Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL CARDIOVASCULAR PATHWAYS

1981; Wiley; Volume: 8; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1440-1681.1981.tb00156.x

1440-1681

R.A.L. Dampney,

Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and PhysiologyVolume 8, Issue 3 p. 241-259 FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL CARDIOVASCULAR PATHWAYS R. A. L. Dampney, R. A. L. Dampney Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author R. A. L. Dampney, R. A. L. Dampney Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1981.tb00156.xCitations: 60AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Alexander, R.S. (1945) The effects of blood flow and anoxia on spinal cardiovascular centers. American Journal of Physiology, 143, 698–708. Web of Science®Google Scholar Alexander, R.S. (1946) Tonic and reflex functions of medullary sympathetic cardiovascular centers. Journal of Neurophysiology, 9, 205–217. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Amendt, K., Czachurski, J., Dembowsky, K. & Seller, H. (1979) Bulbospinal projections to the intermediolateral cell column: a neuroanatomical study. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 1, 103–117. 10.1016/0165-1838(79)90009-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Andersen, H.T. (1963) The reflex nature of the physiological adjustments to diving and their afferent pathway. Acta physiologica scandinavica, 58, 263–273. 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02648.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Aschner, B. (1908) Über einen bischer noch nicht beschriebenen reflex vom auge auf Kreislauf und atmung. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 21, 1529–1540. Google Scholar Barman, S.M. & Gebber, G.L. (1978) Tonic sympathoinhibition in the baroreceptor denervated cat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 157, 648–655. 10.3181/00379727-157-40114 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Barman, S.M. & Wurster, R.D. (1975) Visceromotor organization within descending spinal sympathetic pathways in the dog. Qrculation Research, 37, 209–214. 10.1161/01.RES.37.2.209 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beckstead, R.M. & Norgren, R. (1979) An autoradiographic examination of the central distribution of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves in the monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 184, 455–472. 10.1002/cne.901840303 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bennett, J.A., Kidd, C., Latif, A.B. & McWilliam, P.N. (1979) The brain stem locations of cell bodies of vagal efferent fibres in cardiac and pulmonary branches in the cat. Journal of Physiology, 290, 42P. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berger, A.J. (1979) Distribution of carotid sinus nerve afferent fibers to solitary tract nuclei of the cat using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neuroscience Letters, 14, 153–158. 10.1016/0304-3940(79)96140-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Biscoe, T.J., Purves, M.J. & Sampson, S.R. (1970) The frequency of nerve impulses in single carotid body chemoreceptor afferent fibres recorded in vivo with intact circulation. Journal of Physiology, 208, 121–131. 10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009109 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Biscoe, T.J. & Sampson, S.R. (1970) Responses of cells in the brain stem of the cat to stimulation of the sinus, glossopharyngeal, aortic and superior laryngeal nerves. Journal of Physiology, 209, 359–373. 10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009169 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Blessing, W.W., Goodchild, A.K., Dampney, R.A.L. & Chalmers, J.P. (1981) Cell groups in the lower brain stem of the rabbit projecting to the spinal cord, with special reference to catecholamine-containing cells. Brain Research, in press. 10.1016/0006-8993(81)91062-3 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brodal, A. (1957) The Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem: Anatomical Aspects and Functional Correlations, pp. 33–37. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh . Google Scholar Cabot, J.B., Wild, J.M. & Cohen, D.H. (1979) Raphe inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Science, 203, 184–186. 10.1126/science.758687 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Calaresu, F.R., Faiers, A.A. & Mogenson, G.J. (1975) Central neural regulation of heart and blood vessels in mammals. Progress in Neurobiology, 5, 1–35. 10.1016/0301-0082(75)90006-4 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Chai, C.Y. & Wang, S.C. (1962) Localization of central cardiovascular control mechanisms in lower brain stem of the cat. American Journal of Physiology, 202, 25–30. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chalmers, J.P., White, S.W., Geffen, J.B. & Rush, R. (1977) The role of central catecholamines in the control of blood pressure through the baroreceptor reflex and the nasopharyngeal reflex in the rabbit. In: Hypertension and Brain Mechanisms, Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 18, (Eds. W. Jong, A. P. Provoost & A. P. Shapiro), pp. 85–94. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam . 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62714-4 Google Scholar Chiba, T. & Kato, M. (1978) Synaptic structures and quantification of catecholaminergic axons in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat: possible modulatory roles of catecholamines in baroreceptor reflexes. Brain Research, 151, 323–338. 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90888-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chung, J.M., Chung, K. & Wurster, R.D. (1975) Sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the cat spinal cord: horseradish peroxidase study. Brain Research, 91, 126–131. 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90471-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chung, J.M., Webber, C.L. & Wurster, R.D. (1979) Ascending spinal pathways for the somatosympathetic A and C reflexes. American Journal of Physiology, 237, H342–H347. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chung, K., Chung, J.M., LaVelle, F.W. & Wurster, R.D. (1979a) Sympathetic neurons in the cat spinal cord projecting to the stellate ganglion. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 185, 23–30. 10.1002/cne.901850103 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chung, K., Chung, J.M., LaVelle, F.W. & Wurster, R.D. (1979b) The anatomical localization of descending pressor pathways in the cat spinal cord. Neuroscience Letters, 15, 71–75. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Coote, J.H., Hilton, S.M. & Perez-Gonzalez, J.F. (1979) Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex on stimulation in the brain stem defence centre. Journal of Physiology, 228, 549–560. Google Scholar Coote, J.H. & McLeod, V.H. (1974) The influence of bulbospinal monoaminergic pathways on sympathetic nerve activity. Journal of Physiology, 241, 453–475. 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010666 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Coote, J.H. & MacLeod, V.H. (1977) The effect of intraspinal microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine on the inhibitory influence exerted on spinal sympathetic activity by the baroreceptors. Pflügers Archives, 371, 271–277. 10.1007/BF00586268 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Coote, J.H. & Westbury, D.R. (1979) Intracellular recordings from sympathetic preganglionic neurones. Neuroscience Letters, 15, 171–175. 10.1016/0304-3940(79)96108-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cottle, M.K. (1964) Degeneration studies of primary afferents of IXth and Xth cranial nerves in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 122, 329–343. 10.1002/cne.901220304 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dahlström, A. & Fuxe, K. (1965) Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. II. Experimentally induced changes in the intraneuronal amine levels of bulbospinal neuron systems. Acta physiologica scandinavica, 64, (Suppl. 247), 1–36. PubMedGoogle Scholar Dalsgaard, C-J. & Elfvin, L-G. (1979) Spinal origin of preganglionic fibers projecting onto the superior cervical ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig, as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Brain Research, 172, 139–143. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90901-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dampney, R.A.L., Kumada, M. & Reis, D.J. (1979) Central neural mechanisms of the cerebral ischemic response: characterization, effect of brainstem and cranial nerve transections, and simulation by electrical stimulation of restricted regions of medulla oblongata in rabbit. Circulation Research, 45, 48–62. 10.1161/01.RES.45.1.48 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dampney, R.A.L. & Moon, E.A. (1980) Role of ventrolateral medulla in vasomotor response to cerebral ischemia. American Journal of Physiology, 239, H349–H358. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Davidson, N.S., Goldner, S. & McCloskey, D.I. (1976) Respiratoiy modulation of baioieceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes affecting heart rate and cardiac efferent nerve activity. Journal of Physiology, 259, 523–530. 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011480 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Davies, R.O. & Edwards, M.W. (1973) Distribution of carotid body chemoreceptor afferents in the medulla of the cat. Brain Research, 64, 451–454. 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90204-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Deuschl, G. & Illeit, M. (1978) Location of lumbar preganglionic sympathetic neurones in the cat. Neuroscience Letters, 10, 49–54. 10.1016/0304-3940(78)90010-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Doba, N. & Reis, D.J. (1974) Role of central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms in neurogenic hypertension produced by brainstem lesions in rat. Circulation Research, 34, 293–301. 10.1161/01.RES.34.3.293 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dubbeldam, J.L., Brus, E.R., Menken, S.B.J. & Zeilstra, S. (1979) The central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagus ganglia in the mallard, Asas platyrhynchos L. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 183, 149–168. 10.1002/cne.901830111 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Duggan, A.W. & Game, C.J.A.: (1975) Firing patterns of paramedian reticular neurones with changing blood pressure. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, Suppl., 2, 185–187. PubMedGoogle Scholar Faden, A.I. & Petras, J.M. (1978) An intraspinal sympathetic preganglionic pathway: anatomic evidence in the dog. Brain Research, 144, 358–362. 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90161-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Foreman, R.D. & Wurster, R.D. (1973) Localization and functional characteristics of descending sympathetic spinal pathways. American Journal of Physiology, 225, 212–217. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gandevta, S.C., McCloskey, D.I. & Potter, E.K. (1978) Reflex bradycardia occurring in response to diving, nasopharyngeal stimulation and ocular pressure, and its modification by respiration and swallowing. Journal of Physiology, 276, 383–394. 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012241 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gebber, G.L. & McCall, R.B. (1976) Identification and discharge patterns of spinal sympathetic inter-neurons. American Journal of Physiology, 231, 722–733. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gebber, G.L., Taylor, D.G. & Weaver, L.C. (1973) Electrophysiological studies on organization of central vasopressor pathways. American Journal of Physiology, 224, 470–481. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Geis, G.S. & Wurster, R.D. (1980) Horseradish peroxidase localization of cardiac vagal preganglionic somata. Brain Research, 182, 19–30. 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90827-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Goodchild, A.K. & Dampney, R.A.L. (1980) Afferent and efferent connections of the ventrolateral pressor area in the medulla oblongata of the rabbit. Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society, 11, 33P. Google Scholar Gootman, P.M. & Cohen, M.I. (1971) Evoked splanchnic potentials produced by electrical stimulation of medullary vasomotor regions. Experimental Brain Research, 13, 1–14. 10.1007/BF00236427 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gunn, C.G., Sevelius, G., Puiggari, M.J. & Myers, F.K. (1968) Vagal cardiomotor mechanisms in the hindbrain of the dog and cat. American Journal of Physiology, 214, 258–262. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gwyn, D.G., Leslie, R.A. & Hopkins, D.A. (1979) Gastric afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the cat. Neuroscience Letters, 14, 13–17. 10.1016/0304-3940(79)95336-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Haeusler, G. (1977) Neuronal mechanisms influencing transmission in the baroreceptor reflex arc. In: Hypertension and Brain Mechanism, Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 18, (Eds. W. Jong, A. P. Provoost & A. P. Shapiro), pp. 95–110. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam . 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62715-6 Google Scholar Henry, J.L. & Calaresu, F.R. (1974a) Excitatory and inhibitory inputs from medullary nuclei projecting to spinal cardioacceleratory neurons in the cat. Experimental Brain Research, 20, 485–504. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Henry, J.L. & Calaresu, F.R. (1974b) Pathways from medullary nuclei to spinal cardioacceleratory neurons in the cat. Experimental Brain Research, 20, 505–514. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hilton, S.M. (1975) Ways of viewing the central nervous control of the circulation - old and new. Brain Research, 87, 213–219. 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90418-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hilton, S.M. & Spyer, K.M. (1971) Participation of the anterior hypothalamus in the baroreceptor reflex. Journal of Physiology, 218, 271–293. 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009617 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Horeyseck, G., Janig, W., Kirchner, F. & Thämer, V. (1976) Activation and inhibition of muscle and cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hindlimb during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and atropine-sensitive vasodilatation. Pflügers Archives, 361, 231–240. 10.1007/BF00587287 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Humphrey, D.R. (1967) Neuronal activity in the medulla oblongata of cat evoked by stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve. In: Baroreceptors and Hypertension, (Ed. P. Kezdi), pp. 131–168. Pergamon, Oxford . Web of Science®Google Scholar Illert, M. & Gabriel, M. (1970) Mapping the cord of the spinal cat for sympathetic and blood pressure responses. Brain Research, 23, 274–276. 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90050-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Illert, M. & Gabriel, M. (1972) Descending pathways in the cervical cord of cats affecting blood pressure and sympathetic activity. Pflügers Archives, 335, 109–124. 10.1007/BF00592038 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jänig, W. & Szulczyk, P. (1979) Conduction velocity in spinal descending pathways of baro-and chemo- receptor reflexes. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 1, 149–160. 10.1016/0165-1838(79)90013-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Johansson, B. (1962) Circulatory responses to stimulation of somatic afferents. Acta physiologica scandinavica, 57, (Suppl. 198), 1–91. Google Scholar Jordan, D., Khalid, M.E.M., Schneiderman, N. & Spyer, K.M. (1979) Preganglionic vagal cardiomotor neurones in the rabbit: location and properties. Journal of Physiology, 296, 20–21P. Google Scholar Jordan, D. & Spyer, K.M. (1977) Studies on the termination of sinus nerve afferents. Pflügers Archives, 369, 65–73. 10.1007/BF00580812 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kalia, M. & Welles, R.V. (1980) Brain stem projections of the aortic nerve in the cat: a study using tetramethyl benzidine as the substrate for horseradish peroxidase. Brain Research, 188, 23–32. 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90553-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kerr, F.W.L. & Alexander, S. (1964) Descending autonomic pathways in the spinal cord. Archives of Neurology, 10, 249–261. 10.1001/archneur.1964.00460150019002 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kirchheim, H.R. (1976) Systemic arterial baroreceptor reflexes. Physiological Reviews, 56, 100–176. 10.1152/physrev.1976.56.1.100 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kirchner, F., Sato, A. & Weidinger, H. (1971) Bulbar inhibition of spinal and supraspinal sympathetic reflex discharges. Pflügers Archives, 326, 324–333. 10.1007/BF00586996 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Komer, P.I. (1980) Central nervous control of autonomic cardiovascular function. In: Handbook of Physiology - The Cardiovascular System I, pp. 691–739. Google Scholar Komer, P.I. & Head, G.A. (1981) Effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons on blood pressure, heart rate and the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex of the conscious rabbit. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, in press. Google Scholar Kumada, M., Dampney, R.A.L. & Reis, D.J. (1977) The trigeminal depressor response: a novel vasodepressor response originating from the trigeminal system. Brain Research, 119, 305–326. 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90313-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kumada, M., Dampney, R.A.L. & Reis, D.J. (1979) Profound hypotension and abolition of the vasomotor component of the cerebral ischemic response produced by restricted lesions of the medulla oblongata in rabbit: relationship to the so-called tonic vasomotor center. Grculation Research, 45, 63–70. 10.1161/01.RES.45.1.63 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lipski, J., Mc Allen, R.M. & Spyer, K.M. (1975) The sinus nerve and baroreceptor input to the medulla of the cat. Journal of Physiology, 251, 61–78. 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011081 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lipski, J., McAllen, R.M. & Trzebski, A. (1976) Carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor inputs onto medullary neurones. Brain Research, 107, 132–136. 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90101-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lipski, J. & Trzebski, A. (1975) Bulbo-spinal neurons activated by baroreceptor afferents and their possible role in inhibition of preganglionic sympathetic neurons. Pflügers Archives, 356, 181–192. 10.1007/BF00584297 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Loewy, A.D. & Burton, H. (1978) Nuclei of the solitary tract: efferent projections to the lower brain stem and spinal cord of the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 181. 421–449. 10.1002/cne.901810211 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Loewy, A.D., Gregorie, E.M., McKellar, S. & Baker, R.P. (1979a) Electrophysiological evidence that the A5 catecholamine cell group is a vasomotor center. Brain Research, 178, 196–200. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90100-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Loewy, A.D., Mc Kellar, S. & Saper, C.B. (1979b) Direct projections from the A5 catecholamine cell group to the intermediolateral cell column. Brain Research, 174, 309–314. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90852-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Loewy, A.D., McKellar, S., Swensson, E.E. & Panneton, W.M. (1980) Onset of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats despite the depletion of spinal cord catecholamines. Brain Research, 185, 449–454. 10.1016/0006-8993(80)91085-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mannard, A. & Polosa, C. (1973) Analysis of background firing of single sympathetic preganglionic neurons of cat cervical nerve. Journal of Neurophysiology, 36, 398–408. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Martin, G.F., Humbertson, A.O., Laxson, C. & Panneton, W.M. (1979) Evidence for direct bulbospinal projections to laminae IX, X and the intermediolateral cell column. Studies using axonal transport in the North American opossum. Brain Research, 170, 165–171. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90948-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McAllen, R.M. & Spyer, K.M. (1976) The location of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the medulla of the cat. Journal of Physiology, 258, 187–204. 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011414 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McAllen, R.M. & Spyer, K.M. (1978) The baroreceptor input to cardiac vagal motoneurones. Journal of Physiology, 282, 365–374. 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012469 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McCall, R.B., Gebber, G.L. & Barman, S.M. (1977) Spinal interneurons in the baroreceptor reflex arc. American Journal of Physiology, 232, H657–H665. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mirgorodsky, V.N. & Skok, V.I. (1970) The role of different preganglionic fibres in tonic activity of the mammalian sympathetic ganglion. Brain Research, 22, 262–263. 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90013-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Miura, M. & Reis, D.J. (1969) Termination and secondary projections of carotid sinus nerve in the cat brain stem. American Journal of Physiology, 217, 142–153. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Miura, M. & Reis, D.J. (1972) The role of the solitary and paramedian reticular nuclei in mediating cardiovascular reflex responses from carotid baro- and chemoreceptors. Journal of Physiology, 223, 525–548. 10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009861 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Morest, D.K. (1967) Experimental study of the projections of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the area postrema in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 130, 277–300. 10.1002/cne.901300402 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nathan, M.A. (1972) Pathways in medulla oblongata of monkeys mediating splanchnic nerve activity. Electrophysiological and anatomical evidence. Brain Research, 45, 115–126. 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90219-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Norgren, R. (1978) Projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat. Neuroscience, 3, 207–218. 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90102-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nosaka, S., Yamamoto, T. & Yasunaga, K. (1979) Localization of vagal cardioinhibitory preganglionic neurons within rat brain stem. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 186, 79–92. 10.1002/cne.901860106 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Petras, J.M. & Cummings, J.F. (1972) Autonomic neurons in the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey: a correlation of the findings of cytoarchitectonics and sympathectomy with fiber degeneration following dorsal rhizotomy. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 146, 189–218. 10.1002/cne.901460205 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Polosa, C. (1968) Spontaneous activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 46, 887–896. 10.1139/y68-138 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Polosa, C., Mannard, A. & Laskey, W. (1979) Tonic activity of the autonomic nervous system: functions, properties, origins. In: Integrative Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System, (Eds. C. McC. Brooks, K. Koizumi & A. Sato), Chap. 25. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam . Google Scholar Rethelyi, M. (1972) Cell and neuropil architecture of the intermediolateral (sympathetic) nucleus of cat spinal cord. Brain Research, 46, 203–213. 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90016-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ricardo, J.A. & Koh, E.T. (1978) Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain Research, 153, 1–26. 10.1016/0006-8993(78)91125-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Saper, C.B. (1979) Anatomical substrates for the hypothalamic control of the autonomic nervous system. In: Integrative Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System, (Eds. C. McC. Brooks, K. Koizumi & A. Sato), Chap. 24. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam . Google Scholar Saper, C.B., Loewy, A.D., Swanson, L.W. & Cowan, W.M. (1976) Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Research, 117, 305–312. 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90738-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sato, A. & Schmidt, R.F. (1973) Somatosympathetic reflexes: afferent fibers, central pathways, discharge characteristics. Physiological Reviews, 53, 916–947. 10.1152/physrev.1973.53.4.916 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Schramm, L.P., Howland, E.W., McKenna, K.E. & Barton, G.N. (1979) Spinal pathways mediating splanchnic sympathetic excitation and sympathetic silent periods in the rat. Brain Research, 167, 396–401. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90834-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Schwaber, J. & Schneiderman, N. (1975) Aortic nerve-activated cardioinhibitory neurons and inter-neurons. American Journal of Physiology, 229, 783–789. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seller, H. & Illert, M. (1969) The localization of the first synapse in the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex pathway and its alteration of the afferent input. Pflügers Archives, 306, 1–19. 10.1007/BF00586608 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seller, H., Langhorst, P., Richter, D. & Koepchen, H.P. (1968) Über die Abhangigkeit der pressorecept-torischen Hemmung des Sympathicus von der Atemphase und ihre Auswirkung in der Vasomotorik. Pflügers Archives, 302, 300–314. 10.1007/BF00592730 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Siegel, J.M. (1979) Behavioral functions of the reticular formation. Brain Research Reviews, 1, 69–105. 10.1016/0165-0173(79)90017-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar Snyder, D.W. & Gebber, G.L. (1973) Relationships between medullary depressor region and central vasopressor pathways. American Journal of Physiology, 225, 1129–1137. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Stroh-Werz, M., Langhorst, P. & Camerer, H. (1977) Neuronal activity with cardiac rhythm in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cats and dogs. I. Different discharge patterns related to the cardiac cycle. Brain Research, 133, 65–80. 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90049-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sugimoto, T., Itoh, K., Mizuno, N., Nomura, S. & Konishi, A. (1979) The site of origin of cardiac preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve: an HRP study in the cat. Neuroscience Letters, 12, 53–58. 10.1016/0304-3940(79)91479-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Szulczyk, P. (1976) Descending spinal sympathetic pathway utilized by somato-sympathetic reflex and carotid chemoreflex. Brain Research, 112, 190–193. 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90350-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Takahashi, Y., Satoh, K., Sakumoto, T., Tohyama, M. & Schimizu, N. (1979) A major source of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Brain Research, 172, 372–377. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90549-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Taylor, D.G. & Gebber, G.L. (1975) Baroreceptor mechanisms controlling sympathetic nervous rhythms of central origin. American Journal of Physiology, 228, 1002–1013. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Thompson, F.J. & Barnes, CD. (1979) Projection of low threshold venous afferent fibers to the spinal cord. Brain Research, 177, 561–565. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90473-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tohyama, M., Sakai, K., Salvert, D., Touret, M. & Jouvet, M. (1979) Spinal projections from the lower brain stem in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase technique. 1. Origins of the reticulospinal tracts and their funicular trajectories. Brain Research, 173, 383–403. 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90237-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volle, R.L. & Hancock, J.C. (1970) Transmission in sympathetic ganglia. Federation Proceedings, 29, 1913–1918. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Wallach, H. & Loewy, A.D. (1980) Projections of the aortic nerve to the nucleus tractus solitarius in the rabbit. Brain Research, 188, 247–251. 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90571-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wang, S.C. & Chai, C.Y. (1967) Central control of baroreceptor reflex mechanism. In: Baroreceptors and Hypertension, (Ed. P. Kezdi), pp. 117–130. Pergamon, Oxford . Google Scholar Weaver, L.C., Macklem, L.J., Reimann, K.A., Meckler, R.L. & Oehl, R.S. (1979) Organization of thoracic sympathetic afferent influences on renal nerve activity. American Journal of Physiology, 237, H44–H50. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar White, S.W. & McRitchie, R.J. (1973) Nasopharyngeal reflexes: integrative analysis of evoked respiratory and cardiovascular effects. Australian Journal of experimental Biology and medical Science, 51, 17–31. 10.1038/icb.1973.2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume8, Issue3June 1981Pages 241-259 ReferencesRelatedInformation