Economic Interest and American‐Japanese Relations: The Petroleum Monopoly Controversy
1973; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 35; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1973.tb00514.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Global Energy and Sustainability Research
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Text of the law and related documents are filed in Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington (cited hereafter RDS), 894.6363/61, 894.6363/71.2. RDS. 893.6363/Manchuria/38, 894.6363/33, 894.00 P.R./66.3. RDS. 894.6363/32, FW 894.6363/32. For background on petroleum and East Asia, see T. B Shumpeter, The Industrialization of Japan and Manchukuo 1930–1940 (New York, 1940), 239–41, 267, 428–39; William W. Lockwood, The Economic Development of Japan (Princeton, 1968), 383, 388; Harvey O'Connor, World Crisis in Oil (New York, 1962), 10–12, 15–17, 42–46, 77; Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, Gilbert C. Close, The Age of Energy, Vol. II, The American Petroleum Industry (Evanston, 1963), 506–34, 717–46. The area the Japanese referred to as East Asia will be designated in the text as the Far East, a term more familiar to Western readers and used almost exclusively by Western writers in the mid‐1930s.4. RDS. 894.6363/32.5. Lockwood, Economic Development of Japan, 229–31, 599–571.6. RD. 894.6363/32, 894.6363/50, 894.6363/54.7. RDS. 894.6363/54, 894.6363/78, 894.6363/135, 894.6363/152, 894.6363/173; U. S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign relations of the United States: 1935 (Washington, 1953), III, 63–65, 349 (cited hereafter F. R. followed by the appropriate year).8. RDS. 894.6.63/52, 894.6363/58, 894.6363/61, 894.6363/78; Related memoranda and policy analyses, Stanely K. Hornbeck MSS, Box 67, Hoover Institute of Warr, Revolutions and Peace, Archives, Palo Alto, Califronia.9. RDS. 894.636/94.10. Records of the British Foreign Office, Public Records Office, London, U.K. (cited hereafter RBFO followed by the document number and the number of the folio in which the document is now bound), F 1104/23 (F.O. 371/19361).11. Waldo Heinrichs, Jr., American Ambassador (Boston, 1966), 188–208; Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (New York, 1970), 150.12. F. R. 1934, III, 709–21, a series of items.13. RDS. 893.6363/Manchuria/38; F.R.: Japan 1931–1941, I, 132–37, several items; Errol MacGregor Clauss, “The Roosevelt Administration and Manchukuo, 1933–1941,”The Historian, XXXII (August 1970), 595–611; RBFO. F 6664/1659/23 (F.O. 371/18190).14. Comments of important Americans concerning expected developments in Japanese policy be found F. R. 1935, III, 821–29, 829–37, 842–43; in Franklin D. Roosevelt MSS, President's Secretary's Files (PSF) Japan, 1933 and Cordell Hull, 1933–37, Franklin D. roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park (FDRL); items cited in fins. 42–46, below. Similar observations by British statemen may be found or are summarized in RBFO. F 5189/5189, F 7818/5189, F 7760/7760/61, F 7858/7858/61, F 7858/7858/61 (F. O. 371/1933); Christopher Throne, “The Shanghai Crisis of 1932; The Basis of British Policy,”American Historial Review, LXXV (October 1970), 1616–39; Gary B Ostrower to the Editor, American Historical Review, LXXVI (October 1971), 1265–67; Robert Vensittart, The Mist Procession (London, 1935), 385–529.15. RDS. 894.6363/47, 894.6363/58, 894.6363/67, 894.6363/68, 894.6363/94, 894.6363/135, 894.6363/136; RBFO. F 5436/1659/23, F 5473/169/23 (F.O. 371/18189), F 6426/1659/28 (F.O. 371/181190). When in 1933 rumors of a proposed monopoly in Manchukuo began to circulate, Kersey F. Coe of the Export Department of Scony‐Vacuum Corporation suggested to Hornbeck that the United States should hint that Japan's silk trade wtih the United might be interfered with, but the only proposal for an cmbargo was limited to petroleum. Curiously engough, th eprospect that the Japanese might retaliate against American cotton exports was not used as a counter‐argument by State Department Officials in their discussion with the oil companiens.16. D.C. (M) (32) (Cab. 27/506), Cabinet Papers, Public Records Office.17. “Radical” historians and economic determints no doubt will deplore the lack of emphasis on economic interests, real, imagined, or anticipated, as the formative force, primary or inceptive, on American policy in East Asia. In fact, these interests were minimal and their effects marginal, a subject lucidly examined in a number of excellent studies, among them: Dorothy Borg. The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933–1938 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964); Chi‐ming Hou, Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China, 1840–1937 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965); Warren I. Cohen, America's Response to China (New York, 1971); Peter C. Hoffer, “American Businessmen and the Japan Trade, 1931–1941: A Case Study of Attitude Formationi,”Pacific Historical Review, XLI (May 1972), 189–205. The complex subject of the historian, his assumptions, materials, and motives, recently has been reexamined profitably from the standpoint of investigating how, why, and how often members of the craft take on the role of judge. See Robert Stover, “Responsibility for the Cold War‐A Case Study in Historical Responsibility,”History and Theory, XI (1972), 145–78.18. RBFO. F 5189/1589/61 (F.O. 371/1933), A 6225/428/45 (F.O. 371/17589), A 9942, with correspondence between Vansittart, Permanent Under‐Secretary of State, and British Ambssador in Washington Sir Ronald Lindsay attached, (F.O. 371/17603), F 5563/1659/23, F 4111/142/10 (F.O. 371/18109).19. F. R. 1934, III, 721, cf. Edgar M. Nixon, ed., Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), I, 177–80.20. RDS. 894.6363/84; Memorandum of conversion, Hornbeck MSs, box 67; Journal entry of August 22, 1934, William Phillips MSS, Houthton Library of Harvard Universtiy; F 5436/1659/23, F 5473/169/23 (F.O. 371/18189).21. F.R. 1934, III, 704–05; RDS, 894.6363/61; Memorandum, Hornbeck MSS, box 67.22. RDS. 894.6363/67; Memorandun, Hornbeck MSS, box 67. Deterding reported to the Foreign Office at the time and later contended that the American representatives had committed themselves to act directly against Japan after somebody “started the ball rolling.” which Deterding voluntered to do. This interpretation is supported by no documentation on the American side and was later directly contaradicted by Tagle. RBFO. F 5473/169/23 (F.O. 371/18189).23. RDS. 793.94/6659A, 793.94/6728; Autobiographical MSS, Hornbeck MSS, box 129; F.R. 1934, III, 9–26 55–57, 113–53, a variety of items; F.R.: Japan 1931–1941, I, 223–31, a series of items; Nixon, Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, I, 539–41, 567–70, 594–95, 610, 654–61; II, 47–48, 53–71, 82–83.24. RDS. 894.6363/67, 894.6363/118, 894.6363/144, 711.41/280; RBFO. F 5563/1659/23 (F.O. 371/18109), F 6784/591/23 (F.O. 371/18184), F7300/1659/23 (F.O. 371/18190.)25. R D S. 894.6363/145 1/2, 894.6363/173; F.R. 1934, III, 724–25, 752.26. R D S. 894.6363/135, 894.6363/136, 894.6363/139, 894.6363/158; F.R. 1934, III, 725–28.27. RDS. 894.6363/135, 894.6363/152, 894.6363/173, 894.6363/221.28. RDS. 894.6363/158.29. Summarized in Clauss, “Roosevelt and Manchukuo,” 601–07.30. RDS. 894.6363/216, 894.6363/250.31. RDS. 894.6363/223, 894.6363/234, 894.6363/250, 894.6363/272, 894.6363/279, 894.6363/295, 894.6363/298; RBFO. unnumbered memorandum dated Dec. 22, 1936, F 7028/94/23, F 7183/94/23 (F.O. 371/20280). Files of both governments contain considerable information on the close cooperation practiced by Standard and Shell.32. RDS. 894.6363/221, 894.6363/237; RBFO. F 7028/94/23, F 7183/94/23 (F.O. 371/20280).33. RDS. 894.6363/306, 894.6363/307. For petroleum export statistics which for American companies increased by 30% between 1934 and 1935 and went still higher thereafter, including exports to the Manchurian monopoly, see RDS. 894.6363/173, 894.6363/174A, 894.6363/216.34. Stanley K. Hornbeck, Contemporary politics in the Far East (New York, 1916); Stanley K. Hornbeck, The Situation in China (New York, 1927), cf. RDS, 741.93/65; Nixon, Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, I, 654–71; II, 53–71; F.R. 1934, III, 189–93; F.R. 1935, III, 821.35. James A. Farley, Jim Farley's Story: The Roosevelt Years (New York, 1948), 39; Diary entry of March 18, 1935. The Diaries of Henry L. Morgenthau, Jr., Book IV, 112, FDRL; RDS. 500‐A15A4/2537, 500‐A15A4/2600 1/3; Memorandum by Norman H. Davis, April 28, 1934, Davis MSS, Library of Congress.36. Copies of studies by the State Department Economic Advisor, Herbert Feis, Hornbeck MSS, box 38; RBFO. F 1936/33/10, F 26622/33/10 (F.O. 371/18109).37. When told this was the reasoning upon which American policy was based the British didn't believe it. RDS. 894.6363/158; RBFO. F 7300/1659/23 (F.O. 371/18190).38. For a similar lengthy negotiation, this time with a Latin American neighbor, Bolivia, which posed no military threat, see Bryce Wood, The Making of the Good Neighbor Policy (New York, 1961), 168–202; Nixon, Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, III, 1.39. Russell D. Buhite, Nelson T. Johnson and American Policy Toward China, 1925–1941 (East Lansing, 1968), II, 91–93, 97, 150–53; Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933–38, 519–27; Phillips to Roosevelt, April 3, 1933, Roosevelt MSS, PSF: Japan, 1933–34; Hornbeck to Hull, May 4, 1934, Hornbeck MSS, box 53; China Report (white) April 9, 1936, Morgenthau Diaries, Book 20–A.40. F.R. 1935, III, 328–30.41. F.R. 1935, III, 821–29, 829–37, 842–43.42. Diary entry, May 17, 1934, Henry L. Stimson MSS, book 27, sterling LIbrary, Ylae University; Report of conversation between Lord Lothian (Philip Kerr) and Roosevelt, Oct. 12, 1934, RBFO. F 6784/591/23 (F.O. 371/18184).43. Nixon, Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, II, 160–61, 263–64; Journal entries of June 26, Oct. 3, 1934, Philips MSS; Diary entries of June 28, Sept. 18, 21, 26, Oct. 3, 1934, J. Pierrepont Moffat MSS, Houghton Libarary of Harvard University.44. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York, 1948), I, 281–85.45. Nixon, Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, II, 53–71.46. This geopoliltical reasoning—that realm of foreign policy premises fundamental in our national life that they are shared by almost all Americans‐is examined in detail in William Whiteworth, Native Questions about War and Peace (New York, 1970).Additional informationNotes on contributorsJamie W. MooreThe author is an Assistant Professor of History at The Citadel. He gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the Kittredge Foundation and The Citadel Development Foundation for research assistance. Portions of the article were presented in a paper read at the 1971 Duquesne History Forum.
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