Restraint and seclusion: a review of the literature
1994; American Psychiatric Association; Volume: 151; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1176/ajp.151.11.1584
ISSN1535-7228
Autores Tópico(s)Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
ResumoBack to table of contents Previous article Next article No AccessRestraint and seclusion: a review of the literaturePublished Online:1 Apr 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.11.1584AboutSectionsView articleAbstractPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View articleAbstractOBJECTIVE: The author reviewed the literature published since 1972 concerning restraint and seclusion. METHOD: The review began with a computerized literature search. Further sources were located through citations from articles identified in the original search. RESULTS: The author synthesized the contents of the articles reviewed using the categories of indications and contraindications; rates of seclusion and restraint as well as demographic, clinical, and environmental factors that affect these rates; effects on patients and staff; implementation; and training. CONCLUSIONS: The literature on restraint and seclusion supports the following. 1) Seclusion and restraint are basically efficacious in preventing injury and reducing agitation. 2) It is nearly impossible to operate a program for severely symptomatic individuals without some form of seclusion or physical or mechanical restraint. 3) Restraint and seclusion have deleterious physical and psychological effects on patients and staff, and the psychiatric consumer/survivor movement has emphasized these effects. 4) Demographic and clinical factors have limited influence on rates of restraint and seclusion. 5) Local nonclinical factors, such as cultural biases, staff role perceptions, and the attitude of the hospital administration, have a greater influence on rates of restraint and seclusion. 6) Training in prediction and prevention of violence, in self-defense, and in implementation of restraint and/or seclusion is valuable in reducing rates and untoward effects. 7) Studies comparing well-defined training programs have potential usefulness. Access content To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. Personal login Institutional Login Sign in via OpenAthens Purchase Save for later Item saved, go to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry $35.00 Add to cart PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry Checkout Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability. Not a subscriber? Subscribe Now / Learn More PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByEstrategias para el tratamiento del paciente agitado: trato digno y reducción del riesgo de dañosRevista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, Vol. 17“Disruptive Behavior” or “Expected Benefit” Are Rationales of Seclusion Without Prior Aggression15 April 2022 | Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 13Neuropsychopharmacotherapy: Emergency Psychiatry24 May 2022Second-Generation Antipsychotic Long-Acting Injection Reduced the Time of Restrictive Interventions in Patients With Schizophrenia5 September 2022 | Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Vol. Publish Ahead of PrintCoercive Measures in Psychiatry: A Review of Ethical Arguments14 December 2021 | Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 12Number of Seclusions in the Netherlands Higher in the 7 Years Since the End of a Nationwide Seclusion-Reduction Program3 December 2021 | Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 12Prevalence and risk factors for seclusion and restraint in old-age psychiatry inpatient units8 February 2021 | BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 21, No. 1Defining Seclusion: A Qualitative Multiphase Study Based on the Perspectives of Youth and Professionals in Secure Residential Youth Care in the Netherlands5 February 2021 | Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, Vol. 38, No. 4Influence of nursing staff characteristics on seclusion in acute mental health care—A prospective two-year follow-up studyArchives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 35, No. 5The Role of Implicit and Explicit Staff Attitudes in the Use of Coercive Measures in Psychiatry18 June 2021 | Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 12Influence of Organizational Climate and Clinician Morale on Seclusion and Physical Restraint Use in Inpatient Psychiatric Units9 February 2021 | Journal of Patient Safety, Vol. 17, No. 414. Orchestrer la rencontre avec soi et autrui ? Les fonctions de l’écoute musicale dans les chambres de soins intensifs en psychiatrieA Principlist Justification of Physical Restraint in the Emergency Department5 April 2021 | The New Bioethics, Vol. 27, No. 2Diretrizes brasileiras para o manejo da agitação psicomotora: técnicas de comunicação e contenção física31 March 2021 | Debates em Psiquiatria, Vol. 11, No. 1Factors associated with the use of mechanical restraint in a mental health hospitalization unit: 8‐year retrospective analysis26 March 2021 | Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 241Salud mental y derechos humanos: La experiencia de los profesionales en formación en el uso de sujeciones mecánicas en Madrid, España23 March 2021 | Salud Colectiva, Vol. 17Seclusion: A Patient Perspective6 May 2020 | Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 41, No. 8The Role of the Psychiatrist in Seclusion and RestraintKim J. Masters, M.D., and Kevin Ann Huckshorn, Ph.D., M.S.N.5 February 2020 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 71, No. 5The role of physical exercise and rehabilitation in delirium17 February 2020 | European Geriatric Medicine, Vol. 11, No. 1La face cachée de la coercition : une herméneutique de l’ambivalence17 November 2020 | Canadian Journal of Bioethics, Vol. 3, No. 2Clinical and demographic characteristics of secluded and mechanically restrained mentally ill patients: a retrospective study1 February 2019 | Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, Vol. 8, No. 1Ethical challenges of seclusion in psychiatric inpatient wards: a qualitative study of the experiences of Norwegian mental health professionals21 November 2019 | BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 19, No. 1Prevalence and predictors of restrictive interventions in a youth‐specific mental health inpatient unit16 October 2018 | Early Intervention in Psychiatry, Vol. 13, No. 5Brazilian guidelines for the management of psychomotor agitation. Part 1. Non-pharmacological approach1 April 2019 | Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 41, No. 2Acta Neuropsychiatrica, Vol. 31, No. 05International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, Vol. 23, No. 3Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 10Restraint and Seclusion4 September 2019Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of haloperidol plus promethazine plus chlorpromazine versus haloperidol plus promethazine for rapid tranquilisation for agitated psychiatric patients in the emergency setting (TREC-Lebanon)15 August 2019 | F1000Research, Vol. 8Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, Vol. 39, No. 4Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. 1Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. 3neuropsychiatrie, Vol. 32, No. 4La Presse Médicale, Vol. 47, No. 4Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 72, No. 1Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, Vol. 35, No. 2Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, Vol. 35, No. 2Journal of Progressive Human Services, Vol. 29, No. 2Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, Vol. 25, No. 5The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 4Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 56, No. 3Patient Self-Harm in the Emergency Department: An Evidence- Based Approach13 September 20175 Contemporary Psychiatric Care in the Emergency Department: Care Options, Treatment Teams, and Documentation Recommendations12 October 2017Patients’ Experiences of Restrictive Interventions in Australia: Findings From the 2010 Australian Survey of PsychosisNicole S. Brady, M.P.H., B.A., Matthew J. Spittal, Ph.D., M.BioStat, Lisa Mary Brophy, Ph.D., M.Pol.Law, Carol Ann Harvey, M.D., M.B.B.S.1 May 2017 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 68, No. 9Psychopathological Assessment of Risk of Restraint in Acute Psychiatric PatientsJournal of Nervous & Mental Disease, Vol. 205, No. 6Qualitative systematic literature review: the experience of being in seclusion for adults with mental health difficultiesMental Health Review Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1Psychiatric Causes of Agitation: Exacerbation of Mood and Psychotic DisordersAppropriate Use of Restraint and SeclusionThe Ethics of Agitation: When Is an Agitated Patient Decisionally Capable?Psychiatric Issues in the Critically Poisoned Patient25 June 2017Agitation, aggressives Verhalten, ErregungszuständeInternational Journal of Mental Health, Vol. 46, No. 2International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 26, No. 5BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 17, No. 1Evaluation and Management of Children and Adolescents With Acute Mental Health or Behavioral Problems. Part I: Common Clinical Challenges of Patients With Mental Health and/or Behavioral EmergenciesPediatrics, Vol. 138, No. 3An integrative review exploring decision-making factors influencing mental health nurses in the use of restraint26 January 2016 | Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 23, No. 2International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Vol. 49Psychiatry Research, Vol. 241The Open Nursing Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 17, No. 2The New York State Office of Mental Health Positive Alternatives to Restraint and Seclusion (PARS) ProjectJennifer P. Wisdom, Ph.D., M.P.H., David Wenger, M.A., L.M.S.W., David Robertson, R.N., Jayne Van Bramer, M.A., Lloyd I. Sederer, M.D.1 May 2015 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 66, No. 8Restraint and Seclusion20 February 2015Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique, Vol. 173, No. 2International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Vol. 41Psychiatry Journal, Vol. 2015Psychiatry Journal, Vol. 2015Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 36, No. 2Seclusion and Restraint as Measures of the Quality of Hospital Care: Any Exceptions?Michael H. Sacks, M.D. Michael F. Walton, M.D.1 November 2014 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 65, No. 11Preventing seclusion in psychiatry12 September 2013 | Nursing Ethics, Vol. 21, No. 7Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 49, No. 10General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 36, No. 1Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol. 50, No. 4Length of mechanical restraint following haloperidol injections versus oral atypical antipsychotics for the initial treatment of acute schizophrenia: A propensity-matched analysis from the Japanese diagnosis procedure combination databasePsychiatry Research, Vol. 209, No. 3Recent Changes in State Policies and Legislation regarding Restraint or Seclusion1 July 2013 | Exceptional Children, Vol. 79, No. 4Use of Seclusion: Finding the Voice of the Patient to Influence PracticeJournal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, Vol. 51, No. 7Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 1Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 4Psychiatry Research, Vol. 209, No. 1Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, Vol. 20, No. 4International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 22, No. 6International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 22, No. 6International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 22, No. 1International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 22, No. 6Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 58, No. 1Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Vol. 67, No. 6Chemical Restraints, Physical Restraints, and Other Demonstrations of Force20 June 2012A Crisis Management Quality Improvement Initiative in a Children's Psychiatric HospitalJournal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 18, No. 4Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 47, No. 9Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 26, No. 4Psychological Medicine, Vol. 42, No. 11Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Vol. 21, No. 3Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 19, No. 3Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 19, No. 9Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol. 48, No. 2Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 21, No. 1Physical Restraints in the Emergency Department and Attendance at Subsequent Outpatient Psychiatric TreatmentJournal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 17, No. 6Variation in use of coercive measures in psychiatric hospitals16 April 2020 | European Psychiatry, Vol. 26, No. 4Kind & Adolescent Praktijk, Vol. 10, No. 4Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 25, No. 5Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Vol. 25, No. 1International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, Vol. 10, No. 1Trials, Vol. 12, No. 1Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 65, No. 2Use of Coercive Physical Measures in a Psychiatric Ward of a General Hospital in Greece23 July 2009 | International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 56, No. 4Errorless Compliance Training to Reduce Extreme Conduct Problems and Intrusive Control Strategies in Home and School Settings25 May 2010 | Clinical Case Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3Prediction of Aggression and Restraint in Child Inpatient Units1 May 2010 | Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 44, No. 5Weekend Prescribing Practices and Subsequent Seclusion and Restraint in a Psychiatric Inpatient SettingDavid Lee Goldbloom, M.D.Ramin Mojtabai, M.D., Ph.D.Michael J. Serby, M.D.1 February 2010 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 61, No. 2, Vol. 45Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 81, No. 4The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, Vol. 37, No. 2Prise en charge des états dangereux des pathologies mentales gravesJournal of Hospital Infection, Vol. 75, No. 2Research in Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 31, No. 6Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care, Vol. 6, No. 01Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 17, No. 3International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 19, No. 3Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol. 46, No. 3Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, Vol. 32, No. suppl 2Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 31, No. 6Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 64, No. 2Mental Health Service Users’ Perceptions and Experiences of Sedation, Seclusion and Restraint6 January 2010 | International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 56, No. 1A systematic review of the international published literature relating to quality of institutional care for people with longer term mental health problems7 September 2009 | BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 9, No. 1Violent Behavior in Acute Psychiatric Inpatient FacilitiesJournal of Nervous & Mental Disease, Vol. 197, No. 10Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 5International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, Vol. 2, No. 2Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Vol. 22, No. 2Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Vol. 22, No. 2Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, Vol. 31, No. 3 supplAdministration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, Vol. 35, No. 3Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 79, No. 2Medicina Clínica, Vol. 131General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 30, No. 3International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Vol. 31, No. 1International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Vol. 31, No. 6Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 67, No. 3Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, Vol. 25, No. 2Journal of Mental Health, Vol. 17, No. 3Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, Vol. 8, No. 3Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 47, No. 2International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 17, No. 3Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol. 103, No. 1Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 46, No. 2Deprivation of Liberty in Psychiatric Hospital Care: the Patient's Perspective18 August 2016 | Nursing Ethics, Vol. 14, No. 5Decreasing the Use of Restraint and Seclusion Among Psychiatric InpatientsJournal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 13, No. 5Restraint and the Question of Validity19 August 2016 | Nursing Ethics, Vol. 14, No. 4Seclusion and Restraint in Patients With SchizophreniaJournal of Nervous & Mental Disease, Vol. 195, No. 6Categorization of Aggressive Acts Committed by Chronically Assaultive State Hospital PatientsCameron David Quanbeck, M.D.Barbara E. McDermott, Ph.D.Jason Lam, B.A.Howard Eisenstark, M.D.Gregory Sokolov, M.D.Charles L. Scott, M.D.1 April 2007 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 58, No. 4Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 42, No. 9Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 1General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 29, No. 6International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Vol. 30, No. 2International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, Vol. 6, No. 2Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 14, No. 7BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 7, No. S1British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 191, No. 4LetterWilliam S. Masland, M.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterLarry Davidson, Ph.D.Maria O'Connell, Ph.D.Janis Tondora, Psy.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterChristopher G. Fichtner, M.D.James L. Cavanaugh, Jr., M.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterJohn Junginger, Ph.D.Keith Claypoole, Ph.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterGeorge Parker, M.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterAmy Blank Wilson, L.S.W.Jeffrey Draine, Ph.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterJoseph P. Morrissey, Ph.D.Henry J. Steadman, Ph.D.Kathleen M. Dalton, M.A.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterRobert E. Emerick, Ph.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterFran Reichenbach1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterTia E. Martinez, J.D.Martha R. Burt, Ph.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterStephan Haimowitz, J.D.Jenifer Urff, J.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterHarriet P. Lefley, Ph.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterMona Wasow, M.S.S.W.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterWilliam A. Anthony, Ph.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterDaniel D. Storch, M.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterAntonio Bulbena, M.D., Ph.D.Lili Sperry, M.D.Jordi Cunillera, M.B.Sci.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10LetterDaniel J. Luchins, M.D.1 October 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 10Reduction of Physical Restraints in Residential Treatment Facilities14 September 2016 | Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Vol. 16, No. 4Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 20, No. 6Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 30, No. 4Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Vol. 29, No. 3Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care, Vol. 2, No. 02Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 60, No. 2International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, Vol. 10, No. 4JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 36, No. 3Pediatric Emergency Care, Vol. 22, No. 1Nursing Inquiry, Vol. 13, No. 3Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, Vol. 3, No. 1Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 3Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, Vol. 13, No. 2Special Section on Seclusion and Restraint: Pennsylvania State Hospital System's Seclusion and Restraint Reduction ProgramGregory M. Smith, M.S., Robert H. Davis, M.D., Edward O. Bixler, Ph.D., Hung-Mo Lin, Ph.D., Aidan Altenor, Ph.D., Roberta J. Altenor, M.S.N., Bonnie D. Hardentstine, B.S., and George A. Kopchick, M.S.1 September 2005 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 56, No. 9Special Section on Seclusion and Restraint: Patients' Reports of Traumatic or Harmful Experiences Within the Psychiatric SettingB. Christopher Frueh, Ph.D., Rebecca G. Knapp, Ph.D., Karen J. Cusack, Ph.D., Anouk L. Grubaugh, Ph.D., Julie A. Sauvageot, M.S.W., Victoria C. Cousins, B.S., Eunsil Yim, M.S., Cynthia S. Robins, Ph.D., Jeannine Monnier, Ph.D., and Thomas G. Hiers, Ph.D.1 September 2005 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 56, No. 9Restraint and seclusion in psychiatric inpatient wardsCurrent Opinion in Psychiatry, Vol. 18, No. 5Weight Loss and Anorexia With QuetiapineImran S. Khawaja, M.D., Muhammad W. Azeem, M.D., and Ayesha Ebrahim, M.D.1 April 2005 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 56, No. 4Use of Coercive Measures in a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit in SloveniaRok Tavcar, M.D., Ph.D., Mojca Z. Dernovsek, M.D., Ph.D., and Virginija Novak Grubic, M.D., Ph.D.1 April 2005 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 56, No. 4Community Mental Health Journal, Vol. 41, No. 6Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 1Patient Education and Counseling, Vol. 59, No. 1CNS Spectrums, Vol. 10, No. S11Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol. 36, No. 1Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol. 11, No. 4Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 12, No. 6International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 14, No. 1Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Vol. 59, No. 5Use of Seclusion in a Psychiatric Acute Inpatient Unit25 June 2016 | Australasian Psychiatry, Vol. 12, No. 4Association Between Seclusion and Restraint and Patient-Related ViolenceAli None Khadivi, Ph.D., Raman C. Patel, M.D., Angela R. Atkinson, M.S., R.N., and Jeffery M. Levine, M.D.1 November 2004 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 55, No. 11Physical Restraint in School15 February 2017 | Behavioral Disorders, Vol. 29, No. 2L'Encéphale, Vol. 30, No. 1General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 26, No. 1Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 25, No. 6Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, Vol. 15, No. 1Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 43, No. 1The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, Vol. 31, No. 2Pediatric Emergency Care, Vol. 20, No. 3Curtailing The Use Of Restraint In Psychiatric Settings22 July 2016 | Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 43, No. 2Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 29, No. 1International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Vol. 26, No. 2International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 12, No. 3Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 57, No. 6International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, Vol. 2, No. 2Journal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 9, No. 1Journal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 9, No. 1Journal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 9, No. 1Journal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 9, No. 1Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, Vol. E10, No. 1Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and “Supermax” Confinement4 September 2016 | Crime & Delinquency, Vol. 49, No. 1Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 15, No. 1American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 72, No. 2Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 36, No. 3Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 3Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 41, No. 2Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 41, No. 8CNS Drugs, Vol. 16, No. 4Legal Aspects of Mental Hospital Regime in England and Wales24 June 2016 | Medicine, Science and the Law, Vol. 42, No. 1Legal and ethical aspects of seclusion: an Australian perspective21 December 2001 | Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 8, No. 6Deprivation of Liberty in Psychiatric Treatment: a Finnish perspective18 August 2016 | Nursing Ethics, Vol. 8, No. 6Relationship of Less Restrictive Interventions with Seclusion/Restraints Usage, Average Years of Psychiatric Experience, and Staff Mix2 September 2016 | Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, Vol. 7, No. 5Some Specific Problems of Secluding Female Patients25 June 2016 | Medicine, Science and the Law, Vol. 41, No. 4American Psychiatric Nurses Association Position Statement on the Use of Seclusion and Restraint2 September 2016 | Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, Vol. 7, No. 4Incidence of Restraint-Related DeathsNarshima Reddy Pinninti, M.D., and David Rissmiller, D.O.1 July 2001 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 52, No. 7Nursing Staff's Attitudes Toward Seclusion & RestraintJournal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, Vol. 39, No. 5American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 71, No. 1Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 22, No. 7Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 14, No. 3Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 14, No. 4The British Journal of Development Disabilities, Vol. 47, No. 92Coerción y restricciones en el tratamiento hospitalario psiquiátrico12 May 2020 | European psychiatry (Ed. Española), Vol. 7, No. 8Emergency Psychiatry: Physical and Chemical Restraint in the Psychiatric Emergency ServiceGlenn W. Currier, M.D., M.P.H., and Michael H. Allen, M.D.1 June 2000 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 51, No. 6Management of Acute Psychosis in the Emergency SettingPsychiatric Annals, Vol. 30, No. 4Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses24 January 2000 | Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol. 43Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 14, No. 2European Psychiatry, Vol. 15, No. 3Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, Vol. E7, No. 1Journal For Healthcare Quality, Vol. 22, No. 2The Use of Physical Restraints in Polish Psychiatric Hospitals in 1989 and 1996Malgorzata Kostecka, Ph.D., and Maria Zardecka, M.D.1 December 1999 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 50, No. 12Research in Nursing & Health, Vol. 22, No. 3Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Vol. 22, No. 4Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 13, No. 5Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 30, No. 2The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, Vol. 10, No. 1The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, Vol. 187, No. 6Practice of Seclusion: A Five-Year Retrospective Review in North Cheshire24 June 2016 | Medicine, Science and the Law, Vol. 38, No. 4A restraint on restraints: The need to reconsider the use of restrictive interventionsArchives of Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 12, No. 2Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 19, No. 3Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 2British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 172, No. S33Aggressive and violent behavior in a population of psychiatric inpatientsSocial Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 32, No. 7Psychopharmacology of Violence: Part I: Assessment and Acute TreatmentPsychiatric Annals, Vol. 27, No. 10Risk appraisal and management of violent behavior1 April 2006 | Psychiatric Services, Vol. 48, No. 9The use of restraint on patients in Israeli psychiatric hospitalsBritish Journal of Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 15Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 26, No. 4Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 25, No. 4Actitudes retrospectivas de los pacientes esquizofrénicos con respecto al tratamiento psicofarmacológico no voluntario y la restricción12 May 2020 | European psychiatry (Ed. Española), Vol. 3, No. 4Who Will Be Hospitalized After Emergency Evaluation?Psychiatric Annals, Vol. 26, No. 8Administration and Policy in Mental Health, Vol. 23, No. 6Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, Vol. 9, No. 4Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, Vol. 2, No. 2Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 17, No. 6Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 50, No. 5Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 50, No. 3Schizophrenic patients' retrospective attitudes regarding involuntary psychopharmacological treatment and restraintEuropean Psychiatry, Vol. 11, No. 1Contingencies for dangerous behavior1 April 2006 | American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 152, No. 11Contingencies for dangerous behavior1 April 2006 | American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 152, No. 11Cardiovascular Morbidity and ECTALAN STOUDEMIRE1 April 2006 | American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 152, No. 11New Directions for Mental Health Services, Vol. 1995, No. 2 Volume 151Issue 11 November 1994Pages 1584-1591 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 April 2006 Published in print 1 November 1994
Referência(s)