Parvovirus B19-Induced Myocarditis Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction
2010; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 121; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/cir.0b013e3181d310ea
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresDaniel Basic, Sanjay Gupta, Raymond Y. Kwong,
Tópico(s)Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 121, No. 7Parvovirus B19-Induced Myocarditis Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplementary MaterialsFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBParvovirus B19-Induced Myocarditis Mimicking Acute Myocardial InfarctionClarification of Diagnosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Daniel Basic, MD, Sanjay Gupta, MBBS, MRCP and Raymond Y. Kwong, MD, MPH, FACC Daniel BasicDaniel Basic From the Department of Cardiology, Kreisklinik Altötting, Altötting, Germany (D.B.); and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass (S.G., R.Y.K.). , Sanjay GuptaSanjay Gupta From the Department of Cardiology, Kreisklinik Altötting, Altötting, Germany (D.B.); and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass (S.G., R.Y.K.). and Raymond Y. KwongRaymond Y. Kwong From the Department of Cardiology, Kreisklinik Altötting, Altötting, Germany (D.B.); and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass (S.G., R.Y.K.). Originally published23 Feb 2010https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d310eaCirculation. 2010;121:e40–e42An 18-year-old man with no previous cardiac history presented to his local hospital complaining of severe chest pain. One day before admission, he was hit in the chest by a ball during a basketball game. He did not notice any symptoms and was able to finish the game; however, the next day, he developed severe central chest pain. Cardiac troponins were elevated at 79 μg/L (normal range, 0 to 1.2 μg/L). He subsequently underwent cardiac catheterization, which showed normal coronary anatomy with no significant stenoses. Subsequently, he had another episode of chest pain that was associated with diffuse ST elevation involving the anterior and lateral leads. The ST elevation persisted for >90 minutes before subsiding spontaneously. On transfer, the patient was specifically questioned about recreational drug use. He denied any use of cocaine, although he did admit to using marijuana 1 week before admission. On examination, he was pain free and hemodynamically stable. An echocardiogram showed minimal persistent ST segment elevation in the anterior leads (Figure 1). A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (Magnetom TRIO, Siemens, Germany; field strength 3 T) was performed to assess morphology of myocardial injury. This scan demonstrated normal left ventricular size with mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction (Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement). Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated at 42% using QMass® MR version 7.0.28 (Leiden, The Netherlands). There was severe hypokinesis of the basal to midanterolateral, inferolateral, and inferior walls and hypokinesis of the midanterior and apical segments. On delayed enhancement imaging, there was diffuse patchy midmyocardial and epicardial late gadolinium enhancement involving these segments (Figure 2A and B). The subendocardium was spared. T2-weighted imaging revealed high-intensity signal in these areas, suggesting the presence of myocardial edema (Figure 3). On rest perfusion, a perfusion defect was seen, which involved the basal to midlateral walls. Overall, the findings were strongly suggestive of myocarditis. Subsequently, his parvovirus B19 antibody levels were noted to be elevated at 5.5 index value (normal range, 0 to 0.89 index value), confirming the diagnosis of parvovirus B19-induced myocarditis. The patient was commenced on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and discharged. He was reviewed in our clinic after 10 weeks and reported feeling significantly better with no specific ongoing symptoms. An echocardiogram showed improvement in left ventricular function with improvement in contractility of the lateral wall (Movie II in the online-only Data Supplement). Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 1. Twelve-lead ECG 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV, demonstrating minimal persistent ST elevation in the anterolateral leads.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 2. Cardiac MRI. A, Short axial view (ET 1, TR 608, TE 1.6, DFOV 24.3×29.9). B, Four-chamber view (ET 1, TR 609, TE 1.6, DFOV 24.3×29.9) showing diffuse patchy midmyocardial and epicardial late gadolinium enhancement with sparing of the subendocardium (arrows).Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 3. Cardiac MRI. T2-weighted, 2-chamber view (ET 17, TR 661.1, TE 93, DFOV 24.4×30) revealing high-intensity signals in the area of late gadolinium enhancement consistent with the presence of myocardial edema.DiscussionThis case highlights the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in making a confirmatory diagnosis of acute myocarditis in a patient presenting with symptoms, signs, and an echocardiogram suggestive of an acute myocardial infarction in the absence of angiographically significant coronary artery disease.Approximately 10% of patients who present with symptoms suggestive of coronary ischemia and elevated troponins are found to have normal or only minimally diseased coronary arteries on angiography.1 In most cases, acute myocardial infarction secondary to coronary vasospasm or spontaneously reperfused coronary occlusion is suggested, but no definitive diagnosis is sought.Myocarditis represents infectious, autoimmune, or toxic inflammation of the heart. The spectrum of clinical presentation is wide, ranging from absence of any symptoms to fulminant cardiogenic shock and sudden death. Myocarditis can also cause severe vasospasm and hence mimic acute myocardial infarction with acute onset of chest pain, echocardiogram abnormalities, and elevated cardiac enzymes.2 This pattern of severe vasospasm mimicking acute myocardial infarction is most commonly seen in patients with biopsy-proven parvovirus B19-induced myocarditis. Increases in oxidative stress, reduced bioavailability of vasodilator nitric oxide availability, and ensuing endothelial dysfunction have been implicated as possible mechanisms for induction of vasospasm.3The clinical diagnosis of myocarditis can be challenging because of the often nonspecific pattern of clinical presentation and lack of universally accepted and standardized diagnostic criteria. Postmortem findings identify myocarditis as a cause of sudden cardiac death in 20% of men younger than age 40, and yet this diagnosis is made far less frequently in day-to-day clinical practice. Traditionally, the diagnosis has been made by application of the so-called Dallas criteria, which required identification of inflammatory cellular infiltrate with or without myocardial necrosis on conventionally stained myocardial tissue biopsy specimens. A histological diagnosis was found to be prone to sampling error, considerable interobserver variability, and low sensitivity, however, and the Dallas criteria are now considered to be inadequate to reliably make the diagnosis.4,5 Immunohistologic techniques are more sensitive but still require an endomyocardial biopsy, which is highly invasive and not without risk.More recently, cardiovascular magnetic resonance with the adjunctive use of gadolinium has shown great promise as a means of diagnosing myocarditis without the requirement of a biopsy.6 Studies by Mahrholdt et al have demonstrated the presence of infiltrates characterized by areas of enhancement (late gadolinium enhancement) on approximately 10 minutes of gadolinium administration appear to correlate well with regions of histologically proven myocarditis.7 These infiltrates characteristically are located in the midwall and tend to spare the subendocardium, which differentiates them from areas of infarction. Mahrholdt's group has also demonstrated that clinical presentation, pattern of delayed enhancement on CMR, and clinical course are related to the type of virus present in the myocardium.3 Parvovirus B19-induced infection tends to present commonly as severe acute recurring chest pain and is characteristically associated with delayed enhancement in the lateral wall. In general, patients have a benign course with significant or complete recovery. In contrast, patients with human herpesvirus 6 infection tend to present with subacute, new onset of heart failure. These patients tend to have delayed enhancement in the midwall of the interventricular septum and tend to have an overall worse prognosis with further deterioration in left ventricular function.3 Although CMR using different sequences, T1 and T2 weighting, and late gadolinium enhancement is specific for diagnosis of myocarditis, sensitivity is still limited6 because current MRI techniques only provide a qualitative visual assessment of myocardial fibrosis. Myocarditis often proceeds from a focal to a global pattern, and only 30% to 40% of patients present with focal myocardial injury that is visible as infiltrates of late gadolinium enhancement on the CMR.6 Much current research is being focused on the development of techniques that may allow quantitative assessment of diffuse or global myocardial fibrosis. It is likely that when these techniques become available, sensitivity of CMR for making this diagnosis will be improved significantly.The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/121/7/e40/DC1.Guest Editor for this article was Paolo Verdecchia, MD.DisclosuresNone.FootnotesCorrespondence to Raymond Y. Kwong, MD, MPH, FACC, Director, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail [email protected] References 1 Iuliano L, Micheletta F, Napoli A, Catalano C. Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2009; 3: 24.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2 Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Bock T, Klingel K, Schwimmbeck CP, Seeberg B, Krautwurm L, Poller W, Schultheiss HP, Kandolf R. Parvovirus B19 infection mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2003; 108: 945–950.LinkGoogle Scholar3 Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Deluigi CC, Kispert E, Hager S, Meinhardt G, Vogelsberg H, Fritz P, Dippon J, Bock CT, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U. Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation. 2006; 114: 1581–1590.LinkGoogle Scholar4 Aretz HT. Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria. Hum Pathol. 1987; 18: 619–624.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Baughman KL. Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria. Circulation. 2006; 113: 593–595.LinkGoogle Scholar6 Abdel-Aty H, Boyé P, Zagrosek A, Wassmuth R, Kumar A, Messroghli D, Bock P, Dietz R, Friedrich MG, Schulz-Menger J. Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45: 1815–1822.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A, Meinhardt G, Athanasiadis A, Vogelsberg H, Fritz P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation. 2004; 109: 1250–1258.LinkGoogle Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Liang K, Williams M, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Conte E, Voges I, Priya S, Tirr E, Saiani R and Nur Salekin D (2022) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging unmasks presumed embolic myocardial infarction due to patent foramen ovale case report, European Heart Journal - Case Reports, 10.1093/ehjcr/ytac029, 6:2, Online publication date: 3-Feb-2022. Keramari S, Poutoglidis A, Chatzis S, Keramaris M, Savopoulos C and Kaiafa G Parvovirus B19-Associated Myocarditis: A Literature Review of Pediatric Cases, Cureus, 10.7759/cureus.21726 Cundari G, Galea N, De Rubeis G, Frustaci A, Cilia F, Mancuso G, Marchitelli L, Catapano F, Carbone I, Catalano C and Francone M (2020) Use of the new Lake Louise Criteria improves CMR detection of atypical forms of acute myocarditis, The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 10.1007/s10554-020-02097-9, 37:4, (1395-1404), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2021. Gupta K, Batool A, Hashmi A and Marcelin M Incidental Intramyocardial Bridging in a Myocarditis Patient Presenting With Focal ST Segment Depressions, Cureus, 10.7759/cureus.9931 Martinez-Villar M, Gran F, Sabaté-Rotés A, Tello-Montoliu A, Castellote A, Figueras-Coll M, Ferrer Q and Roses-Noguer F (2017) Acute Myocarditis with Infarct-like Presentation in a Pediatric Population: Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Pediatric Cardiology, 10.1007/s00246-017-1726-2, 39:1, (51-56), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2018. Yildirim E, Bugan B, Koklu M, Gormel S and Celik M (2016) Acute myocarditis mimicking myocardial infarction can misdirect the diagnostic approach, International Journal of the Cardiovascular Academy, 10.1016/j.ijcac.2016.01.005, 2:1, (12-15), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2016. Ajmi H, Chemli J, Trabelsi A, Hassayoun S, Kebaili R, Naffati E, Zouari N, Boujaffar N and Abroug S (2015) Acute myocarditis associated with parvovirus B19 infection in a child, Pediatric Infectious Disease, 10.1016/j.pid.2015.02.001, 7:2, (53-55), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2015. Parra D, Mekki Y, Durieu I, Broussolle C and Sève P (2014) Manifestations cliniques et biologiques de la primo-infection à parvovirus B19 chez l'adulte immunocompétent : étude rétrospective de 26 observations, La Revue de Médecine Interne, 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.04.015, 35:5, (289-296), Online publication date: 1-May-2014. Francone M (2014) Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in the Evaluation of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic Contribution and Prognostic Significance, ISRN Radiology, 10.1155/2014/365404, 2014, (1-16), Online publication date: 4-Feb-2014. Feng W, Lin T, Su H, Hsieh C, Voon W, Lai W, Sheu S and Hsu P (2013) Fulminant myocarditis complicated with obstructive ST-elevation myocardial infarction—a rare case report, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.10.022, 31:3, (635.e1-635.e3), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2013. Bolognesi D (2013) Acute coronary syndrome vs. myopericarditis – not always a straightforward diagnosis, American Journal of Case Reports, 10.12659/AJCR.889045, 14, (221-225) Koepsell S, Anderson D and Radio S (2012) Parvovirus B19 is a bystander in adult myocarditis, Cardiovascular Pathology, 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.02.002, 21:6, (476-481), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2012. Arutyunov G, Paleev F, Moiseeva O, Dragunov D, Sokolova A, Arutyunov A, Zhirov I, Blagova O, Privalova E, Gabrusenko S, Garganeeva A, Gendlin G, Gilyarevsky S, Duplyakov D, Zairatiants O, Karateev D, Koziolova N, Kosmacheva E, Kochetov A, Lopatin Y, Melekhov A, Mitrofanova L, Narusov O, Nasonova S, Nedostup A, Nikulina S, Orlova Y, Poteshkina N, Rebrov A, Saidova M, Sedov V, Sinitsyn V, Sitnikova M, Skvortsov A, Skibitsky V, Stukalova O, Tarlovskaya E, Tereshchenko S, Usov V, Famin I, Chesnikova A, Shaposhnik I and Shostak N (2021) 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Myocarditis in adults, Russian Journal of Cardiology, 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4790, 26:11, (4790) February 23, 2010Vol 121, Issue 7 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d310eaPMID: 20177002 Originally publishedFebruary 23, 2010 PDF download Advertisement SubjectsComputerized Tomography (CT)ImagingMyocardial Infarction
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