Tendencias del consumo de drogas de 1998 a 2005 en tres ciudades de la zona norte de México: Ciudad Juárez, Monterrey y Tijuana
2009; Ramon de la Fuente National Institute of Psychiatry; Volume: 32; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
ISSN
0185-3325
AutoresEstela Rojas Guiot, Clara Fleiz, Jorge Ameth Villatoro Velázquez, María de Lourdes Gutiérrez López, María Elena Medina‐Mora Icaza,
Tópico(s)Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
ResumoSUMMARYDrug use in Mexico has been on the rise since the 1970s. Nonetheless,this problem has exhibited important variations in the different regionsof Mexico. To document these trends, the National Institute ofPsychiatry Ramon de la F uente (INP) has performed household surveyson addictions in different Mexican cities. In the 1970s and early 1980ssurveys were conducted in the following cities: Mexico City, La Paz,Baja California Sur; Mexicali, Baja California Norte; Monterrey , NuevoLeon; San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi; and Puebla, Puebla, amongothers. The first national survey in urban population was carried outin 1988, and was repeated in 1993 and 1998, while the first nationalsurvey to included rural population was conducted in 2002, which isbeing followed by another study currently in the field.The student population has also been extensively studied, andhas been included in three national drug surveys and studiesperformed in different entities.AntecedentsResults from these surveys show that drug use has not increased in auniform fashion throughout the Mexican Republic and both studentand household surveys have demonstrated higher rates in thenorthwestern region of the country comprising the states of BajaCalifornia, Sonora and Chihuahua, which have exhibited above-average drug use on comparison with the remaining regions of thecountry. The most frequently consumed drug by the population ismarihuana. The 1988 national household survey registered a risingprevalence in use of 2.9% in Mexican population aged 12-65 yearsof individuals who had used drugs at some time during their lifetime;in 1993 this prevalence increased to 3.32% and in 1998 to 4.70%;while in 2002 the percentage demonstrated a slight decrease to3.48%. In 1988, the second place in drug preferences of thepopulation was inhalants with a prevalence of drug use at some timeduring their lifetime of 0.76%; by 1993, the second place was occupiedby cocaine. Prevalence of use of the latter was 0.33% in 1988; by1993, cocaine increased to 0.56% and to 1.45% in 1998, presentinga slight decrease in use in 2002 (1.23%). From 1988-2002 non-prescribed medical drugs consumed were found in the third place inpopulation preference.ObjectiveThis article compared drug use rates observed in three cities on ornear Mexico’s northern border with the U. S.: Ciudad Juarez,Chihuahua; Tijuana, Baja California Norte, and Monterrey, NuevoLeon, were studied as part of the 1998 national survey on addictionsby selecting independent representative samples of these localitiesand with a new survey of these entities in 2005.MethodThe 1998 national survey of addictions was carried out in arepresentative sample of Mexican urban population (in localities of2500 inhabitants). Independent samples were drawn from inhabitantsliving in several cities throughout Mexico. In this article we report thedrug-use trends for three of these cities (Ciudad Juarez, Monterreyand Tijuana) by comparing the rates observed in 1998 with the resultsof a new wave of household surveys conducted in 2005 in the samecities using comparable methodology. Samples in both periodsincluded population 12-65 years of age residing in households.Sample design was stratified by means of the following: several stageswith localities (Areas Geoestadisticas Basicas, AGEBS, its acronymin Spanish, census tracts); blocks of houses within the selectedlocalities; segments of houses within sample blocks, and oneindividual per household as the selection unit in each stage. Samplesize in Tijuana was 466 and 553 in 1998 and 2005, respectively,while sample sizes for Ciudad Juarez were 472 in 1998 and 606 in2005, and for Monterrey this was 637 in 1998 and 675 in 2005, andthe non-response rate was 23% in 1998 and 20.3% in 2005.Instruments for obtaining information employed in both timeframes considered were similar. Two types of questionnaires wereadministered: a household questionnaire that includedsociodemographic information on all household inhabitants in thesample and their housing conditions and an standardized individualquestionnaire administered in a face-to-face interview that collectedinformation on the following: prevalence and use patterns of tobacco,alcohol, five types of illegal drugs (marihuana, cocaine, heroin,hallucinogens, amphetamine-type stimulants and other drugs); fourtypes of medical pharmaceuticals utilized without a prescription(narcotics, stimulants, tranquilizers and sedatives), determiningconsequences and services utilization. In this article tobacco and alcohol
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