Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

The Measurement and Meaning of Unintended Pregnancy

2003; Wiley; Volume: 35; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1363/3509403

1931-2393

John Santelli, Roger Rochat, Kendra Hatfield‐Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn M. Curtis, Rebecca J. Cabral, Jennifer S. Hirsch, Laura A. Schieve,

Reproductive Health and Contraception

Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive HealthVolume 35, Issue 2 p. 94-101 The Measurement and Meaning of Unintended Pregnancy John Santelli, Corresponding Author John Santelli John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Author contact: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRoger Rochat, Roger Rochat John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorKendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorBrenda Colley Gilbert, Brenda Colley Gilbert John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorKathryn Curtis, Kathryn Curtis John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Cabral, Rebecca Cabral John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer S. Hirsch, Jennifer S. Hirsch John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorLaura Schieve, Laura Schieve John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this author John Santelli, Corresponding Author John Santelli John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Author contact: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRoger Rochat, Roger Rochat John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorKendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorBrenda Colley Gilbert, Brenda Colley Gilbert John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorKathryn Curtis, Kathryn Curtis John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Cabral, Rebecca Cabral John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorJennifer S. Hirsch, Jennifer S. Hirsch John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this authorLaura Schieve, Laura Schieve John Santelli is chief, Applied Sciences Branch; Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, Brenda Colley Gilbert, Kathryn Curtis and Laura Schieve are epidemiologists; and Rebecca Cabral is a research psychologist– all at the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Roger Rochat is professor and Jennifer S. Hirsch is assistant professor– both at the Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta.Search for more papers by this author First published: 12 February 2007 https://doi.org/10.1363/3509403Citations: 449AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Klerman LV, The intendedness of pregnancy: a concept in transition, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4 (3): 155–162; Brown S and Eisenberg L, eds., The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995; Zabin LS, Ambivalent feelings about parenthood may lead to inconsistent contraceptive use–and pregnancy, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(5):250–251; Bankole A and Ezeh A, Unmet need for couples: an analytic framework and evaluation with DHS data, Population Research and Policy Review, 1999, 18(6):579–605; and Westoff CF and Ryder NB, The predictive validity of reproductive intentions, Demography, 1977, 14(4):431–453. 2 Trussell, J, Vaughan, B and Stanford, J, Are all contraceptive failures unintended pregnancies? evidence from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31 (5): 246–247 & 260; Luker KC, A reminder that human behavior frequently refuses to conform to models created by researchers, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(5):248–249; Sable MR, Pregnancy intentions may not be a useful measure for research on maternal and child health outcomes, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 1(5):249–250; Zabin LS, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 1); Bachrach CA and Newcomer S, Intended pregnancies and unintended pregnancies: distinct categories or opposite ends of a continuum? Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(5):251–252; and Peterson L and Mosher W, Options for measuring unintended pregnancy in cycle 6 of the National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(5):252–253. 3 Henshaw SK, Unintended pregnancy in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1998, 30(1): 24–29 & 46. 4 Brown S and Eisenberg L, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 1). 4 Brown S and Eisenberg L, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 1). 5 Campbell AA and Mosher WD, A history of the measurement of unintended pregnancies and births, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000 4(3): 163–169. 6 Kaufmann RB, Morris L and Spitz AM. Comparison of two question sequences for assessing pregnancy intentions, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1997, 145(9): 810–816. 7 Henshaw SK, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 3). 8 Ibid.. 9 Brown S and Eisenberg L, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 1). 10 Henshaw SK, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 3). 11 Brown S and Eisenberg L, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 1). 12 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Prevalence of selected maternal behaviors and experiences, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1999, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2002, 51 (SS-2): 1–27. 13 Brown S and Eisenberg L, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 1). 14 Ibid.; Altfeld, SA et al., Wantedness of pregnancy and prenatal health behaviors, Women & Health, 1997, 26(4): 29–43; 16 Hellerstedt WL et al., Differences in preconceptionali and prenatal behaviors in women with intended and unintended pregnancies, American Journal of Public Health, 1998, 88(4): 663–666; 17 Adams MM et al., Pregnancy planning and preconception counseling: the PRAMS working group, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1993, 82(6): 955–959; 18 Kost K, Landry DJ and Darroch JE, The effects of pregnancy planning status on birth outcomes and infant care, Family Planning Perspectives, 1998, 30(5): 223–230; 19 Joyce TJ, Kaestner R and Korenman S, The effect of pregnancy intention on child development, Demography, 2000, 37(1): 83–94. 15 Gazmararian JA et al., The relationship between pregnancy intendedness and physical violence in mothers of newborns, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1995, 85(6): 1031–1038; and Goodwin MM et al., Pregnancy intendedness and physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 1996–1997, Maternal and Child Health Journal 2000, 4(2):85–92. 16 Dietz PM et al., Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhood, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1999, 282(14): 1359–1364. 17 Kubicka L et al., Children from unwanted pregnancies in Prague, Czech Republic revisited at age thirty, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1995, 91(6): 361–369; 17a Myhrman A et al., Does the wantedness of a pregnancy predict a child's educational attainment Family Planning Perspectives, 1995, 27(3): 116–119. 18 Joyce TJ, Kaestner R and Korenman S, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 14); 25 Kost K, Landry DJ and Darroch JE, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 14); 26 Marsiglio W and Mott FL, Does wanting to become pregnant with a first child affect the subsequent maternal behaviors and infant birth weight Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1988, 50(4): 1023–1036; 27 Rosenzweig MR and Wolpin KI, Maternal expectation and ex post rationalizations: the usefulness of survey information on the wantedness of children, Journal of Human Resources, 1993, 28(2): 206–229; 28 Baydar N, Consequences for children of their birth planning status, Family Planning Perspectives, 1995, 27(6): 228–234. 19 D'Angelo D et al., Measuring unintended pregnancy: are women who report mistimed and unwanted pregnancies different? Atlanta : Division of Reproductive Health, CDC: 2001. 20 Pulley L et al., The extent of pregnancy mistiming and its association with maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2002, 34 (4): 206–211. 21 Daulaire N et al., Promises to Keep: The Toll of Unintended Pregnancies on Women's Lives in the Developing World, Washington , DC : Global Health Council, 2002. 22 Cates W, Grimes DA and Schulz KF, Abortion surveillance at CDC: creating public health light out of political heat, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2000, 19(1S): 12–17; 33 Adler NE et al., Psychological responses after abortion, Science, 1990, 248(4951): 41–44; 34 American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs, Induced termination of pregnancy before and after Roe v Wade: trends in the mortality and morbidity of women, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 268(22): 3231–3239. 23 Trussell J, Vaughan B and Stanford J, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2); Luker KC, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2); Sable MR, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2); Zabin LS, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 1); Bachrach CA and Newcomer S, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2); Peterson L and Mosher W, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2); and Trussell J and Vaughan B, Contraceptive failure, method-related discontinuation and resumption of use: results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 31(2):64–72 & 93. 24 Trussell J, Vaughan B and Stanford J, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2). 25 Barrett G and Wellings K, Understanding pregnancy intentions: a problem in evidence everywhere, letter to the editor, Family Planning Perspectives, 2000 32(4): 194. 26 Trussell J, Vaughan B and Stanford J, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2). 27 Joyce TJ, Kaestner R and Korenman S, The stability of pregnancy intentions and pregnancy-related maternal behaviors, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(3): 171–178. 28 Luker KC, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2). 29 Pulley L et al., 2002, op. cit. (see reference 20). 30 Freedman R and Hermalin AI, Do statements about desired family size predict fertility? the case of Taiwan, 1967–1970, Demography, 1975, 12 (3): 407–416; and Hermalin AI et al., Do intentions predict fertility? the experience in Taiwan, 1967–74, Studies in Family Planning, 1979, 10(3):75–95; Foreit KG and Suh MH, The effect of reproductive intentions on subsequent fertility among low-parity Korean women, 1971–76, Studies in Family Planning, 1980, 11(3):91–104; De Silva WI, Achievement of reproductive intentions in Sri Lanka, 1982–1985: a longitudinal study, Social Biology, 1992, 39(1–2):123–138; Bankole A, Marital partners' reproductive attitudes and fertility among the Yoruba of Nigeria, unpublished dissertation, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1992; and Bankole A and Westoff CF, The consistency and validity of reproductive attitudes: evidence from Morocco, Journal of Biosocial Science, 1998, 30(4):439–455. 31 Bankole A and Westoff CF, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 30). 32 Ibid., p. 441. 33 Poole VL et al., Changes in intendedness during pregnancy in a high-risk multiparousi population, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(3): 179–182. 34 Joyce TJ, Kaestner R and Korenman S, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 27). 35 Bankole A and Westoff CF, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 30); 48 Schoen R et al., Do fertility intentions affect fertility behavior Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1999, 61(3): 790–799; 49 Westoff CF and Ryder NB, 1977, op. cit. (see reference 1). 36 Schoen R et al., 1999, op. cit. (see reference 35). 37 Peterson L and Mosher W, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2). 38 Piccinino LJ and Peterson LS, Ambivalent attitudes and unintended pregnancy, in: LJ Severy and WB Miller, eds., Advances in Population: Psychosocial Perspectives, Vol. 3, London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1999, pp. 227–249. 39 Zabin LS, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 1). 40 Ibid.; and Trussell J and Vaughan B, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 23). 41 Zabin LS, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 1); and Luker KC, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2). 42 Sable MR, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2). 43 Miller WB et al., Genetic influences on childbearing motivation: a theoretical framework and some empirical evidence, in: Severy LJ and Miller WB, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 38), pp. 53–102. 44 Bachrach CA and Newcomer S, op. cit. (see reference 2). 45 Stanford JB et al., Defining dimensions of pregnancy intendedness, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(3): 191–196. 46 Adler NE et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 22). 47 Ibid.. 48 Mukhopahyay CC and Higgins PJ, Anthropological studies of women's status revisited: 1977–87, Annual Reviews in Anthropology, 1988, 17: 461–495; 63 Glenn EN, Chang C and Forcey LR, Mothering: Ideology, Experience and Agency, New York : Routledge, 1994. 64 Ginsburg F and Rapp R, Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction, Berkeley , CA : University of California Press, 1995. 65 Petchesky RP and Judd K, Negotiating Reproductive Rights: Women's Perspectives Across Countries and Cultures, London : Zed Press, 1998; and Russell A, Sobo E and Thompson M, Contraception Across Cultures: Technologies, Choices, Constraints, Oxford, UK: Berg, 2000. 49 Forte DJ and Judd K, The South within the North: reproductive choice within three U.S. communities, in: Petchesky RP and Judd K, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 48), pp. 256–294. 50 Luker K, Taking Chances: Abortion and the Decision Not to Contracept, Berkeley , CA : University of California Press, 1975; and Thompson S, Going All the Way: Teenage Girls' Tales of Sex, Romance, and Pregnancy, New York: Hill and Wang, 1995. 51 Moos M et al, Pregnant women's perspectives on intendedness of pregnancy, Women's Health Issues, 1997, 7(6): 385–392; 69 Petersen R and Moos M, Defining and measuring unintended pregnancy: issues and concerns, Women's Health Issues, 1997, 7(4): 234–240. 52 Armstrong K et al., Pregnancy intentions and realities among women with HIV risk behaviors, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Washington , DC , Nov. 1519 1998. 53 Joffe C, The Regulation of Sexuality, Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 1986; Luker K, 1975, op. cit. (see reference 50); Ginsburg F, Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998; Erickson PI, Latina Adolescent Childbearing in East Los Angeles, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1998; Forte DJ and Judd K, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 49); Sobo EJ, Choosing Unsafe Sex: AIDS-Risk Denial Among Disadvantaged Women, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995; and Thompson S, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 50). 54 Chavez LR, Flores ET and Lopez-Garza M, Undocumented Latin American immigrants and U.S. health services: an approach to a political economy of utilization, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1992, 6(1): 6–26; 73 Evans CA, Immigrants and health care: mounting problems, Annals of Internal Medicine, 1995 122(4): 309–310; 74 Flaskerud JH and Kim S, Health problems of Asian and Latino immigrants, Nursing Clinics of North America, 1999 34(2): 359–380. 55 Rapp R, Te s ting Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America, New York : Routledge, 1999; Ginsburg F and Rapp R, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 48); Farmer P, Connors M and Simmons J, eds., Women, Poverty, and AIDS: Sex, Drugs, and Structural Violence, Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1996; Farmer P, Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999; and Hirsch JS and Nathanson CA, Some traditional methods are more modern than others: rhythm, withdrawal and the changing meanings of sexual intimacy in Mexican companionate marriage, Culture, Health and Sexuality, 2001, 3(4):413–428. 56 Maternowksa MC, A clinic in conflict: a political economy case study of family planning in Haiti, in: A Russell, EJ Sobo and MS Thompson, eds., Contraception Across Cultures: Technologies, Choices, Constraints, New York : Berg, 2000, pp. 103–128. 57 Kaler A, Fertility running wild: elite perception of the need for birth control in white-ruled Rhodesia, in:Russell A, Sobo EJ and Thompson MS, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 56), pp. 81–102; and Kanaaneh R, New reproductive rights and wrongs in the Galilee, in: ibid., pp. 161–178. 58 Farmer P, Connors M and Simmons, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 55). 59 Cabral RJ et al., Women at risk of HIV/STD: the importance of male partners as barriers to condom use, AIDS and Behavior, 1998, 2 (1): 75–85; Cabral R et al., Do heterosexual power dynamics predict use of the female condom? paper presented at the National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, Aug. 29–Sept. 1, 1999; Kline A, Kline E and Oken E, Minority women and sexual choice in the age of AIDS, Social Science & Medicine, 1992, 34(4):447–457; and Eldridge GD et al., Barriers to condom use and barrier method preferences among low-income African-American women, Women & Health, 1995, 23(1):73–89. 60 Campbell AA and Mosher WD, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 5). 61 Abma J and Piccinino LJ, Unintended births: women's attitudes vis-à-vis their male partners' attitudes, 1982–1990, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Los Angeles , Aug. 5-9 1994. 62 Zabin LS et al., Partner effects on a woman's intention to conceive: "not with this partner," Family Planning Perspectives, 2000, 32(1): 39–45. 63 Joyce TJ, Kaestner R and Korenman S, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 27). 64 Korenman S, Kaestner R and Joyce T, Consequences for infants of parental disagreement in pregnancy intention, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2002 34(4): 198–205. 65 Miller WB and Pasta DJ, The relative influence of husbands and wives on the choice and use of oral contraception, a diaphragm, and condoms, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1996, 26(19): 1749–1774. 66 Cabral RJ et al., Reproductive and contraceptive attitudes as predictors of condom use among women in an HIV prevention intervention, Women & Health, 2001, 33(3–4): 117–132. 67 Bankole A and Ezeh A, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 1). 68 Goldscheider FK and Kaufman G, Fertility and commitment: bringing men back in, Population and Development Review, 1996, 22(Supplement): 87–99. 69 Williams LB, Determinants of couple agreement in U.S. fertility decisions, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(4): 169–173; 90 Williams L, Abma J and Piccinino LJ, The correspondence between intention to avoid childbearing and subsequent fertility: a prospective analysis, Family Planning Perspectives, 1999 31(5): 220–227. 70 Goldscheider FK and Kaufman G, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 68). 71 Luker KC, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 2). 72 Willis RJ and Haaga JG, Economic approaches to understanding nonmarital fertility, Population and Development Review, 1996, 22(Supplement): 67–86. 73 Morgan SP, Characteristic features of modern American fertility, Population and Development Review, 1996, 22(Supplement): 19–63. 74 Klerman LV, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 1). 75 Robey B et al., The reproductive revolution: new survey findings, Population Reports, 1992, Series M, No. 11. 76 United Nations, New estimates and projections of the world's population, Population Newsletter, 1998, No. 66. 77 Robey B et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 75). 78 Forrest JD and Samara R, Impact of publicly funded contraceptive services on unintended pregnancies and implications for Medicaid expenditures, Family Planning Perspectives, 1996 28(5): 188–195. 79 CDC, Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: family planning, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1999, 48(47): 1073–1080. 80 Ibid.. 81 Robey B et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 75); 103 Robey B, Rutstein SO and Morris L, The fertility decline in developing countries, Scientific American, 1993, 269(6): 60–67; 104 Westoff CF, Moreno L and Goldman N, The demographic impact of changes in contraceptive practice in third world populations, Population and Development Review, 1989, 15(1): 91–106. 82 Moore KA et al., Adolescent Sex, Contraception, and Childbearing: A Review of Recent Research, Washington , DC : Child Trends, 1995; Brewster KL, Neighborhood context and the transition to sexual activity among young black women, Demography, 1994, 31(4):603–614; Hogan DP, Astone NM and Kitagawa EM, Social and environmental factors influencing contraceptive use among black adolescents, Family Planning Perspectives, 1985, 17(4):165–169; Luster T and Small SA, Factors associated with sexual risk-taking behaviors among adolescents, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1994, 56(3):622–632; Orr DP and Lange-feld CD, Factors associated with condom use by sexually active male adolescents at risk for sexually transmitted disease, Pediatrics, 1993, 91(5):873–879; Pendergrast R, DuRant R and Gaillard G, Attitudinal and behavioral correlates of condom use in urban adolescent males, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1992, 13(2):133–139; and Plichta SB et al., Partner-specific condom use among adolescent women clients of a family planning clinic, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1992, 13(6):506–511. 83 Sheeran P, Abraham C and Orbell S, Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: a meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 1999 125(1): 90–132; 83a CDC, Contraceptive method and condom use among women at risk for HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases: selected U.S. sites, 1993–1994, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1996, 45(38): 820–823. Citing Literature Volume35, Issue2March 2003Pages 94-101 ReferencesRelatedInformation