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The phylogeography of the Placozoa suggests a taxon-rich phylum in tropical and subtropical waters

2010; Wiley; Volume: 19; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04617.x

1365-294X

Michael Eitel, Bernd Schierwater,

Parasite Biology and Host Interactions

Molecular EcologyVolume 19, Issue 11 p. 2315-2327 The phylogeography of the Placozoa suggests a taxon-rich phylum in tropical and subtropical waters M. EITEL, M. EITEL Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorB. SCHIERWATER, B. SCHIERWATER Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, Germany American Museum of Natural History, New York, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, 79 St at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USASearch for more papers by this author M. EITEL, M. EITEL Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorB. SCHIERWATER, B. SCHIERWATER Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, Germany American Museum of Natural History, New York, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, 79 St at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 May 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04617.xCitations: 41 Michael Eitel, Fax: +(49) 511 953 8584; E-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Placozoa has been a key phylum for understanding early metazoan evolution. Yet this phylum is officially monotypic and with respect to its general biology and ecology has remained widely unknown. Worldwide sampling and sequencing of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (16S) reveals a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical waters of genetically different clades. We sampled a total of 39 tropical and subtropical locations worldwide and found 23 positive sites for placozoans. The number of genetically characterized sites was thereby increased from 15 to 37. The new sampling identified the first genotypes from two new oceanographic regions, the Eastern Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. We found seven out of 11 previously known haplotypes as well as five new haplotypes. One haplotype resembles a new genetic clade, increasing the number of clades from six to seven. Some of these clades seem to be cosmopolitan whereas others appear to be endemic. The phylogeography also shows that different clades occupy different ecological niches and identifies several euryoecious haplotypes with a cosmopolitic distribution as well as some stenoecious haplotypes with an endemic distribution. Haplotypes of different clades differ substantially in their phylogeographic distribution according to latitude. The genetic data also suggest deep phylogenetic branching patterns between clades. Citing Literature Supporting Information Table S1 Accession numbers of all genotyped isolates with associated clone identifier. Table S2 Pairwise genetic distances between placozoan 16S haplotypes (explanations see text). The minimal p-distance between clades (grey) is substantially higher than within clades (purple, green and blue for clades I, III and V, respectively). Note that values for H10 are misleadingly high compared to closely related haplotypes (H9, H13–H15) because of missing sequence information for H10 at the conserved 5′ end. Table S3 Poriferan and Cnidarian mean uncorrected pairwise distances (16S). Fig. S1 16S alignment used in phylogenetic analyses in Fig. 1. Fig. S2 Sea surface temperatures for the 37 genetically screened locations. The average temperature decreases with increasing distance from the equator. To show the differences in seasonal temperature fluctuations between tropical, subtropical and temperate habitats the minimal (min. temp.) and maximal (max. temp.) sea surface temperatures are given. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Filename Description MEC_4617_sm_FigureS1.pdf230.1 KB Supporting info item MEC_4617_sm_FigureS2.pdf3.3 MB Supporting info item MEC_4617_sm_TableS1.xls27.5 KB Supporting info item MEC_4617_sm_TableS2.xls35 KB Supporting info item MEC_4617_sm_TableS3.xls253 KB Supporting info item Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume19, Issue11June 2010Pages 2315-2327 RelatedInformation