Role Distance in Question: When it is No Longer Participating But Winning Which is Important
2014; Routledge; Volume: 31; Issue: 16 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09523367.2014.949688
ISSN1743-9035
Autores Tópico(s)Sport and Mega-Event Impacts
ResumoAbstractThe purpose of this study, which follows on from previous work, is to show in what ways sport has surreptitiously changed and become more complex, to the extent that its functioning only imperfectly responds to one of the basics of sport as envisaged by Elias: role distance. That is the propensity of the participants to avoid being caught in the game, which is only a game, defining in this way the social distance which classes sports performers and the relationship of their practice to the contingencies and material necessities of life. The choice of this focal point is another attempt to understand what happens when sport, by transforming itself, becomes more than sport or even another type of sport. In other words, here we wish to discover what makes Elias' model incomplete. Although sport is supposed to contribute to the pacification of social relations, there are still a large number of elements, which in sporting practice, and in its most recent developments, cannot be explained by the theory of the ‘civilising process’.Keywords:: Eliascivilising processviolencerole distanceeducation Notes 1.CitationRobène, Le sport et la guerre XIXe-XXe siècles. 2.CitationRobène, “Les sports aériens: de la compétition sportive à la violence de guerre, Guerres mondiales et Conflits contemporains.” 3.CitationRobène, “Exploits techniques, exploits sportifs? Le traitement médiatique de l'aviation dans la revue la Vie au Grand Air (1900–1914).” 4.CitationRobène, “Les sports aériens: de la compétition sportive à la violence de guerre, Guerres mondiales et Conflits contemporains.” 5.CitationColovic, “Le football, les hooligans et la guerre”; CitationTregoures, “Le rôle du football dans l'éclatement de la Yougoslavie.” 6. “The first confrontations with the police took place in the stadium. The whole world was shown how to attack them.” Conversation with a Tunisian ultra in La guerre des travées, So Foot, 92, 2012, 44–7. 7.Le Monde, February 3, 2012; Libération, February 5, 2012. 8. Ibid. 9. The combat philosophy is thus summarised by its inventor Imi Lichtenfeld: “No laws, no limitation as regards technique, no prohibitions, all blows are permitted” in, CitationTernisien, “Les musclés de la défense juive”.10. Radical Zionist youth movement: http://www.betar.org.il/en/ (accessed April 29, 2012).11.CitationTernisien, “Les musclés de la défense juive”.12.CitationPessis-Pasterna, “Entretien avec Théodore Zeldin.”13.CitationBodin, Robène, and Héas, Sport and Violence in Europe.14.CitationJaverlhiac, Pouvoir et vouloir se former.15. See among numerous examples, the misbehaviour of Joey Barton considered the “bad behavior of an irresponsible kid”: insults on the playing field, recurrent drunk driving, violence, alcohol, settling scores and fights during and away from sport, etc., in CitationArnauld, “Joey Barton, un hooligan sur le terrain.”16.CitationPessis-Pasterna, “Entretien avec Théodore Zeldin.”17.CitationManzella, “La dérégulation du football par l'Europe”; CitationLanfranchi, “Football, cosmopolitisme et nationalisme.”18.CitationBodin, Robène, and Héas, Sport and Violence in Europe.19.CitationEhrenberg, Le culte de la performance.20.CitationPerotte, “Le Fiel du sport.”21. Ibid.22.CitationSalvador, “Le football dans les règles de l'art,” III.23.CitationBobin, “Les policiers chinois consultent des psys plutôt que Marx ou Confucius.”24. See the fist fight at the end of the race between two French athletes Baala and Mekhissi, amply covered in the press and on the Internet: “Rivals on the track during the 1500m at the Diamond League meeting in Monaco, Mehdi Baala and Mahiedine Mekhissi-Benabbad engaged in a real street fight once the race had finished. The deplorable images will probably be seen all over the world.” Le Figaro, July 23, 2011.25. See the general fight that closed the NBA match between the Pistons and the Indiana Pacers, November 19, 2004: CitationLeser, “Echauffourées à Détroit: 143 matchs de suspension.”26. The most emblematic example is still Zidanne's ‘head butt’ in 2006. CitationAragon, “Benoit Baby est suspendu quatre semaines pour son agressions sur Brian O'Driscoll.”27.CitationBrochen, “Peyron and Bourgnon se font des vagues à l'âme,” 31.28. “In Monaco, Michaël Shumacher plays like the bad guys and loses,” Le Monde, May 30, 2006.29.CitationBodin et al., “Le dopage entre désir d'éternité et contraintes sociales”; CitationBodin and Sempé, “Faut-il légaliser le dopage?”30.CitationRollin, “Sur les courts de Dax, le père aurait empoisonné en série”; CitationGarcia, “Le père qui droguait les adversaires de ses enfants au tennis pourrait avoir fait d'autres victimes,” 10.31.Rollerball, film by Norman. Jewison, 1975. Walking Dead, comic strip in press, by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard.32.CitationSund and Crozier, “The Sport, the Club, the Body.”33.CitationBurgess, L'Orange mécanique (1962, Quatrième de couverture).34.Rebel without a cause/La fureur de vivre, a film by Nicholas Ray, 1955. The scene, in which the young men (including James Dean) play at proving themselves in competition, in the face of danger, trying to jump out of a car heading towards the precipice at the last moment, perfectly symbolises this phenomenon, which ends in tragedy. This tendency is extremely perceptible nowadays in a large number of physical competitions such as the train competitions in South Africa where children and young people perform acrobatic exercises on the roofs of trains, hanging onto the windows or doors of the carriages, at the risk of falling off or being electrocuted.35.Citationde Coubertin, “La psychologie du sport.”36.CitationNégroni, “L'inquiétant succès des sports de l'extrême.”37.CitationPotet, “Les gladiateurs du ‘free fight’.”38.CitationWahl, La balle au pied, 55.39.CitationElias, La civilisation des mœurs; CitationLa dynamique de l'occident.40.Citationde Coubertin, Pédagogie sportive. Histoire, technique, action morale et sociale des exercices physiques.41.CitationFreud, Malaise dans la civilisation, 28.42. Apart from the case of the female tennis player Demongeot, raped over a number of years by her coach, one could also refer to the affair of the young female swimmer, from the Braud-et-Saint-Louis swimming group, in Gironde, who is today accusing her former coach of rape (the case is currently in the courts).43.CitationBodin, Robène, and Héas, Sport and Violence in Europe; CitationRoche, “Le football anglais fait naufrage”; and CitationRoche, “Des joueurs du championnat d'Angleterre mis en cause dans une affaire de viol.”44.CitationCoulon, “Un scandale à l'anglaise.”45.CitationBoltanski, “La disgrâce du foot anglais.”46. We are thinking specifically here of the work carried out by the Montevideo Clinic, Boulogne-Billancourt, specialised in the treatment of addictive behaviours.47.CitationBoltanski, “La disgrâce du foot anglais.”48. See the concept of ‘pornification’ in CitationJoignot, “Le porno change-t-il les ados?”49. Conversation with Tony Cascarino, a footballer who played for Marseille and Nancy in the 1990s: ‘When we arrived in a foreign country with one or two evenings to kill and television channels where we didn't understand anything, we checked out the porn … We watched it all together in a group, with no shame. I have at times found myself in a room with three or four players jerking themselves off to a film …’. So Foot, 39, 2007, 54.50.CitationCatalano, “Sexe, argent, pouvoir, Les secrets des Bleus.”51.CitationTourenchau, “Benzema: Mondial d'abord, police ensuite?” 22.52.CitationPéretié, “La faille du tigre,” 96.53.CitationDuret and Bodin, Le sport en questions.54. See the case of the l'INSEP and table tennis. CitationJaverlhiac, Pouvoir et vouloir se former.55.CitationBarbier and Bac, “La main dans le short.”56.CitationBodin, Robène, and Héas, Sport and Violence in Europe.57.CitationMoscovici, L'âge des foules, un traité historique de psychologie des masses.58. Ibid., 247.59.CitationAttali, Sports et médias.60.CitationPessis-Pasterna, “Entretien avec Théodore Zeldin.”61. Reference can also be made to the media presentation of the victims of the Heysel tragedy in 1985 or the Quémeneur affair in 2006 which, far from constituting a manifestation of compassion or simple informational interest, constitute in fact a media attraction using sensationalism as do the majority of television channels in the world.62.CitationDebord, La société du spectacle.63.CitationBodin, “Rôles et influences des médias dans l'émergence des violences juvéniles: connaissances et questionnements.”64.CitationLarrochelle, “Tu t'entraîneras dans la douleur.”Additional informationNotes on contributorsLuc RobèneLuc Robène is a Professor at the Université de Bordeaux and a member of the Laboratory ‘Culture, éducation, société’ (Culture, education and society). His works deal with the history of cultural practices through three main axes: the history of aeronautics; the history of the body, the knowledge and techniques of the body, including the history of violence; and the history of popular music.Dominique BodinDominique Bodin is a Professor at the Université Européenne de Bretagne (Rennes 2) and Director of the Laboratory ‘Violences Identités Politiques et Sports’ (http://www.sites.univ-rennes2.fr/violences-identites-politiques-sports/) and of the International Federative Research Structure ‘Violences Prévention des Violences’ (http://violencesetpreventiondesviolences.org/ index.php/fr/). His works deal with the relations linking sport and violence through two main prisms: sport as a place for the dramatisation of violence and sport as a way to control this violence.
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