Women Fighting in Jihad ?
2005; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 28; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/10576100500180212
ISSN1521-0731
Autores Tópico(s)Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East
ResumoThe subject of women fighting in jihad has been a controversial and under-researched topic in classical and contemporary Muslim religious literature. In general, classical authorities did not see women fighting except in the most extraordinary circumstances yet did not expressly forbid it. Today radical Muslims seeking to widen their appeal have modified these conclusions and made it possible for women to participate together with men on the battlefield and in martyrdom operations. This article looks at the classical religious and legal literature to contextualize the arguments being made for females participating in jihad in contemporary times. Notes 1. 'Abdallah b. Isma'il al-Bukhari (d. 869), Sahih (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1991), III, p. 265 (no. 2788). 2. For example, al-Bukhari, Sahih, III, p. 264 (no. 2784). 3. Al-Maqdisi (d. 1226), Hadith al-ifk wa-yalihi min Manaqib al-nisa' al-sahabiyyat (Damascus: Dar al-Basha'ir, 1994), p. 59. 4. Ibid, pp. 53–54. 5. 'Aliyya Mustafa Mubarak, Sahabiyyat mujahidat (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, n.d.). 6. Al-Bukhari, Sahih, III, pp. 292 (no. 2879). 7. Ibid, pp. 292–293 (nos. 2880–3). 8. Al-Bukhari, VII, p. 72 (no. 5886); for discussion, see Everett Rowson, "The effeminates of early Medina," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 111 (1991), pp. 671–693. 9. See Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), pp. 348–349; Alf Layla wa-layla (Trans. Richard Burton, London, 1885–1886), II pp. 114–119 (story of 'Umar al-Nu'man which can be dated to the time of the Crusades), V, 277–283; and the Kirghiz epic of Manas, Walter May (trans.), Manas (Moscow and Bishkek, 1995), I, p. 297 f. as well as popular Persian tales such as Samak-i Ayyar. 10. Muhammad b. Sulayman al-Masisi (d. 859), Juz' fihi min hadith Lawin (Riyad: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1998), p. 125 (no. 113); compare the fuller versions in Ibn Abi al-Dunya (d. 894), Mudarat al-nas(Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, 1998), p. 144 (no. 173); Ibn Bishran (d. 1039), Amali (Riyad: Dar al-Watan, 1997), pp. 28–29 (no. 11); Ibn 'Asakir (d. 1173), Ta'rikh Madinat Dimashq (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1995–2000), VII, pp. 363–364. 11. Ibn Babawayhi (d. 991), Man la yahduruhu al-faqih (Beirut: Dar al-Adwa', 1992), III, p. 316. 12. Ibn Abi al-'Asim (d. 900), Kitab al-jihad (Medina: Maktabat al-'Ulum wa-l-Hikam, 1989), I, p. 141 (no. 11). 13. Ibn al-Mubarak (d. 797), Kitab al-jihad, pp. 38 (no. 22), 117–118 (no. 142), 124–125 (no. 150); and see also Ibn Abi Zaminayn (d. 1009), Qudwat al-ghazi (Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1989), p. 242. 14. Ibn al-Nahhas al-Dumyati (d. 1414), Mashari' al-ashwaq ila masari' al-'ushshaq (Beirut: Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyya, 2002), I, p. 129 (no. 60), see also I, pp. 215–217. 15. Muhammad Khayr Haykal, al-Jihad wa-l-qital fi al-siyasa al-shara'iyya (Beirut: Dar al-Barayiq, 1993), II, pp. 995–997. 16. Ibid., pp. 1013–1018. Unfortunately my copy of Haykal suffers from a blank page where he gives the details that would support this conclusion, but it is one that accords with my own. 17. Ibid., pp. 1019–1022. 18. Ibid., p. 1024. 19. "Sisters' Role in Jihad," available at (http://www.qoqaz.co.za/html/articlessistersinjihad.htm). 20. Nawaf al-Takruri, al-'Amaliyyat al-istishhadiyya fi al-mizan al-fiqhi (Damascus: al-Takruri, 2003), pp. 208–213. 21. One should note that this organization was founded by al-Qaradawi and is intellectually dominated by him. 22. Ibid., pp. 212–23. 23. For example, see (http://www.animal-cruelty.com/sister_hawaa.htm), "Sister Hawaa' Barayev Martyrdom Attack on a Russian Military" [sic!]. 24. See my "Suicide Attacks or 'Martyrdom Operations' in Contemporary Jihad Literature," Nova Religio, 6 (2002), pp. 7–20 for a full discussion of this text. 25. Taken from memri.org (28 October 2003), cited from the Palestinian newspaper al-Hayat al-Jadida (28 October 2003). 26. Kataeb-ezzeldeen.com/fatwa (no. 3) (10 November 2002); for the legality of women conducting "martyrdom operations," see al-Takruri, 'Amaliyyat al-istishhadiyya, pp. 208–223. 27. See www.memri.org, "Inquiry and Analysis" nos. 83–85 (12–14 Febuary 2002): "Wafa Idris: The Celebration of the First Female Palestinian Suicide Bomber." 28. It is available at www.e-prism.com. 29. For example, the appearance of the Saudi Arabian radical Muslim journal al-Khansa' (aimed at women) does not encourage them to actually take part in fighting.
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