Heart Failure Management
2003; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 108; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Francês
10.1161/01.cir.0000079617.56688.04
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresDaniel H. Kim, Sharon A. Hunt,
Tópico(s)Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 108, No. 2Heart Failure Management Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBHeart Failure ManagementCaregiver Versus Care Plan Daniel H. Kim, MD and Sharon A. Hunt, MD Daniel H. KimDaniel H. Kim From the Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif. and Sharon A. HuntSharon A. Hunt From the Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif. Originally published15 Jul 2003https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000079617.56688.04Circulation. 2003;108:129–131Over the last 2 decades, improved understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure has led to significant progress in the treatment of this syndrome. Nevertheless, heart failure remains a clinical problem of truly epidemic proportions, affecting nearly 5 million people in the United States.1,2 Moreover, the lifetime risk of developing heart failure may be as high as 20%, with an annual incidence of new cases of well over a half million per year.1–3 Beyond this human crisis, heart failure also presents a tremendous economic challenge as a result of the enormous costs of caring for this patient population.4 Unfortunately, this clinical and economic burden predictably will continue to increase as further therapeutic advances are made in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, creating an older surviving population at risk for developing heart failure. Although there has been some improvement in heart failure survival over the years, overall mortality remains high at >30% despite the introduction of ACE inhibitor and β-blocker therapies,2,5 which have been proven in landmark trials to markedly improve survival.6,7 This lack of striking improvement in survival rates outside of clinical trials may be a result of the well-documented obstacles faced in effecting appropriate changes in physician behavior,8 which in turn lead to significant under-use of proven medications and therapies.9 It is also possible that the ever-increasing complexity and multitude of recommended treatments is simply daunting and difficult to understand, causing these therapies not to be used, especially by practitioners who lack the time or the expertise to pursue the kind of "micromanagement" required with complex regimens. Numerous studies have attempted to address this issue by comparing the management provided by generalists and by cardiologists. In a small retrospective study of 403 patients, Ansari et al10 found that cardiologist care was associated with more frequent left ventricular function assessment, greater use of ACE inhibitors and β blockers, and decreased risk of death or hospitalization. Although other studies have supported these findings, discrepancies exist.11,12See p 184Jong et al StudyThe study by Jong et al13 utilized a large, comprehensive database to examine 38 702 consecutive patients with a mean age of 75.5 years who were monitored after their first-time hospital admission for heart failure in a large Canadian province. Cardiologist care was associated with higher rates of invasive procedures; higher postdischarge prescriptions for heart failure medications, specifically ACE inhibitors and β-blockers; and lower 1-year risk-adjusted mortality. Interestingly, patients cared for by cardiologists also had higher readmission rates that, as the authors contend, could be related to survivor bias or to lower threshold for admission because of increased vigilance.The authors make use of a comprehensive administrative medical database that, because of its design and purpose, lacks some important clinical variables, which, if available, would allow better characterization of patients and understanding of outcomes. Furthermore, it does not allow control over patient selection beyond the database's restricted pre-existing parameters. Nevertheless, these limitations may be offset by the comprehensive nature of the database, which provides a broad and representative look at the population, more or less reducing selection bias. Furthermore, the authors' ability to combine clinical information with a medication prescription database has provided them with a unique opportunity for such analysis.ImplicationsThe findings by Jong et al,13 as well as the available literature, seem to suggest that specialist—in this case cardiologist—care affects clinical outcomes. It is likely that the major underlying process responsible for this trend is the closer adherence to established guidelines by cardiologists.12 Such adherence is associated with greater utilization of proven therapies such as ACE inhibitors and β-blockers and leads to better clinical outcomes.10,11 Cardiologists also appear to have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure and to be more cognizant of the adverse effects of heart failure medications, leading to more aggressive initiation, as well as uptitration of these therapies.14 Assessment of left ventricular function also occurs more frequently with cardiologist care, again adhering more closely to current guidelines.10Should these findings lead us to conclude that there is a need for far-reaching changes in the care of heart failure patients, with the cardiologist assuming the role of primary caregiver?Before such an assertion is even entertained, several facts of medical life need to be considered. Two opposing trends coexist in the American healthcare system at the current time. The first is the trend toward increasing specialization. At the manpower level, this trend is exemplified by the decreasing number of medical students choosing general practice as a career.15 At an institutional level, there has been a surge of specialty hospitals such as "heart centers," which compete with other, "nonspecialized" hospitals and draw patient populations with specific illnesses away from nonspecialists.The second and opposing trend is economic. The care of heart failure patients by cardiologists would be resource intensive and therefore costly.16 Jong et al13 found that cardiologist care was associated with higher rates of coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, and bypass surgery. In an environment in which managed care controls a large portion of the healthcare dollar or in an environment in which the healthcare dollar is strictly limited (such as Canada), a system in which the primary care physician remained the gatekeeper or nonspecialist physicians provided the majority of care would be much more appealing. Because of these 2 seemingly opposing forces, any universal change in practice pattern would be difficult to foresee or recommend.A Better Way?The above notwithstanding, perhaps the focus of the debate should be reexamined. Instead of debating the question of who is the optimal caregiver, one should perhaps focus on the question of how to provide optimal care. Even though many of the studies alluded to so far explore the effect of the type of practitioner on outcome, the real forces that produce these differences in outcomes are likely to be the underlying processes of care. After scrutinizing these processes, one can distill the following 3 basic steps to establishing optimal heart failure care strategies: (1) identifying the population that will benefit the most, (2) setting benchmarks that will serve as standards of care, and (3) actively implementing algorithms that will ensure translation of concept to practice.Identifying the PopulationAn important finding from Jong et al13 was that 1-year mortality benefit from cardiologist care was seen in the medium- and high-risk patients, but not in the low-risk patients. This is consistent with data showing that high-risk patients benefit most from therapeutic interventions.17 With this in mind, a simple approach to care could be adopted, whereby low-risk patients would be cared for by generalists, with difficult-to-treat and high-risk patients referred to cardiologists. The challenge, however, lies in the identification of high-risk patients. Studies have attempted to utilize risk-scoring systems to guide this categorization.18 Although the use of such systems is an attractive idea, the syndrome of heart failure is much less quantifiable than disease entities such as acute myocardial infarction, for which risk scores have been more successfully used,19 making the effort more challenging in the field of heart failure. Attempts to use more quantifiable measures such as QTc and brain natriuretic peptide levels may prove useful20; however, their clinical utility needs further refinement. Meanwhile, the simplest method may still be to use clinical judgment and rely on high-risk clinical correlates such as lower left ventricular ejection fraction or V̇o2 max; the presence of diabetes, hypotension, or nonsinus rhythm; or a history of prior admission for or history of heart failure or renal insufficiency.21,22BenchmarksOnce the patient population has been characterized, it is important to ensure that all patients receive proven levels of effective care. Standards have been well delineated in recent guidelines.23 In the initial period of intervention, particular attention should be paid to patient education, as evidence supports its role in increasing compliance with medication and dietary instructions, as well as in decreasing adverse outcomes and costs.24 Also, emphasis should be placed on frequent and regular follow-up communication both for therapeutic re-evaluation and for continued patient education.Active ImplementationIt is clear that passive dissemination of information regarding new therapeutic modalities alone produces suboptimal results.25 Once benchmarks for appropriate therapy have been set, proactive strategies are essential with the goal of disseminating and implementing these standards.26 Numerous approaches to proactive strategies have been investigated.27–29 An extensive review by McAlister et al28 of 11 randomized trials including 2067 patients showed that specialized follow-up by a multidisciplinary team reduced costs and hospitalizations, whereas telephone follow-up or improved communication with primary care physicians did not. Although grander-scale implementation may include general public health policies beyond the scope of this article, at the individual patient level, multidisciplinary disease management programs may provide the best-rounded approach to care.ConclusionAlthough provision of truly ideal care may be a utopian dream, we believe that any healthcare system should endeavor to provide not adequate care, but the best possible care, whether it be provided by a cardiologist, a generalist, or a multidisciplinary team.The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.FootnotesCorrespondence to Sharon A. Hunt, MD, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, CVRC 265, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5406. E-mail [email protected] References 1 American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2003 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2002.Google Scholar2 Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, et al. Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1397–1402.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2002; 106: 3068–3072.LinkGoogle Scholar4 O'Connell JB. The economic burden of heart failure. Clin Cardiol. 2000; 23: III-6–III-10.CrossrefGoogle Scholar5 MacIntyre K, Capewell S, Stewart S, et al. Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure: trends in case fatality in 66 547 patients hospitalized between 1986 and 1995. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1126–1131.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 293–302.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 CIBIS II Investigators and Committees. The cardiac insufficiency study II (CIBIS II): a randomized trial. Lancet. 1999; 353: 9–13.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8 Oxman AD, Thomson MA, Davis DA, et al. No magic bullets: a systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional practice. CMAJ. 1995; 153: 1423–1431.MedlineGoogle Scholar9 Stafford RS, Saglam D, Blumenthal D. National patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use in congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157: 2460–2464.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10 Ansari M, Alexander M, Tutar A, et al. Cardiology participation improves outcomes in outcomes in patients with new-onset heart failure in the outpatient setting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41;62–68.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11 Philbin EF, Weil HF, Erb TA, et al. Cardiology or primary care for heart failure in the community setting: process of care and clinical outcomes. Chest. 1999; 116: 346–354.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12 Edep ME, Shah NB, Tateo IM, et al. Differences between primary care physicians and cardiologists in management of congestive heart failure: relation to practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 518–526.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13 Jong P, Gong Y, Liu PP, et al. Care and outcomes of patients newly hospitalized for heart failure in the community treated by cardiologists compared with other specialists. Circulation. 2003; 108: 184–191.LinkGoogle Scholar14 Chin MH, Friedmann PD, Cassel CK, et al. Differences in generalist and specialist physicians' knowledge and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for congestive heart failure. J Gen Intern Med. 1997; 12: 523–530.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15 Pugno PA, McPherson DS, Schmittling GT, et al. Results of the 2001 National Resident Matching Program: family practice. Fam Med. 2001; 33: 594–601.MedlineGoogle Scholar16 Auerbach AD, Hamel MB, Davis RB, et al. Resource use and survival of patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure: differences in care by specialty of the attending physician. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132: 191–200.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17 Rich MW, Nease RF. Cost-effectiveness analysis in clinical practice: the case of heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 1690–1700.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18 Philbin EF, DiSalvo TG. Prediction of hospital readmission for heart failure: development of a simple risk score based on administrative data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1560–1566.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19 Morrow DA, Antman EM, Parsons L. Application of the TIMI risk score for ST-elevation MI in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 3. JAMA. 2001; 286: 1356–1359.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20 Vrtovec B, Reynolds D, Zewail A, et al. Prolonged QTc interval and high B-type natriuretic peptide levels together predict mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1764–1769.LinkGoogle Scholar21 Eichhorn EJ. Prognosis determination in heart failure. Am J Med. 2001; 110: 14S–36S.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar22 Chin MH, Goldman L. Correlates of early hospital readmission or death in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79: 1640–1644.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar23 Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary. Circulation. 2001; 104: 2996–3007.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24 Krumholz HM, Amatruda J, Smith GL, et al. Randomized trial of an education and support intervention to prevent readmission of patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 83–89.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar25 Weingarten S, Riedinger M, Conner L, et al. Reducing lengths of stay in the coronary care unit with a practice guideline for patients with congestive heart failure: insights from a controlled clinical trial. Med Care. 1994; 32: 1232–1243.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar26 Armstrong PW. Do guidelines influence practice? Heart. 2003; 89: 349–352.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar27 Stewart S, Horowitz JD. Home-based intervention in congestive heart failure: long-term implications on readmission and survival. Circulation. 2002; 105: 2861–2866.LinkGoogle Scholar28 McAlister FA, Lawson FME, Teo KK, et al. A systematic review of randomized trials of disease management programs in heart failure. Am J Med. 2001; 110: 378–384.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar29 Blue L, Lang E, McMurray JJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of specialist nurse intervention in heart failure. BMJ. 2001; 323: 715–718.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Ussher J, Elmariah S, Gerszten R and Dyck J (2016) The Emerging Role of Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cardiovascular Disease, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.972, 68:25, (2850-2870), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2016. Goodlin S (2009) End-of-life care in heart failure, Current Cardiology Reports, 10.1007/s11886-009-0027-7, 11:3, (184-191), Online publication date: 1-May-2009. Hammwöhner M, D'Alessandro A, Dobrev D, Kirchhof P and Goette A (2006) Neue Antiarrhythmika in der Therapie des VorhofflimmernsNew antiarrhythmic drugs for therapy of atrial fibrillation: II. Non-ion channel blockers, Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie, 10.1007/s00399-006-0513-1, 17:2, (73-80), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2006. Athanasuleas C, Buckberg G, Stanley A, Siler W, Dor V, Donato M, Menicanti L, de Oliveira S, Beyersdorf F, Kron I, Suma H, Kouchoukos N, Moore W, McCarthy P, Oz M, Fontan F, Scott M and Accola K (2005) Surgical Ventricular Restoration: The RESTORE Group Experience, Heart Failure Reviews, 10.1007/s10741-005-6805-4, 9:4, (287-297), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2005. Foody J, Rathore S, Wang Y, Herrin J, Masoudi F, Havranek E and Krumholz H (2005) Physician specialty and mortality among elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure, The American Journal of Medicine, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.075, 118:10, (1120-1125), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2005. Fye W (2004) Cardiology's Workforce Shortage, Circulation, 109:7, (813-816), Online publication date: 24-Feb-2004.Kereiakes D and Willerson J (2004) The United States Cardiovascular Care Deficit, Circulation, 109:7, (821-823), Online publication date: 24-Feb-2004. July 15, 2003Vol 108, Issue 2 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000079617.56688.04PMID: 12860891 Originally publishedJuly 15, 2003 KeywordsagingpopulationEditorialspatientsheart failurePDF download Advertisement
Referência(s)