhar Parsons Department of Histopathology National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS) Ophthalmic Sciences Unit, University of SheffieldSearch for more papers by this authorK Sisley, K Sisley Ophthalmic Sciences Unit, University of SheffieldSearch for more papers by this authorP Rundle, P Rundle Ophthalmology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UKSearch for more papers by this authorA Singh, A Singh Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Coles Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USASearch for more papers by this authorI G Rennie, I G Rennie Ophthalmic Sciences Unit, University of Sheffield Ophthalmology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UKSearch for more papers by this author H S, M A Mudhar Parsons, H S, M A Mudhar Parsons Department of Histopathology National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS) Ophthalmic Sciences Unit, University of SheffieldSearch for more papers by this authorK Sisley, K Sisley Ophthalmic Sciences Unit, University of SheffieldSearch for more papers by this authorP Rundle, P Rundle Ophthalmology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UKSearch for more papers by this authorA Singh, A Singh Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Coles Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USASearch for more papers by this authorI G Rennie, I G Rennie Ophthalmic Sciences Unit, University of Sheffield Ophthalmology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 June 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01874.xCitations: 39 Dr Hardeep Singh Mudhar, Department of Histopathology, E-floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, eds. SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1999. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999/ 2 Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L, Young J, eds. Cancer in five continents, Vol. 8, IARC Scientific Pub. no. 143. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997. 3 Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Estimating the world cancer burden. GLOBOCAN 2000. Int. J. Cancer 2000; 94; 153– 156. 4 Seddon JM, Egan K. Application of epidemiological methods to the study of eye disease: uveal melanoma. In: DM Albert, FA Jacobiec eds. The principles and practice of ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993; 1245– 1249. 5 Neuget AI, Kizelnik-Freilich S, Ackerman C. Black-white differences in risk for cutaneous, ocular and visceral melanomas. Am. J. Public Health 1994; 84; 1828– 1829. 6 Seddon JM, Gragoudas ES, Glynn RJ, Egan KM, Albert DM, Blitzer PH. Host factors, UV radiation, and risk of uveal melanoma. A case–control study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1990; 108; 1274– 1280. 7 Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Rootman J et al. Risk factors for ocular melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study. J. Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 74; 775– 778. 8 Holly EA, Aston DA, Char DH, Kristiansen JJ, Ayn DK. Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors. Cancer Res. 1990; 50; 5773– 5777. 9 Tucker MA, Shields JA, Hartge P, Augsberger J, Hoover RN, Fraumemi JF Jr. Sunlight exposure as a risk factor for intraocular malignant melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 313; 789– 792. 10 Ganley JP, Comstock GW. Benign nevi and malignant melanomas of the choroid. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1973; 76; 19– 25. 11 Hammer H, Olah J, Toth-Molnar E. Dysplastic nevi are a risk factor for uveal melanoma. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 1996; 6; 742– 747. 12 Albert DM, Chang MA, Lamping K, Weiter J, Sober A. The dysplastic nevus syndrome. A pedigree with primary malignant melanomas of the choroid and skin. Ophthalmology 1985; 92; 1728– 1734. 13 Singh AD, De Potter P, Fijal BA, Shields CL, Shields JA, Elston RC. Lifetime prevalence of uveal melanoma in white patients with oculo (dermal) melanocytosis. Ophthalmology 1998; 105; 195– 198. 14 Duve S, Rukosi J. Cutaneous melanoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis: a case report and review of the literature. Br. J. Dermatol. 1994; 131; 290– 294. 15 Wiznia RA, Freedman JK, Mancini AD, Sheilds JA. Malignant melanoma of the choroid in neurofibromatosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1978; 86; 684– 687. 16 Antle CM, Damji KF, White VA, Rootman J. Uveal malignant melanoma and optic nerve glioma in von Rechlinghau sen's neurofibromatosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1990; 74; 502– 504. 17 Lynch HT, Anderson DE, Krush AJ. Hereditary and intraocular melanomas. Cancer 1968; 21; 119– 125. 18 Singh AD, Shields CL, De Potter P et al. Familial uveal melanoma—clinical observations on 56 patients. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996; 114; 392– 399. 19 Strickland D, Lee JA. Melanomas of the eye: stability of rates. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1981; 113; 700– 702. 20 Donoso LA, Folberg R, Naids R et al. Metastatic uveal melanoma. Hepatic metastasis identified by hybridoma-secreted monoclonal antibody Mab8-1H. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1985; 103; 799– 801. 21 Shields JA, Shields CL, Donoso LA. Management of posterior uveal melanoma. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1991; 36; 161– 195. 22 COMS. Assessment of metastatic disease status at death in 45 patients with large choroidal melanoma in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS): COMS report no 15. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2001; 119; 670– 676. 23 Kath R., Hayungs J, Bornfield N, Sauerwein W, Hoffken K, Seeber S. Prognosis and treatment of disseminated uveal melanoma. Cancer 1993; 72; 2219– 2223. 24 Gragoudos ES, Egan KM, Seddon JM et al. Survival of patients with metastases from uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology 1991; 98; 383– 389. 25 Char DH. Clinical ocular oncology. Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven, 1997. 26 McLean IW. Reviewed in Ophthalmic pathology for ophthalmologists, Course manual, Vol. 2. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 2001. 27 Jensen OA. Malignant melanomas of the human uvea. Recent follow up of cases in Denmark, 1943–1952. Acta Ophthalmol. 1970; 48; 1113– 1128. 28 Shields CL, Shields JA, Materin M, Gershenbaum E, Singh AD, Smith A. Iris melanoma: risk factors in 169 consecutive cases. Ophthalmology 2001; 108; 172– 178. 29 Hall PA, Going JJ. Predicting the future: a critical appraisal of cancer prognosis studies. Histopathology 1999; 35; 489– 494. 30 Gospodarowicz MK, Hermanek P, Henson DE. Introduction. In: P Hermanek, MK Gospodarowicz, DE Henson, RVP Hutter, LH Sobin eds. Prognostic factors in cancer. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993; 1– 11. 31 Katzenstein HM, Bowman LC, Brodeur GM et al. Prognostic significance of age, MYCN oncogene amplification, tumour cell ploidy and histology in 110 infants with stage D (S) neuroblastoma: the pediatric oncology group experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998; 16; 2007– 2017. 32 Sauerbrei W, Hubner K, Schoor C, Schumacher M. Validation of existing and development of new prognostic classification schemes in node negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1997; 42; 149– 163. 33 Sundquist M, Thostenson S, Brudin L, Nordenskjold B. Applying the Nottingham prognostic index to a Swedish breast cancer population. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1999; 53; 1– 8. 34 Rones B, Zimmerman LE. The prognosis of primary tumors of iris treated by iridectomy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1958; 60; 193– 205. 35 Davidorf FH. The melanoma controversy. A comparison of choroidal, cutaneous, and iris melanomas. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1981; 25; 373– 377. 36 Arentsen JJ, Green WR. Melanoma of the iris: report of 72 cases treated surgically. Ophthalmic. Surg. 1975; 6; 23– 27. 37 Jensen OA. Malignant melanoma of the iris. A 25-year analysis of Danish cases. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 1993; 3; 181– 188. 38 Sisley K, Brand C, Parsons MA et al. Cytogenetics of iris melanomas; disparity with other uveal melanomas. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1998; 101; 128– 133. 39 McLean IW, Foster WD, Zimmerman LE. Uveal melanoma: location, size, cell type, and enucleation as risk factors in metastasis. Hum. Pathol. 1982; 13; 123– 132. 40 Seddon JM, Albert DM, Lavin PT, Robinson N. A prognostic factor study of disease-free interval and survival following enucleation for uveal melanoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1983; 101; 1894– 1899. 41 Prescher G, Bornfeld N, Becher R. Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities in primary uveal melanoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1990; 82; 1765– 1769. 42 Sisley K, Rennie IG, Parsons MA et al. Abnormalities of chromosomes 3 and 8 in posterior uveal melanoma correlate with prognosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997; 19; 22– 28. 43 Sisley K, Parsons MA, Garnham J et al. Association of specific chromosome alterations with tumour phenotype in posterior uveal melanoma. Br. J. Cancer 2000; 82; 330– 338. 44 Diener-West M, Hawkins BS, Markowitz JA, Schachat AP. A review of mortality from choroidal melanoma. II. A meta-analysis of 5-year mortality rates following enucleation, 1966 through 1988. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1992; 110; 245– 250. 45 Reese AB, Howard GM. Flat uveal melanomas. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1967; 64; 1021– 1028. 46 Font RL, Spaulding AG, Zimmerman LE. Diffuse malignant melanoma of the uveal tract: a clinicopathologic report of 54 series. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. 1968; 72; 877– 895. 47 Parsons JH. Diffuse sarcomata of the uveal tract. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1904; 33; 101– 112. 48 Fuchs E. Das sarcom des Uvealtractus. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumuller, 1882. 49 Shields CL, Shields JA, De Potter P, Cater J, Tardio D, Barrett J. Diffuse choroidal melanoma: clinical features predictive of metastasis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1996; 114; 956– 963. 50 Demerci H, Shields CL, Shields JA, Eagle RC Jr, Honavar S. Ring melanoma of the anterior chamber angle: a report of 14 cases. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2001; 132; 336– 342. 51 Demerci H, Shields CL, Shields JA, Honavar S, Eagle RC Jr. Ring melanoma of the ciliary body: report on 23 patients. Retina 2002; 22; 698– 706. 52 COMS. Histopathologic characteristics of uveal melanoma in eyes enucleated from the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study COMS report no. 6. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1998; 125; 745– 766. 53 Callender GR. Malignant melanotic tumors of the eye. A study of histologic types in 111 cases. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. 1931; 36; 131– 140. 54 McLean IW, Foster WD, Zimmerman LE, Gamel JW. Modifications of Callender's classification of uveal melanoma at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1983; 96; 502– 509. 55 Gamel JW, McClean IW. Quantitative analysis of the Callender classification of uveal melanoma cells. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1977; 95; 686– 691. 56 Char DH, Crawford JB, Irvine AR, Hogan MJ, Howes EL Jr. Correlation between degree of malignancy and the radioactive phosphorus uptake test in ocular melanomas. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1976; 81; 71– 75. 57 Gass JDM. Problems in the differential diagnosis of choroidal naevi and malignant melanomas. The XXXIII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1977; 83; 299– 323. 58 Gamel JW, McCurdy JB, McLean IW. A comparison of prognostic covariates for uveal melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1992; 33; 1919– 22. 59 Seddon JM, Polivogianis L, Hsieh CC, Albert DM, Gamel JW, Gragoudas ES. Death from uveal melanoma. Number of epitheliod cells and inverse SD of nucleolar area as prognostic factors. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1987; 105; 801– 806. 60 Gamel JW, McClean IW, Greenberg RA, Zimmerman LE, Lichtenstein SJ. Computerized histologic assessment of malignant potential: a method for determining the prognosis of uveal melanomas. Hum. Pathol. 1982; 13; 893– 897. 61 Gamel JW, McClean I, Greenberg RA et al. Objective assessment of the malignant potential of intraocular melanomas with standard microslides stained with haematoxylin–eosin. Hum. Pathol. 1985; 16; 689– 692. 62 Sorenson FB, Gamel JW, Jensen OA, Ladekarl M, McGurdy J. Prognostic value of nucleolar size and size pleomorphism in choroidal melanomas. APMIS 1993; 101; 358– 368. 63 Huntingdon A, Haugan P, Gamel J, McClean I. A simple cytologic method for predicting the malignant potential of intraocular melanoma. Pathol. Res. Pract. 1989; 185; 631– 634. 64 McCurdy J, Gamel J, McClean I. A simple, efficient, and reproducible method for predicting the malignant potential of uveal melanoma for routine H & E slide. Pathol. Res. Pract. 1991; 187; 1025– 1027. 65 Pe'er J, Rummelt V, Mawn L, Hwang T, Wollson RF, Folberg R. Mean of the ten largest nucleoli, microcirculation, architecture, and prognosis of ciliochoroidal melanomas. Ophthalmology 1994; 101; 1227– 1235. 66 McLean MJ, Foster WD, Zimmerman LE. Prognostic factors in small malignant melanomas of choroid and ciliary body. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1977; 95; 48– 58. 67 Cree IA, Foss AJ, Luthert PJ. Undefined high power fields. Lancet 1996; 347; 273– 274. 68 Sadler DW, Coghill SB. Histopathologists, malignancies and undefined high power fields. Lancet 1989; 1; 785– 786. 69 Thunnissen FBJM, Ambergen AW, Koss M, Travis WD, O'Leary TJ, Ellis IO. Mitotic counting in surgical pathology: sampling bias, heterogeneity and statistical uncertainty. Histopathology 2001; 39; 1– 8. 70 Gerdes J, Li L, Schlueter DM. Immunohistochemical and molecular biologic characterization of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen that is defined by monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Am. J. Pathol. 1991; 138; 867– 873. 71 Bravo R, Macdonald-Bravo H. Existence of two populations of cyclin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen during the cell cycle: association with DNA replication sites. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 105; 1549– 1554. 72 Mooy CM, Luyten GP, De Jong PT et al. An immunohistochemical and prognostic analysis of apoptosis and proliferation in uveal melanoma. Am. J. Pathol. 1995; 147; 1097– 1104. 73 Seregard S, Oskarsson M, Spanberg B. PC-10 as predictor of prognosis after antigen retrieval in posterior uveal melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1996; 37; 1451– 1458. 74 Leong AS-Y, Milos J, Tang SK. Is immunlocalisation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in paraffin sections a valid index of cell proliferation? Appl. Immunohistochem. 1993; 1; 127– 135. 75 Coltera MD, Skelly M, Gown AM. Anti-PCNA antibody PC-10 yields unreliable proliferation indexes in routinely processed, deparaffinized, formalin-fixed tissue. Appl. Immunohistochem. 1993; 1; 193– 200. 76 Chowers I, Amer R, Pe'er J. The correlation among different immunostaining evaluation methods for the assessment of proliferative activity in uveal melanoma. Curr. Eye Res. 2002; 25; 369– 372. 77 Folberg R, Pe'er J, Grumn LM et al. The morphologic characteristics of tumour blood vessels as a marker of tumour progression in primary human uveal melanoma: a matched case–control study. Hum. Pathol. 1992; 23; 1298– 1305. 78 Folberg R, Rummelt V, Parys-Van Ginderdeuren R et al. The prognostic value of tumor blood vessel morphology in primary uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology 1993; 100; 1389– 1398. 79 Rummelt V, Folberg R, Woolson RF, Hwag T, Pe'er J. Relation between the microcirculation architecture and the aggressive behaviour of ciliary body melanomas. Ophthalmology 1995; 102; 844– 851. 80 Rummelt V, Folberg R, Rummelt C et al. Microcirculation architecture of melanocytic nevi and malignant melanomas of the ciliary body and choroid: a comparative histopathologic and ultrastructural study. Ophthalmology 1994; 101; 718– 727. 81 Foss AJE, Alexander RA, Hungerford JL, Harris AL, Cree TA, Lightman S. Reassessment of the PAS patterns in uveal melanoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1997; 81; 240– 246. 82 Foss AJE, Alexander RA, Jefferies LW, Hungerford JL, Harris AL, Lightman S. Microvessel count predicts survival in uveal melanoma. Cancer Res. 1996; 56; 2900– 2903. 83 Lane AM, Egan KM, Gragoudas ES et al. An evaluation of tumour vascularity as a prognostic indicator in uveal melanoma. Melanoma Res. 1997; 7; 237– 242. 84 Schaling DF, Van Der Pol JP, Schlingemann RO, Parys-Van Ginderdeuren R, Jager MJ. Vascular density and vascular patterns in the prognosis of choroidal melanoma. Ophthalmic Res. 1996 ; 43– 54. 85 Makitie T, Summanen P, Tarkkanen A, Kivela T. Microvascular density in predicting survival of patients with choroidal and ciliary body melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1999; 40; 2471– 2480. 86 Durie FH, Campbell AM, Lee WR, Damato BE. Analysis of lymphocytic infiltration in uveal melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1990; 31; 2106– 2110. 87 Davidorf FH, Lang JR. Immunology and immunotherapy of malignant uveal melanomas. In: GA Peyman, DJ Apple, DR Sanders eds. Intraocular tumours. NewYork: Appleton/Century/Crofts, 1977; 119– 133. 88 Vit VV. Prognostic role of morphological characteristics of the immune response in uveal melanoblastomas of various cellular types (in Russian). Arkh. Patol. 1983; 45; 25– 30. 89 De La Cruz PO, Specht CS, McLean IW. Lymphocytic infiltration in uveal malignant melanoma. Cancer 1990; 65; 112– 115. 90 Prescher G, Bornfold N, Hirche H, Horsthemke B, Karl-Heinz J, Becher R. Prognostic implications of monosomy 3 in uveal melanoma. Lancet 1996; 347; 1222– 1225. 91 Parrella P, Sidransky D, Merbs SL. Allelotype of posterior uveal melanoma: implications for a bifurcated tumour progression pathway. Cancer Res. 1999; 59; 3032– 3037. 92 Naus NC, Van Drunen E, De Klein A et al. Characterization of complex chromosomal abnormalities in uveal melanoma by fluorescent in situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001; 30; 267– 273. 93 Tschentscher F, Prescher G, Horsman DE et al. Partial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 3 point to two tumour suppressor genes in uveal melanoma. Cancer Res. 2001; 61; 3439– 3442. 94 Prescher G, Bornfield N, Becher R. Two subclones in a case of uveal melanoma; relevance of monosomy 3 and multiplication of chromosome 8q. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1994; 77; 2144– 2146. 95 White VA, McNeil K, Thiberville L, Horsman DE. Acquired homozygosity (isodisomy) of chromosome 3 during clonal evolution of uveal melanoma: association with morphologic heterogeneity. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1996; 15; 138– 143. 96 Prescher G, Bornfield N, Friedrichs W, Seeber S, Becher R. Cytogenetics of 12 cases of uveal melanoma and patterns of non-random anomalies and isochromosome formation. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1995; 80; 40– 46. 97 Sisley K, Rennie IG, Cottam DW, Potter AM, Potter CW, Rees RC. Cytogenetic findings in six posterior uveal melanomas: involvement of chromosomes 3, 6 and 8. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1990; 2; 205– 209. 98 Sisley K, Cottam DW, Rennie IG et al. Non-random abnormalities of chromosomes 3, 6 and 8 associated with posterior uveal melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 5; 197– 200. 99 Dahlenfors R, Tornqvist G, Wettrell K, Mark J. Cytogenetical observations in nine malignant melanomas. Anticancer Res. 1993; 13; 1415– 1420. 100 Horsman DE, White VA. Cytogenetic analysis of uveal melanoma. Consistent occurrence of monosomy 3 and trisomy 8q. Cancer 1993; 71; 811– 819. 101 Scholes AG, Liloglou T, Maloney P et al. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3, 9, 13 and 17 including the retinoblastoma locus, in uveal melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2001; 11; 2472– 2477. 102 White VA, Chambers JD, Courtright PD, Chang WY, Horsman DE. Correlation of cytogenetic abnormalities with the outcome of patients with uveal melanoma. Cancer 1998; 83; 354– 359. 103 Patel KA, Edmondson ND, Talbot F, Parsons MA, Rennie IG, Sisley K. Prediction of prognosis in patients with uveal melanoma using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2001; 85; 1440– 1444. 104 Speicher MR, Prescher G, Du Manoir S et al. Chromosomal gains and losses in uveal melanomas detected by comparative genomic hybridisation. Cancer Res. 1994; 54; 3817– 3823. 105 Tschentscher F, Prescher G, Zeschnigk M, Horsthemke B, Lohmann DR. Identification of chromosomes 3, 6 and 8 aberrations in uveal melanoma by microsatellite analysis in comparison to comparative genomic hybridisation. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 2000; 122; 13– 17. 106 Singh AD, Boghosian-Sell L, Wary KK et al. Cytogenetic findings in primary uveal melanoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1994; 72; 109– 115. 107 Dahlenfors R, Tornqvist G, Wettrell K, Mark J. Cytogenetical observations in nine ocular melanomas. Anticancer Res. 1993; 13; 1415– 1420. 108 Aalto Y, Eriksson L, Seregard S, Larsson O, Knuutila S. Concomitant loss of chromosome 3 and whole arm losses and gains of chromosomes 1, 6 or 8 in metastasizing primary uveal melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2001; 42; 313– 317. 109 Coupland SE, Anastassiou G, Stang A et al. The prognostic value of cyclin D1, p53 and MDM2 protein expression in uveal melanoma. J. Pathol. 2000; 191; 120– 126. 110 Fisher DJ, Gillett CE, Vojtesek B, Barnes DM, Millis RR. Problems with p53 immunohistochemical staining. The effect of fixation and variation in methods of evaluation. Br. J. Cancer 1994; 69; 26– 31. 111 Hall PA, Lane DP. p53 in tumour pathology: can we trust immunohistochemistry?—Revisited. J. Pathol. 1994; 172; 1– 4. 112 Royds JA, Sharrard RM, Parsons MA et al. C-myc oncogene expression in ocular melanomas. Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1992; 230; 366– 371. 113 Chana JS, Cree IA, Foss AJE, Hungerford JL, Wilson GD. The prognostic significance of c-myc oncogenes expression in uveal melanoma. Melanoma Res. 1998; 8; 139– 144. 114 Chana JS, Wilson WD, Cree IA et al. C-myc, p53 and Bcl-2 expression and clinical outcome in uveal melanoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1998; 83; 110– 114. 115 Nakajima M, Welch DR, Belloni PN, Nicolson GL. Degradation of basement membrane type IV collagen and lung subendothelial matrix by rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell clones of differing metastatic potentials. Cancer Res. 1987; 47; 4869. 116 Fessler LI, Duncan KG, Fessler JH, Salo T, Tryggvason K. Characterization of the procollagen IV cleavage products produced by a specific tumour collagenase. J. Biol. Chem. 1984; 259; 9783. 117 Liotta LA, Thorgeirsson UP, Garbisa S. Role of collagenases in tumour cell invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1982; 2; 277. 118 Cottam DW, Rennie IG, Woods K, Parsons MA, Bunning RAD, Rees RC. Gelatinolytic metalloproteinase secretion patterns in ocular melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1992; 33; 1923– 27. 119 El Shabrawi Y, Langmann G, Hutter H, Kennr L, Hoefler G. Comparison of current methods and PCR for the diagnosis of metastatic disease in uveal melanoma. Ophthalmologica 1998; 212; 80. 120 Baker JKL, Elshaw SR, Mathewman GEL et al. Expression of integrins, degradative enzymes and their inhibitors in uveal melanoma. Differences between in vitro and in vivo expression. Melanoma Res. 2002; 11; 265– 273. 121 Vaisanen A, Kallioinen M, Von Dickhoff K, Laatikainen L, Hoyhtya M, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) immunoreactive protein—a new prognostic marker in uveal melanoma? J. Pathol. 1999; 188; 56– 62. 122 Elshaw SR, Sisley K, Cross N et al. A comparison of ocular melanocytes and uveal melanoma cell invasion and the implications of α1β1, α4β1 and α6β1 integrins. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2001; 85; 732. 123 El Shabrawi Y, Ardjomand N, Radner H, Ardjomand N. MMP9 is predominantly expressed in epithelioid and not spindle cell uveal melanoma. J. Pathol. 2001; 194; 201– 206. 124 Seftor REB, Seftor EA, Koshikawa N et al. Cooperative interactions of laminin 5γ2 chain, MMP2 and membrane type-1-matrix/metalloproteinase are required for mimicry of embryonic vasculogenesis by aggressive melanoma. Cancer Res. 2001; 61; 6322– 6327. 125 Brantley MA Jr, Harbour JW. Deregulation of the Rb and p53 pathways in uveal melanoma. Am. J. Pathol. 2000; 157; 1795– 1801. 126 Jay V, Yi Q, Hunter WS, Zielenska M. Expression of bcl-2 in uveal malignant melanoma. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1996; 120; 497– 498. 127 Heine B, Coupland SE, Kneiff S et al. Telomerase expression in uveal melanoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2000; 8; 217– 223. 128 Scott RJ, Vajdic CM, Armstrong BK et al. BRCA2 mutations in a population-based series of patients with ocular melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 2002; 102; 188– 191. 129 Iscovich J, Abdulrazik M, Cour C, Fischbein A, Pe'er J, Goldgar DE. Prevalence of the BRCA2 6174 del T mutation in Israeli uveal melanoma patients. Int. J. Cancer 2002; 98; 42– 44. 130 Foster WJ, Fuller CE, Perry A, Harbour JW. Status of the NF1 tumour suppressor locus in uveal melanoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2003; 121; 1311– 1315. 131 Merbs SL, Sidransky D. Analysis of p16 (CDKN-2/MTS-1/INK4A) alterations in primary sporadic uveal melanoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1999; 40; 779– 783. 132 Kannengiesser C, Avril MI, Spalz A, Laud K, Lenar GM, Bressau-de Paillereti B. CDKN2 as a uveal and cutaneous melanoma susceptibility gene. Genes Chromosome Cancer 2003; 38; 265– 268. 133 Van Der Velden PA, Zuidervaart W, Hurks MH et al. Expression profiling reveals that methylation of TIMP3 is involved in uveal melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 2003; 106; 472– 479. 134 Zuidervaart W, Van Der Velden PA, Hurks MH et al. Gene expression profiling identifies tumour markers potentially playing a role in uveal melanoma development. Br. J. Cancer 2003; 89; 1914– 1919. 135 Webpage address of the Royal College of Pathologists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: http://www.rcpath.org Citing Literature Volume45, Issue1July 2004Pages 1-12 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX