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Rh-RhAG/Ankyrin-R, a New Interaction Site between the Membrane Bilayer and the Red Cell Skeleton, Is Impaired by Rhnull-associated Mutation

2003; Elsevier BV; Volume: 278; Issue: 28 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.m302816200

1083-351X

Virginie Nicolas, Caroline Le Van Kim, Pierre Gane, Connie S. Birkenmeier, Jean‐Pierre Cartron, Yves Colin, Isabelle Mouro-Chanteloup,

Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders

Several studies suggest that the Rh complex represents a major interaction site between the membrane lipid bilayer and the red cell skeleton, but little is known about the molecular basis of this interaction. We report here that ankyrin-R is capable of interacting directly with the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Rh and RhAG polypeptides. We first show that the primary defect of ankyrin-R in normoblastosis (nb/nb) spherocytosis mutant mice is associated with a sharp reduction of RhAG and Rh polypeptides. Secondly, our flow cytometric analysis of the Triton X-100 extractability of recombinant fusion proteins expressed in erythroleukemic cell lines suggests that the C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of Rh and RhAG are sufficient to mediate interaction with the erythroid membrane skeleton. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we demonstrate a direct interaction between the cytoplasmic tails of Rh and RhAG and the second repeat domain (D2) of ankyrin-R. This finding is supported by the demonstration that the substitution of Asp-399 in the cytoplasmic tail of RhAG, a mutation associated with the deficiency of the Rh complex in one Rhnull patient, totally impaired interaction with domain D2 of ankyrin-R. These results identify the Rh/RhAG-ankyrin complex as a new interaction site between the red cell membrane and the spectrin-based skeleton, the disruption of which might result in the stomato-spherocytosis typical of Rhnull red cells. Several studies suggest that the Rh complex represents a major interaction site between the membrane lipid bilayer and the red cell skeleton, but little is known about the molecular basis of this interaction. We report here that ankyrin-R is capable of interacting directly with the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of Rh and RhAG polypeptides. We first show that the primary defect of ankyrin-R in normoblastosis (nb/nb) spherocytosis mutant mice is associated with a sharp reduction of RhAG and Rh polypeptides. Secondly, our flow cytometric analysis of the Triton X-100 extractability of recombinant fusion proteins expressed in erythroleukemic cell lines suggests that the C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of Rh and RhAG are sufficient to mediate interaction with the erythroid membrane skeleton. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we demonstrate a direct interaction between the cytoplasmic tails of Rh and RhAG and the second repeat domain (D2) of ankyrin-R. This finding is supported by the demonstration that the substitution of Asp-399 in the cytoplasmic tail of RhAG, a mutation associated with the deficiency of the Rh complex in one Rhnull patient, totally impaired interaction with domain D2 of ankyrin-R. These results identify the Rh/RhAG-ankyrin complex as a new interaction site between the red cell membrane and the spectrin-based skeleton, the disruption of which might result in the stomato-spherocytosis typical of Rhnull red cells. In red blood cells (RBCs), 1The abbreviations used are: RBC, red blood cell; HS, spherocytosis; GPC, glycophorin C; RhAG, Rh-associated glycoprotein; mCTRhAG, murine C-terminal region RhAG; nb/nb, homozygous normoblastosis; DIM, detergent-insoluble material; mAb, monoclonal antibody; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; DARC, Duffy antigen for chemokines; GST, glutathione S-transferase; TM, transmembrane domain; Lu, Lutheran. the membrane skeleton is a simple structure experimentally defined as the insoluble residue remaining after extraction of the red cell membrane with nonionic detergents (1Yu J. Fischman D.A. Steck T.L. J. Supramol. Struct. 1973; 1: 233-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (448) Google Scholar). The red cell skeleton is organized in a two-dimensional network predominantly composed of spectrin, actin, and protein 4.1, along with adaptor proteins like ankyrin, protein 4.2, p55, protein 4.9, adducin, tropomyosin, myosin, and tropomodulin (2Lux S.E. Palek J. Handin R.I. Lux S.E. Stossel T.P. Blood: Principles and Practice of Hematology. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia1995: 1701-1818Google Scholar). The integrity of this skeleton and its linkage with integral transmembrane proteins is crucial for the maintenance of the mechanical properties of the RBC. This is evidenced by the morphological abnormalities of the RBC that result in hemolytic anemia of varying severity (hereditary elliptocytosis (HE), pyropoikilocytosis (HPP), spherocytosis (HS), and ovalo-stomatocytosis (SAO). These abnormalities are associated with mutations of different skeletal and integral membrane proteins that alter "horizontal" or "vertical" protein/protein interactions (3Delaunay J. Acta Haematol. 2002; 108: 210-218Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar). The band 3-ankyrin protein 4.2 and the glycophorin C (GPC) protein 4.1-p55 complexes represent well characterized major attachment sites between the membrane bilayer and the red cell skeleton (4Bhattacharyya R. Das A.K. Moitra P.K. Pal B. Mandal I. Basu J. Biochem. J. 1999; 340: 505-512Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 5Nunomura W. Takakuwa Y. Parra M. Conboy J. Mohandas N. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 24540-24546Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar). However, there is increasing evidence, as discussed below, that another important interaction site involves the membrane protein complex that carry the Rh antigens. The Rh blood group antigens are defined by a complex association of membrane polypeptides that includes the non-glycosylated Rh proteins (carriers of the RhD and RhCcEe blood group antigens) and RhAG, the Rh-associated glycoprotein, which is strictly required for cell surface expression of Rh (6Cherif-Zahar B. Raynal V. Gane P. Mattei M.G. Bailly P. Gibbs B. Colin Y. Cartron J.P. Nat. Genet. 1996; 12: 168-173Crossref PubMed Scopus (126) Google Scholar, 7Mouro-Chanteloup I. D'Ambrosio A.M. Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Raynal V. Dhermy D. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 2002; 100: 1038-1047Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar). Rh and RhAG are major components of the erythrocyte membrane (about 200,000 copies per cell) and exhibit structural homology with the NH4+ transporters of the Mep/Amt super-family (8Marini A.M. Urrestarazu A. Beauwens R. Andre B. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997; 22: 460-461Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (216) Google Scholar). Most importantly, recent independent studies have shown that RhAG and its kidney homologue RhCG can act as bidirectional ammonium transporters, at least when expressed in heterologous systems (9Marini A.M. Matassi G. Raynal V. Andre B. Cartron J.P. Cherif-Zahar B. Nat. Genet. 2000; 26: 341-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (300) Google Scholar, 10Westhoff C.M. Ferreri-Jacobia M. Mak D.O. Foskett J.K. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 12499-12502Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar). In red cells, a tetramer composed of two Rh and two RhAG subunits is thought to constitute the core of the Rh complex to which accessory chains (CD47, LW, and GPB) are associated by non-covalent linkages (11Cartron J.P. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 1999; 12: 655-689Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar, 12Avent N.D. Reid M.E. Blood. 2000; 95: 375-387Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). The morphological abnormalities of Rhnull erythrocytes (stomato-spherocytosis), associated with the primary defects of Rh or RhAG, suggest a biologically important association of the Rh complex to the red cell skeleton (11Cartron J.P. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 1999; 12: 655-689Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar, 13Huang C.H. Cheng G. Liu Z. Chen Y. Reid M.E. Halverson G. Okubo Y. Am. J. Hematol. 1999; 62: 25-32Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar). Supporting such a role, several studies indicate that Rh, RhAG, and CD47 are, in great part, resistant to membrane solubilization by non-ionic detergent and therefore remain predominantly associated with the detergent-insoluble material (DIM) of erythroid precursor cells cultured and differentiated in vitro, mature red cells, and erythroleukemic cell lines (14Gahmberg C.G. Karhi K.K. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 334-337PubMed Google Scholar, 15Ridgwell K. Tanner M.J. Anstee D.J. FEBS Lett. 1984; 174: 7-10Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 16Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Bony V. El Nemer W. Mouro I. Nicolas V. Colin Y. Cartron J.P. Br. J. Haematol. 2001; 113: 1-10Crossref Scopus (32) Google Scholar). Evidence that these results currently account for an association of the Rh complex with the erythroid membrane skeleton rather than with lipid rafts (defined as detergent insoluble lipid rich membrane microdomains) (17Brown D.A. London E. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 1998; 14: 111-136Crossref PubMed Scopus (2557) Google Scholar), has been recently provided by fluorescence imaged microdeformation (FIMD) analysis of intact RBCs (18Discher D.E. Mohandas N. Evans E.A. Science. 1994; 266: 1032-1035Crossref PubMed Scopus (308) Google Scholar). In these studies, the behavior of Rh and CD47 proteins were intermediate between that of actin and band 3, whereas that of RhAG was similar to that of GPC and actin (19Gimm A. Mouro I. Lambin P. Mohandas N. Cartron J.P. Vox Sang. 2000; 78 (abstr.): 14Google Scholar, 20Dahl K.N. Westhoff C.M. Discher D.E. Blood. 2003; 101: 1194-1199Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). 2N. Mohandas and J. P. Cartron, unpublished results. These results imply that the Rh complex, presumably via Rh and/or RhAG and/or CD47, is firmly linked to the spectrinactin based erythroid membrane skeleton. However, which protein of the Rh complex and which skeletal protein are involved in this vertical interaction remain unknown. Recently, an association between CD47 and protein 4.2 was indicated by the observation that RBCs with complete protein 4.2 deficiency (4.2(–)HS) exhibit a 80–90% reduction of CD47 (21Bruce L.J. Ghosh S. King M.J. Layton D.M. Mawby W.J. Stewart G.W. Oldenborg P.A. Delaunay J. Tanner M.J. Blood. 2002; 100: 1878-1885Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar, 22Mouro-Chanteloup I. Delaunay J. Gane P. Nicolas V. Johansen M. Brown E.J. Peters L.L. Van Kim C.L. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 2003; 101: 338-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). However, CD47 linkage to the red cell skeleton was found to be independent of Rh and RhAG (20Dahl K.N. Westhoff C.M. Discher D.E. Blood. 2003; 101: 1194-1199Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar), and neither the expression level nor the Triton X-100 extraction of Rh and RhAG from the cell membrane were altered by the absence of protein 4.2 in 4.2(–)HS RBCs (22Mouro-Chanteloup I. Delaunay J. Gane P. Nicolas V. Johansen M. Brown E.J. Peters L.L. Van Kim C.L. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 2003; 101: 338-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). These results strongly suggest that protein 4.2 is not involved in linking the core of the Rh complex to the membrane skeleton. Because protein 4.2 appears to interact with CD47 and has been experimentally shown to bind ankyrin (4Bhattacharyya R. Das A.K. Moitra P.K. Pal B. Mandal I. Basu J. Biochem. J. 1999; 340: 505-512Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar), we hypothesize that Rh and RhAG, which are associated with CD47 within the Rh complex, might interact with the spectrin-based skeleton through an association with ankyrin. Ankyrins are adaptor proteins that constitute a family of proteins expressed in many cell types and possess binding sites for both integral and cytoskeletal membrane proteins. In vertebrates, three genes, Ank1, Ank2 and Ank3, control the tissue-specific expression of the ankyrin-R, ankyrin-B, and ankyrin-G proteins, respectively (23Bennett V. Baines A.J. Physiol. Rev. 2001; 81: 1353-1392Crossref PubMed Scopus (797) Google Scholar), and only ankyrin-R is expressed in erythroid cells. In this paper, we describe a direct and specific association between the C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of Rh and RhAG and the repeat domain D2 of the membrane binding domain of ankyrin-R. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a naturally occurring mutation of RhAG, associated with the stomato-spherocytosis phenotype of one Rhnull patient, has a deleterious effect on RhAG-ankyrin-R association. Therefore, we propose that Rh, RhAG, and ankyrin-R constitute a new major protein complex involved in the linkage of the red cell membrane lipid bilayer to the underlying skeleton. Materials—Monoclonal antibody (mAb) anti-Lub (clone LM342) was from Dr. R. H. Fraser (Regional Donor Center, Glasgow, United Kingdom). Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated F(ab′)2, phycoerythrin-conjugated F(ab′)2 fragments, and normal donkey serum were provided by Beckman Coulter (Villepinte, France) and Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories (West Grove, PA). Primers used in polymerase chain reaction and mutagenesis experiments were from MWG Biotech (Ebersberg, Germany). The QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit and the Pfu Turbo DNA polymerase were provided by Stratagene. The pGEX-3X-5 vector, the glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads and [35S]methionine were purchased from Amersham Biosciences. The TnT T7/SP6 coupled reticulocyte lysate system were from Promega (Madison, WI). The pG-BKT7 and pGADT7 vectors from the Matchmaker Gal4 two-hybrid system III were provided by Clontech. Analysis of Mouse RBC Membrane Proteins—Wild type (WBB6F1 and BALB/c) and mutant mice were from The Jackson Laboratory. RBCs were collected from the intraorbital sinus of mice exhibiting several phenotypes. Homozygous normoblastosis (nb/nb) mice characterized by a complete deficiency in full-length 210-kDa ankyrin-R associated with spontaneous defect in the Ank1 gene were described previously (24White R.A. Birkenmeier C.S. Lux S.E. Barker J.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990; 87: 3117-3121Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar). β-adducin–/– gene-targeted mice (25Gilligan D.M. Lozovatsky L. Gwynn B. Brugnara C. Mohandas N. Peters L.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 10717-10722Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar) were kindly provided by Dr. L. L. Peters (The Jackson Laboratory). Preparation of RBC membranes, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting of membrane proteins were done as described previously (22Mouro-Chanteloup I. Delaunay J. Gane P. Nicolas V. Johansen M. Brown E.J. Peters L.L. Van Kim C.L. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 2003; 101: 338-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). For flow cytometric measurement, 2 μl of packed red cells were fixed at room temperature in 1 ml of 1% formol/0.025% glutaraldehyde for 15 min and then in 1 ml of 3% formol overnight. After washing in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH7.4.) Fixed red cells were permeabilized in 1 ml of 0.2% SDS/PBS for 1 min at room temperature. After washing, 50 μl of permeabilized red cells diluted in PBS (1:500) with 0.2% bovine serum albumin were incubated with a donkey serum for 20 min at room temperature to eliminate unspecific signals. Following incubations with the MPC8 anti-Rh (26Hermand P. Mouro I. Huet M. Bloy C. Suyama K. Goldstein J. Cartron J.P. Bailly P. Blood. 1993; 82: 669-676Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) or the mCTRhAG anti-murine RhAG (7Mouro-Chanteloup I. D'Ambrosio A.M. Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Raynal V. Dhermy D. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 2002; 100: 1038-1047Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar) polyclonal antibodies, cells were incubated with a donkey anti-rabbit phycoerythrin-conjugated antibody and analyzed using a FACSCalibur™ flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Stainings with the rat anti-murine CD47 (27Lindberg F.P. Bullard D.C. Caver T.E. Gresham H.D. Beaudet A.L. Brown E.J. Science. 1996; 274: 795-798Crossref PubMed Scopus (304) Google Scholar) or the human anti-Dia (HIRO-71) and anti-Dib (HIRO-58) (generous gifts from Dr. Uchikawa, Red Cross of Japan), mAbs were carried out similarly except that the cells were not fixed or permeabilized and goat anti-rat or anti-human phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies were used. As expected from comparative analysis of mouse band 3 cDNA sequence (28Kopito R.R. Lodish H.F. Nature. 1985; 316: 234-238Crossref PubMed Scopus (383) Google Scholar) and the amino acid polymorphism associated with the Dia/Dib blood group polymorphism in man (P854L) (29Bruce L.J. Anstee D.J. Spring F.A. Tanner M.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 16155-16158Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), mouse band 3 could be detected by the anti-Dib but not the anti-Dia mAb. 3V. Nicolas, C. Le Van Kim, P. Gane, C. Birkenmeier, J. P. Cartron, Y. Colin, and I. Mouro-Chanteloup, unpublished results. To check the permeabilization efficiency, actin staining was performed on all cells at room temperature with 10 μl of phalloidin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (Sigma). Lu Fusion Protein Constructs, Transfection, and Flow Cytometric Analysis—A Lu-tailless expression vector was constructed by in vitro mutagenesis of the pcDNA3-Lub plasmid described previously (30El Nemer W. Rahuel C. Colin Y. Gane P. Cartron J.P. Le Van Kim C. Blood. 1997; 89: 4608-4616Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). An EcoRI subcloning site and a following TAA stop codon were introduced at position 1720 (+1 taken as the first nucleotide of the initiator ATG codon). Sequences for the 29, 26, 47, and 28 amino acid-long intracytoplasmic C-terminal tails of Rh, RhAG, GPC, and the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), respectively, were obtained by PCR. Lu-Rh, Lu-RhAG, Lu-GPC, Lu-DARC fusion proteins were constructed by introducing the PCR products at the EcoRI site of the Lu-tailless construct. Human erythroleukemia K562 cells, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, were stably transfected by the Lu fusion plasmids and grown in RPMI 1640 and 10% fetal calf serum in the presence of 0.6 g/liter neomycin (G418). Lu-positive cells were detected by flow cytometry using the anti-Lub mAb. The linkage between each fusion protein and the DIM was assessed by comparing the anti-Lub antibody binding capacity of intact and Triton X-100 treated cells, as described previously (16Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Bony V. El Nemer W. Mouro I. Nicolas V. Colin Y. Cartron J.P. Br. J. Haematol. 2001; 113: 1-10Crossref Scopus (32) Google Scholar). Yeast Two-hybrid Studies—The D1, D2, D3, and D4 subdomains of the membrane binding domain of ankyrin-R were amplified by PCR using previously described plasmids as templates (31Michaely P. Bennett V. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 31298-31302Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). The four domains were inserted between the EcoRI and BamHI sites of pGADT7 in-frame with the GAL4 activation domain. cDNA fragments encoding the C-terminal domains of Rh and RhAG were amplified by PCR and inserted into pGBKT7 to generate fusion genes with the DNA binding domain of GAL4. Mutant forms of RhAG were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. The pGBKT7 and pGADT7 constructs were co-transformed into the AH109 yeast strain using the Li acetate method (32Gietz R.D. Woods R.A. Methods Enzymol. 2002; 350: 87-96Crossref PubMed Scopus (2101) Google Scholar). The AH109 cotransformants were grown on plates lacking leucine and tryptophane. After 3 days of growth at 30 °C, the colonies were streaked onto plates lacking adenine, histidine, leucine, and tryptophane. Protein interactions were analyzed 3 days following plating and confirmed by β-galactosidase assays as recommended by the manufacturer (Matchmaker Gal4 two-hybrid System III, Clontech). GST Pull-down Assays—The PCR amplified cDNA fragment encoding the C-terminal end of RhAG was fused in-frame with the glutathione S-transferase protein in the pGEX-5X-3 plasmid to generate the pGEX-RhAG clone. Mutant form of RhAG was obtained by in vitro mutagenesis. The GST fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 were purified by elution from glutathione-Sepharose beads. The PCR-amplified D2 subdomain of ankyrin-R was subcloned into the BglII-SpeI restriction sites of the in vitro expression vector pT7TS and in vitro translated using the TnT T7/SP6-coupled reticulocyte lysate system in the presence of [35S]methionine. For the GST pull-down assay, 7.5 μg of GST fusion proteins were bound to 50 μl of glutathione-Sepharose beads in PBS containing 1 mm dithiothreitol. Nonspecific protein binding sites were blocked by incubation for 20 min at 4 °C with 2% bovine serum albumin. After two washes with binding buffer (20 mm Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mm NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20), equal amounts of in vitro translated D2-ankyrin-R were incubated for 30 min at room temperature with the beads in 250 μl of binding buffer. The beads were washed three times with binding buffer and once with binding buffer lacking Tween 20. Proteins were then eluted with 35 μl of glutathione buffer, and binding reactions were analyzed by autoradiography of 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels. Ankyrin-R-deficient Mouse RBCs Are Rh- and RhAG-deficient—Cell surface expression of the Rh complex on RBCs from ankyrin-R-deficient (nb/nb) and β-adducin-deficient (adducin –/–) mice was compared with wild type by flow cytometric analysis of Rh, RhAG, and CD47, as described previously (22Mouro-Chanteloup I. Delaunay J. Gane P. Nicolas V. Johansen M. Brown E.J. Peters L.L. Van Kim C.L. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 2003; 101: 338-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). This analysis revealed that Rh and RhAG were reduced by 53 and 97%, respectively, in RBCs from nb/nb mice (n = 3) compared with wild type and adducin –/–, whereas CD47 was normally expressed in all samples (Fig. 1). To validate these results, two controls were performed. i) Cell surface expression of murine band 3 was found to be reduced by 50% in nb/nb mice, which is in agreement with previous chromatographic analysis of nb/nb RBC membrane proteins (33Yi S.J. Liu S.C. Derick L.H. Murray J. Barker J.E. Cho M.R. Palek J. Golan D.E. Biochemistry. 1997; 36: 9596-9604Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar). ii) The fluorescence given by the binding of phalloidin to actin was analyzed on intact and permeabilized/fixed RBCs; as expected, no signal was obtained in non-treated RBCs (not shown), whereas similar mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values were obtained with all permeabilized RBCs (Fig. 1), indicating that the reduced reactivity in nb/nb RBCs of antibodies against intracellular epitopes of Rh and RhAG could not result from a potentially reduced permeabilization efficiency of these cells associated with their membrane abnormalities. Immunoblotting experiments gave results that support the flow cytometric analysis with a deficiency of Rh and RhAG in nb/nb RBC membrane protein preparations (Fig. 2). It is noteworthy that the reduction of Rh was much more drastic than would be expected from the 50–60% reduction deduced from flow cytometric analysis and that the amount of CD47 appeared reduced in nb/nb red cell membrane sample despite a normal cell surface expression (Fig. 1). This illustrates, as was pointed out previously in the course of band 3–/– mouse RBC analysis (34Southgate C.D. Chishti A.H. Mitchell B. Yi S.J. Palek J. Nat. Genet. 1996; 14: 227-230Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar), the difficulty of quantitatively comparing normal and mutant membrane proteins by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting experiments because of the excessive hemolysis, hemoglobin-membrane association, and partial protein degradation in HS mouse samples. However, comparison of the ratio between CD47 and Rh or RhAG in wild type and nb/nb samples (Fig. 2) clearly confirmed the deficiency of Rh and RhAG in nb/nb mouse RBCs. Fusion Proteins Containing the C-terminal Cytoplasmic Domains of Rh and RhAG Can Interact with DIM of Transfected K562 Erythroleukemic Cells—We have previously developed a flow cytometry-based method to analyze the association of transmembrane proteins with the erythroid skeleton as defined by the DIM obtained after Triton X-100 extraction of the lipid bilayer from K562 erythroleukemic cells. Using this approach, we have estimated that 54 and 79% of Rh and RhAG molecules were DIM-associated in K562 cells, respectively (16Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Bony V. El Nemer W. Mouro I. Nicolas V. Colin Y. Cartron J.P. Br. J. Haematol. 2001; 113: 1-10Crossref Scopus (32) Google Scholar). To evaluate the specific role of the C-terminal tails of the 12 transmembrane domain (TM) Rh and RhAG proteins in the association with the DIM of K562 cells, we have constructed fusion proteins in which the 29 and 26 C-terminal residues of Rh and RhAG, respectively, were directly fused to the single extracellular and transmembrane domains of the Lu adhesion molecule (Fig. 3A). As shown in Fig. 3B, comparison of the anti-Lu antibody binding capacity of intact and Triton X-100 treated cells revealed that 59 and 65% of Lu-Rh and Lu-RhAG, respectively, were linked to the DIM of transfected K562 cells. As positive controls, 50% of the intact Lu glycoprotein and 68% of the Lu-GPC fusion protein in which the cytoplasmic tail of Lu has been replaced by that of GPC remained attached to the DIM. As negative controls, the truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of Lu (Lu-tailless protein) or its replacement by the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of DARC (Lu-DARC fusion protein), a seven TM domain chemokine receptor not associated with DIM (16Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Bony V. El Nemer W. Mouro I. Nicolas V. Colin Y. Cartron J.P. Br. J. Haematol. 2001; 113: 1-10Crossref Scopus (32) Google Scholar), resulted in a significant decrease of DIM association of the recombinant proteins (Lu-tailless, 31%; Lu-DARC, 27%). The C-terminal Cytoplasmic Domains of Rh and RhAG Bind to the D2 Repeat Domain of the Membrane Binding Domain of Ankyrin-R—Considering the results presented above, we used the yeast two-hybrid assay to test the hypothesis that the C-cytoplasmic tails of Rh and RhAG might interact with ankyrin-R and particularly with one or several of the four N-terminal ankyrin repeat domains shown previously to interact with various transmembrane proteins. The C-terminal domains of Rh and RhAG were fused in-frame to the GAL4 DNA binding domain of the yeast two-hybrid pGBKT7 vector, and the four repeat domains of ankyrin-R (D1, D2, D3, and D4) were individually fused in-frame with the GAL4 activation domain of the pGBKT7 vector. The recombinant vectors were cotransformed in yeast, and their ability to grow in high stringency selective media lacking adenine, histidine, leucine, and tryptophane was analyzed (Fig. 4, A and B). These experiments, confirmed by β-galactosidase activity analysis (not shown), indicated that the C-terminal cytoplasmic domains of Rh and RhAG specifically interact with the D2 repeat domain of ankyrin-R. No association between the cytoplasmic tails of Rh and RhAG and the remaining D1, D3, and D4 repeat domains of ankyrin could be detected (Fig. 4) even when yeasts were grown in less stringent medium lacking histidine, leucine, and tryptophane but containing adenine (data not shown). A survey of the literature revealed that one missense mutation (H276R) in the D2 domain is associated with the HS phenotype of one Brazilian patient (35Leite R.C. Basseres D.S. Ferreira J.S. Alberto F.L. Costa F.F. Saad S.T. Hum. Mutat. 2000; 16: 529Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar). However, as analyzed by two-hybrid assay, this mutation has no effect on Rh/RhAG-AnkR interaction (not shown). The Rh null -associated Substitution of Asp-399 Alters Interaction of RhAG to Ankyrin-R and to DIM of K562 cells—Mutation of Asp-399 has been identified previously in the cytoplasmic tail of RhAG from one Rhnull patient (11Cartron J.P. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 1999; 12: 655-689Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). We have now generated mutated forms of RhAG in which Asp-399 or the closely located Asp-393 and Asp-398 residues have been replaced by alanine and tested their capacity to bind to the D2 domain of ankyrin using the two-hybrid system described above. Neither the D393A nor the D398A substitutions altered the growth of cotransformed yeast in selective medium (Fig. 5A) or its β-galactosidase activity (not shown). In contrast, substitution of Asp-399 abolished both the capacity of cotransformed yeast to grow on restrictive media and its β-galactosidase activity, indicating that Asp-399 is critical for the binding of the C-terminal tail of RhAG to ankyrin-R. To confirm the role of Asp-399 in the ankyrin-R binding capacity of RhAG, we performed a GST pull-down assay (Fig. 5B). Wild type or a D399A mutated form of the C-terminal domain of RhAG were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and tested for their ability to interact in vitro with the D2 ankyrin repeat domain translated in vitro. Equivalent amounts of the GST-RhAG and GST-RhAG/D399A proteins, as assessed by Coomassie staining (Fig. 5B, top), were immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads and incubated with the [35S] radiolabeled Ank-D2 repeat domain. SDS-PAGE analysis of Ank-D2 bound and eluted from the different matrix-bound GST fusion proteins indicated that the D399A substitution dramatically reduced the binding of GST-RhAG fusion protein to Ank-D2 (Fig. 5B, bottom). To test the importance of Asp-399 in a cellular model, the D399A mutation was introduced in the Lu-RhAG fusion protein, and K562 cell DIM association was analyzed as described above. The percentage of chimeric Lu-RhAG/D399A proteins associated with the DIM of K562 cells was significantly decreased compared with wild type Lu-RhAG (36 ± 7% versus 65%; not shown). A powerful and simple approach to identify potential interactions between skeletal and integral membrane proteins is to compare the expression of cell surface markers in abnormal RBCs with well defined deficiency of skeletal proteins to that of normal RBCs. Because Rh and RhAG deficiency is associated with stomato-spherocytosis of Rhnull red cells, we and others have analyzed Rh complex expression in some HS red cells with primary defects in different skeletal or transmembrane proteins. Using this approach, a positive correlation between the expression levels of CD47 and protein 4.2 has been recently reported from the analysis of 4.2(–)HS red cells (21Bruce L.J. Ghosh S. King M.J. Layton D.M. Mawby W.J. Stewart G.W. Oldenborg P.A. Delaunay J. Tanner M.J. Blood. 2002; 100: 1878-1885Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar, 22Mouro-Chanteloup I. Delaunay J. Gane P. Nicolas V. Johansen M. Brown E.J. Peters L.L. Van Kim C.L. Cartron J.P. Colin Y. Blood. 2003; 101: 338-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). However, as discussed in our introduction, the lack of protein 4.2 has no deleterious effect on the expression level and skeleton linkage of Rh and RhAG. These observations indicate that defective interaction(s) between CD47 and protein 4.2 could not be responsible for cell shape abnormalities of Rhnull red cells and that other proteins must be involved in the interaction of the Rh complex to the skeleton. Band 3, the red cell anion exchanger, has recently been proposed to represent such a protein. Indeed, from the observation that expression of the Rh complex is sharply decreased in human and mouse HS RBCs with a primary defect in band 3, it has been postulated that Rh and RhAG, as part of a potential band 3-based macrocomplex, might be indirectly linked to the red cell skeleton through direct lateral association with band 3 (36Bruce L.J. Beckmann R. Ribeiro M.L. Peters L.L. Chasis J.A. Delaunay J. Mohandas N. Anstee D.J. Tanner M.J. Blood. 2003; 101: 4180-4188Crossref PubMed Scopus (289) Google Scholar). However, Rh and RhAG are associated with the skeleton of K562 cells and early erythroid precursors (16Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Bony V. El Nemer W. Mouro I. Nicolas V. Colin Y. Cartron J.P. Br. J. Haematol. 2001; 113: 1-10Crossref Scopus (32) Google Scholar) that lack band 3 to the same extent as with the skeleton of mature red cells that possess band 3 (19Gimm A. Mouro I. Lambin P. Mohandas N. Cartron J.P. Vox Sang. 2000; 78 (abstr.): 14Google Scholar, 20Dahl K.N. Westhoff C.M. Discher D.E. Blood. 2003; 101: 1194-1199Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). These results indicate that the core of the Rh complex might interact with the erythroid skeleton regardless of the presence or absence of band 3 and, therefore, do not support a model in which a direct interaction between band 3 and Rh/RhAG could modulate the association of the Rh complex to the skeleton. In this paper, we have analyzed expression of the Rh complex in HS red cells with a primary defect of ankyrin-R or β-adducin. This analysis, by showing a sharp reduction of Rh and RhAG in HS red cells from ankyrin-deficient normoblastosis mice (nb/nb), indicates ankyrin-R as a potential binding partner of the Rh complex. It is noteworthy that the cytoplasmic tails of Rh and RhAG are particularly well conserved across species as compared with the other domains of these 12 TM proteins (37Huang C.H. Liu Z. Apoil P.A. Blancher A. J. Mol. Evol. 2000; 51: 76-87Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar) and are capable of mediating the attachment of Lu-fusion transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton of K562 cells to the same extent as the whole Rh and RhAG proteins (our present results and Ref. 16Gane P. Le Van Kim C. Bony V. El Nemer W. Mouro I. Nicolas V. Colin Y. Cartron J.P. Br. J. Haematol. 2001; 113: 1-10Crossref Scopus (32) Google Scholar). We therefore assume that interaction between these domains and ankyrin-R plays a major role in the attachment of Rh and RhAG to the red cell skeleton. Supporting this hypothesis, the major finding of this study is the demonstration of a direct interaction in vitro between the cytoplasmic tails of human Rh and RhAG proteins and the D2 repeat subdomain of the membrane binding domain of ankyrin-R. The D2 domain of ankyrin-R was previously shown to mediate attachment of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton to a diverse set of membrane-spanning proteins like CD44 (38Zhu D. Bourguignon L.Y. J. Cell. Physiol. 2000; 183: 182-195Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar) and band 3 (39Michaely P. Bennett V. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22050-22057Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). A previous comparison between binding sites on ankyrin for neurofascin and the anion exchanger (31Michaely P. Bennett V. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 31298-31302Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar) demonstrated that both proteins can interact simultaneously with ankyrin. Ankyrin can also form homocomplexes between two band 3 dimers via two distinct but cooperative binding sites (D2 and D3-D4) (39Michaely P. Bennett V. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22050-22057Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). Consistent with this property of ankyrin to form homo-and heterocomplexes between membrane proteins, we propose a model for band 3-ankyrin-Rh/RhAG interactions in which ankyrin-R can bind directly and simultaneously to band 3 and Rh and/or RhAG via its D3-D4 and/or its D2 repeat domains respectively (Fig. 6). In agreement with this model, Rh and RhAG expression could be reduced not only in HS red cells with a primary defect of ankyrin, as in nb/nb mice (our present results), but also in HS red cells with a defect of ankyrin secondary to a primary defect in other membrane component, like band 3 (36Bruce L.J. Beckmann R. Ribeiro M.L. Peters L.L. Chasis J.A. Delaunay J. Mohandas N. Anstee D.J. Tanner M.J. Blood. 2003; 101: 4180-4188Crossref PubMed Scopus (289) Google Scholar). Hence, we assume that the reduced expression of Rh and RhAG in mouse and human band 3 null HS red cells might result from the secondary 60% reduction of ankyrin-R that is observed in these cells (34Southgate C.D. Chishti A.H. Mitchell B. Yi S.J. Palek J. Nat. Genet. 1996; 14: 227-230Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar, 40Peters L.L. Shivdasani R.A. Liu S.C. Hanspal M. John K.M. Gonzalez J.M. Brugnara C. Gwynn B. Mohandas N. Alper S.L. Orkin S.H. Lux S.E. Cell. 1996; 86: 917-927Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar, 41Ribeiro M.L. Alloisio N. Almeida H. Gomes C. Texier P. Lemos C. Mimoso G. Morle L. Bey-Cabet F. Rudigoz R.C. Delaunay J. Tamagnini G. Blood. 2000; 96: 1602-1604PubMed Google Scholar). Conversely, we postulate that the enhancing effect of band 3 on Rh/RhAG cell surface expression (42Beckmann R. Smythe J.S. Anstee D.J. Tanner M.J. Blood. 2001; 97: 2496-2505Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar) could result from an increased membrane recruitment of ankyrin-R by band 3 in cotransfected cells, similarly to the previously demonstrated recruitment of ankyrin-G by neurofascin (43Zhang X. Davis J.Q. Carpenter S. Bennett V. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 30785-30794Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar). According to a model in which ankyrin-R plays a pivotal role for expression of both band 3 and the Rh complex, flow cytometric and Western blot analysis indicate that band 3 expression is not altered in Rhnull cells and that these cells contain a normal amount of ankyrin.3 Interestingly, the Asp-399 residue of the cytoplasmic tail of RhAG was previously reported to be mutated in one Rhnull patient (11Cartron J.P. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 1999; 12: 655-689Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). On the other hand, it has been shown that the binding of band 3 to the D2 domain of ankyrin-R might be mediated by electrostatic contacts (39Michaely P. Bennett V. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22050-22057Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). Therefore, we assumed that RhAG binding to the D2 repeat domain might be similarly mediated by electrostatic contacts involving conserved charged amino acids present on the C-terminal domain of RhAG. Among these charged residues, three aspartates at positions 393, 398, and 399 were mutated, but, most interestingly, only the Rhnull associated substitution of Asp-399 was able to abolish the association of RhAG to the D2 domain of ankyrin-R, and this mutation also abolishes the interaction with the DIM of K562 cells. Currently, hereditary spherocytosis is most often associated with mutations that directly affect the level of ankyrin-R expression or defects of skeletal proteins (such as protein 4.2) or membrane proteins (such as band 3) that bind to ankyrin-R (2Lux S.E. Palek J. Handin R.I. Lux S.E. Stossel T.P. Blood: Principles and Practice of Hematology. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia1995: 1701-1818Google Scholar). Similarly, our present results strongly suggest that disruption of the newly identified Rh/RhAG-ankyrin complex by the Asp-399 mutation of RhAG causes the lack of the Rh complex and the associated stomato-spherocytosis, at least in one Rhnull patient. In conclusion, this study provides the first description of an Rh/RhAG-ankyrin R membrane complex and its potential involvement in the morphological properties of the RBCs. Because Rh proteins and ankyrin-R have isoforms or homologues in nonerythroid cells, it is assumed that the Rh/RhAG-ankyrin interaction described in RBCs may also exist in other cell types. Further studies will be necessary to characterize these interactions in nonerythroid cells and determine whether and how they could modulate the emerging transporter function of different members of the Rh protein family. We are grateful to Dr. Marie Christine Lecomte (INSERM U409, Hôpital Bichat, Paris) for helpful advice on yeast two-hybrid experiments, Drs. L. L. Peters and J. Barker (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) for providing adducin–/– and nb/nb mice, and Dr. V. Bennett (Duke University, Durham, NC) for providing ankyrin-R plasmids. We acknowledge Anne Marie D'Ambrosio for excellent technical assistance and Ellen Green for proofreading services.