Revisão Revisado por pares

Correlates between human lung injury after particle exposure and recurrent airway obstruction in the horse

2007; Wiley; Volume: 38; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.2746/042516406777749272

ISSN

2042-3306

Autores

Andrew J. Ghio, Melissa R. Mazan, Andrew M. Hoffman, Nicola Robinson,

Tópico(s)

Injury Epidemiology and Prevention

Resumo

Equine Veterinary JournalVolume 38, Issue 4 p. 362-367 Correlates between human lung injury after particle exposure and recurrent airway obstruction in the horse A. J. GHIO, Corresponding Author A. J. GHIO National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711Campus Box 7315, Human Studies Division, US EPA, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7315, USA.Search for more papers by this authorM. R. MAZAN, M. R. MAZAN Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536Search for more papers by this authorA. M. HOFFMAN, A. M. HOFFMAN Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536Search for more papers by this authorN. E. ROBINSON, N. E. ROBINSON Pulmonary Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.Search for more papers by this author A. J. GHIO, Corresponding Author A. J. GHIO National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711Campus Box 7315, Human Studies Division, US EPA, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7315, USA.Search for more papers by this authorM. R. MAZAN, M. R. MAZAN Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536Search for more papers by this authorA. M. HOFFMAN, A. M. HOFFMAN Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536Search for more papers by this authorN. E. ROBINSON, N. E. ROBINSON Pulmonary Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.2746/042516406777749272Citations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Anon (2003) American Thoracic Society: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am. J. respir. crit. Care 167, 787–797. 10.1164/rccm.167.5.787 Web of Science®Google Scholar Ainsworth, D.M., Grunig, G., Matychak, M.B., Young, J., Wagner, B., Erb, H.N. and Antczak, D.F. (2003) Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN-gamma and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 96, 83–91. 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00142-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Alexander, A.F. (1959) Chronic alveolar emphysema in the horse. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 80, 141–146. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Armstrong, P.J., Derksen, F.J., Slocombe, R.F. and Robinson, N.E. (1986) Airway responses to aerosolized methacholine and citric acid in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 133, 357–361. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bartz, J. and Hartung, J. (1993) Dust measurements on a horse using an equine personal sample. Livestock Environment, 4th International Symposium, University of Warwick, Coventry , UK . pp 742–746. Web of Science®Google Scholar Baur, X., Borsch-Galetke, E., Raulf, M., Czuppon, A.B. and Scheer, E. (1993) Occupational-type exposure tests and bronchoalveolar lavage analyses in two patients with byssinosis and two asymptomatic cotton workers. Int. Arch. occup. environ. Health 65, 141–146. 10.1007/BF00405734 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Becklake, M., Broder, I., Chan-Yeung, M., Dosman, J.A., Ernst, P., Herbert, F.A., Kennedy, S.M. and Warren, P.W. (1996) Recommendations for reducing the effect of grain dust on the lungs. Canadian Thoracic Society Standards Committee. Can. med. ass. J. 155, 1399–1403. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berry, C.R., O'Brien, T.R., Madigan, J.E. and Hager, D.A. (1991) Thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses. J. vet. intern. Med. 5, 248–256. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00956.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bureau, F., Delhalle, S., Bonizzi, G., Fievez, L., Dogne, S., Kirschvink, N., Vanderplasschen, A., Merville, M.P., Bours, V. and Lekeux, P. (2000) Mechanisms of persistent NF-kappa B activity in the bronchi of an animal model of asthma. J. Immunol. 165, 5822–5830. 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5822 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Burrell, M.H. (1985) Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young Thoroughbred horses in training. Equine vet. J. 17, 99–103. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02059.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Clarke, A.F. (1987) A review of environmental and host factors in relation to equine respiratory disease. Equine vet. J. 19, 435–441. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02638.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Clapp, W.D., Becker, S., Quay, J., Watt, J.L., Thorne, P.S., Frees, K.L., Zhang, X., Koren, H.S., Lux, C.R. and Schwartz, D.A. (1994) Grain dust-induced airflow obstruction and inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. Am. J. Respir. crit. care Med. 150, 611–617. 10.1164/ajrccm.150.3.8087327 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cloutier, Y., Lagier, F., Cartier, A. and Malo, J.L. (1992) Validation of an exposure system to particles for the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Chest 102, 402–407. 10.1378/chest.102.2.402 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cook, W.R. (1976) Chronic bronchitis and alveolar emphysema in the horse. Vet. Rec. 99, 448–451. 10.1136/vr.99.23.448 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Couetil, L.L. and DeNicola, D.B. (1999) Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine vet. J. Suppl. 30, 77–82. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05193.x CASGoogle Scholar Couetil, L.L. and Ward, A.P. (2003) Analysis of risk factors for recurrent airway obstruction in North American horses: 1,444 cases (1990–1999). J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 223, 1645–50. 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1645 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Couetil, L.L., Rosenthal, F.S., DeNicola, D.B. and Chilcoat, C.D. (2001) Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. Am. J. vet. Res. 62, 538–46. 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.538 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Crichlow, E.C., Yoshida, K. and Wallace, K. (1980) Dust levels in a riding stable. Equine vet. J. 12, 185–188. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb03422.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Deaton, C.M., Marlin, D.J., Smith, N.C., Harris, P.A., Roberts, C.A., Schroter, R.C. and Kelly, F.J. (2004) Pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction. Am. J. vet. Res. 65, 80–87. 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.80 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dennis, R.J., Maldonado, D., Norman, S., Baena, E. and Martinez, G. (1996) Woodsmoke exposure and risk for obstructive airways disease among women. Chest 109, 115–119. 10.1378/chest.109.1.115 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Derksen, F.J., Scott, J.S., Miller, D.C., Slocombe, R.F. and Robinson, N.E. (1985a) Bronchoalveolar lavage in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 132, 1066–70. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Derksen, F.J., Olszewski, M., Robinson, N.E., Berney, C., Lloyd, J.W., Hakala, J., Matson, C. and Ruth, D. (1996) Use of a hand-held, metered-dose aerosol delivery device to administer pirbuterol acetate to horses with 'heaves'. Equine vet. J. 28, 306–10. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03094.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Derksen, F.J., Robinson, N.E., Armstrong, P.J., Stick, J.A. and Slocombe, R.F. (1985b) Airway reactivity in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). J. appl. Physiol. 58, 598–604. 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.598 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pico, G.A., Reddan, W., Anderson, S., Flaherty, D. and Smalley, E. (1983) Acute effects of grain dust exposure during a work shift. Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 128, 399–404. 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.3.399 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dybing, E. and Sanner, T. (1999) Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections. Hum. expt. Toxicol. 18, 202–5. 10.1191/096032799678839914 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ezzati, M. and Kammen, D.M. (2001) Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure-response study. Lancet 358, 619–624. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05777-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Franchini, M., Gill, U., von Fellenberg, R. and Bracher, V.D. (2000) Interleukin-8 concentration and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following exposure to hay. Am. J. vet. Res. 61, 1369–1374. 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1369 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Franchini, M., Gilli, U., Akens, M.K., Fellenberg, R.V. and Bracher, V. (1998) The role of neutrophil chemotactic cytokines in the pathogenesis of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 66, 53–65. 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00178-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ghio, A.J., Huang, Y.C., Bennett, W.D., Bromberg, P.A. and Devlin, R.B. (2004a) A similar biological response following exposure to different types of particles suggests a common mechanism of injury. In: Effects of Air Contaminants on the Respiratory Tract - Interpretations from Molecular to Meta Analysis, Ed: U. Heinrich, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart . pp 259–268. Google Scholar Ghio, A.J., Churg, A. and Roggli, V.L. (2004b) Ferruginous bodies: Implications in the mechanism of fiber and particle toxicity. Toxicol. Path. 32, 643–649. 10.1080/01926230490885733 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gillespie, J.R. and Tyler, W.S. (1967) Quantitative electron microscopy of the interalveolar septa of the horse lung. Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 95, 477–488. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gray, P.R., Derksen, F.J., Robinson, N.E., Carpenter-Deyo, L.J., Johnson, H.G. and Roth, R.A. (1989) The role of cyclooxygenase products in the acute airway obstruction and airway hyperreactivity of ponies with heaves. Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 140, 154–160. 10.1164/ajrccm/140.1.154 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hare, J.E. and Viel, L. (1998) Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses. J. vet. intern. Med. 12, 163–70. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02112.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Harmar, L., Schutz, A., Hallberg, T. and Sjoholm A. (1990) Health effects of exposure to endotoxins and organic dust in poultry slaughter-house workers. International Arch. occup. environ. Health 62, 159–164. 10.1007/BF00383592 Web of Science®Google Scholar Hnizdo, E., Cowie, R.L., Hay, M. and Glyn, T.R. (1993) Association of silicosis, lung dysfunction and emphysema in gold miners. Thorax 48, 746–749. 10.1136/thx.48.7.746 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hoffman, A.M. and Mazan, M.R. (1999) Programme of lung function testing horses with suspected small airway disease. Equine vet. Educ. 11, 322–328. 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1999.tb01564.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Hoffman, A.M. (2002) Airway obstruction and hyper-reactivity in horse with signs of inflammatory airway disease. In: Inflammatory Airway Disease: Defining the Syndrome, R & W Publications, Newmarket . pp 71–74. Google Scholar Hoffman, A.M., Mazan, M.R. and Ellenberg, S. (1998) Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. Am. J. vet. Res. 59, 176–81. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hoffman, A.M. (1999) Bronchoalveolar lavage technique and cytologic diagnosis of small airway inflammatory disease. Equine vet. Educ. 11, 330–336. 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1999.tb01566.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Hoffman, A., Robinson, N.E. and Wade, J.F. (2003) In: Proceedings of a Workshop on Inflammatory Airway Disease: Defining the Syndrome. Havemeyer Foundation Monograph 9. R & W Publications, Newmarket . pp 102–104. Google Scholar Holcombe, S.J., Jackson, C., Gerber, V., Jefcoat, A., Berney, C., Eberhardt, S. and Robinson, N.E. (2001) Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses. Equine Vet. J. 33, 244–249. 10.2746/042516401776249606 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jackson, C.A., Berney, C., Jefcoat, A.M. and Robinson, N.E. (2000) Environment and prednisone interactions in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Equine vet. J. 32, 432–438. 10.2746/042516400777591165 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar James, A.L., Cookson, W.O., Buters, G., Lewis, S., Ryan, G., Hockey, R. and Musk, A.W. (1986) Symptoms and longitudinal changes in lung function in young seasonal grain handlers. B r. J. Ind. Med. 43, 587–591. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kadiiska, M.B., Mason, R.P., Dreher, K.L., Costa, D.L. and Ghio, A.J. (1997) In vivo evidence of free radical formation in the rat lung after exposure to an emission source air pollution particle. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10, 1104–1108. 10.1021/tx970049r CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kaup, F.J., Drommer, W., Damsch, S. and Deegen, E. (1990) Ultrastructual findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): pathomorphological changes of the terminal airways and the alveolar region. Equine vet. J. 22, 349–355. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04288.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kirschvink, N., de Silvestro, F., Sbai, I., Vandenput, S., Art, T., Roberts, C. and Lekeux, P. (2002a) The use of cardboard materials as part of an environmental control regime for heaves-affected horses: in vitro assessment of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration concentration and in vivo effects on lung function. Vet. J. 163, 319–325. 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0658 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kirschvink, N., Smith, N., Fievez, L., Bougnet, V., Art, T., Degand, G., Marlin, D., Roberts, C., Genicot, B., Lindsey, P. and Lekeux, P. (2002b) Effect of chronic airway inflammation and exercise on pulmonary and systemic antioxidant status of healthy and heaves-affected horses. Equine vet. J. 34, 563–571. 10.2746/042516402776180223 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Larsson, K.A., Eklund, A.G., Hansson, L.O., Isaksson, B.M. and Malmberg, P.O. (1994a) Swine dust causes intense airways inflammation in healthy subjects. Am. J. respir. crit. Care Med. 150, 973–977. 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921472 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Larsson, K., Eklund, A., Malmberg, P. and Belin, L. (1992) Alterations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid but not in lung function and bronchial responsiveness in swine confinement workers. Chest 101, 767–774. 10.1378/chest.101.3.767 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Larsson, K., Malmberg, P. and Eklund, A. (1994b) Acute exposure to swine dust causes airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am. J. Indust. Med. 25, 57–58. 10.1002/ajim.4700250115 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Liden, J., Ek, A., Palmberg, L., Okret, S. and Larsson, K. (2003) Organic dust activates NF-kappaB in lung epithelial cells. Respir. Med. 97, 882–892. 10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00111-2 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lowell, F.C. (1964) Observations on heaves. An asthma-like syndrome in the horse. Allergy 35, 322–330. 10.1016/0021-8707(64)90095-4 Web of Science®Google Scholar Mackiewicz, B., Prazma, Z., Milanowski, J., Dutkiewicz, J. and Fafrowicz, B. (1996) Exposure to organic dust and microorganisms as a factor affecting respiratory function of workers of purebred horse farms. Pneumonol. Pol. Suppl. 64, 19–24. CASGoogle Scholar Madden, M.C., Thomas, M.J. and Ghio, A.J. (1999) Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) production in rodent lung after exposure to metal-rich particles. Free radic. Biol. Med. 26, 1569–1577. 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00027-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McPherson, E.A. and Thomson, J.R. (1983) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse: nature of the disease. Equine vet. J. 15, 203–206. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01764.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Morgan, W.K., Reger, R.B. and Tucker, D.M. (1997) Health effects of diesel emissions. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 41, 643–658. 10.1093/annhyg/41.6.643 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Murin, S., Bilello, K.S. and Matthay, R. (2000) Other smoking-affect pulmonary diseases. Clin. Chest Med. 21, 121–137. 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70012-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ozbay, B., Uzun, K., Arslan, H. and Zehir, I. (2001) Functional and radiological impairment in women highly exposed to indoor biomass fuels. Respirology 6, 255–8. 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2001.00339.x CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Pabst, M. and Hofer, F. (1998) Deposits of different origin in the lungs of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 107, 1–12. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199809)107:1 3.0.CO;2-R CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pekkanen, J., Brunner, E.J., Anderson, H.R., Tiittanen, P. and Atkinson, R.W. (2000) Daily concentrations of air pollution and plasma fibrinogen in London. Occup. Environ. Med. 57, 818–822. 10.1136/oem.57.12.818 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Perry, L.P., Iwata, M., Tazelaar, H.D., Colby, T.V. and Yousem, S.A. (1998) Pulmonary mycotoxicosis: a clinicopathologic study of three cases. Modern Path. 11, 432–436. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pinkerton, K.E., Green, F.H.Y., Saiki, C., Vallyathan, V., Plopper, C.G., Gopal, V., Hung, D., Bahne, E.B., Lin, S.S., Menache, M.G. and Schenker, M.B. (2000) Distribution of particulate matter and tissue remodeling in the human lung. Environ. Health Perspect 108, 1063–1069. 10.1289/ehp.001081063 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pirie, R.S., Collie, D.D., Dixon, P.M. and McGorum, B.C. (2002) Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 2: Effects of inhaled HDS on control and heaves horses. Equine vet. J. 34, 337–342. 10.2746/042516402776249074 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pirie, R.S., Dixon, P.M., Collie, D.D. and McGorum, B.C. (2001) Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled endotoxin in control and heaves horses. Equine vet. J. 33, 311–318. 10.2746/042516401776249732 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pope, C.A. II., Verrier, R.L., Lovett, E.G., Larson, A.C., Raizenne, M.E., Kanner, R.E., Schwartz, J., Villegas, G.M., Gold, D.R. and Dockery, D.W. (1999) Heart rate variability associated with particulate air pollution. Am. Heart J. 138, 890–899. 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70014-1 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ramage, J.E., Roggli, V.L., Bell, D.Y. and Piantadosi, C.A. (1988) Interstitial lung disease and domestic wood-burning. Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 137, 1229–1232. 10.1164/ajrccm/137.5.1229 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Rickert, W.S., Robinson, J.C. and Collinshaw, N.E. (1984) Yields of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in the sidestream smoke from 15 brands of Canadian cigarettes. Am. J. Public Health 74, 228–231. 10.2105/AJPH.74.3.228 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Robinson, N.E., Derksen, F.J., Olszewski, M.A. and Buechner-Maxwell, V.A. (1995) The pathogeneis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses. Br. vet. J. 152, 283–305. 10.1016/S0007-1935(96)80101-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar Robinson, N.E., Derksen, F.J., Berney, C. and Goossens, L. (1993) The airway response of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) to aerosol administration of ipratropium bromide. Equine vet. J. 25, 299–303. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02967.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Robinson, N.E., Olszewski, M.A., Boehler, D., Berney, C., Hakala, J., Matson, C. and Derksen, F.J. (2000) Relationship between clinical signs and lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) during a bronchodilator trial. Equine vet. J. 32, 393–400. 10.2746/042516400777591147 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Rudell, B., Blomberg, A., Helleday, R., Ledin, M.C., Lundback, B., Stjernberg, N., Horstedt, P. and Sandstrom, T. (1999) Bronchoalveolar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: comparison between unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust. Occup. environ. Med. 56, 527–534. 10.1136/oem.56.8.527 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Rush, B.R., Raub, E.S., Rhoads, W.S., Flaminio, M.J., Matson, C.J., Hakala, J.E. and Gillespie, J.R. (1998) Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am. J. vet. Res. 59, 1039–1043. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Salvi, S.S., Nordenhall, C., Blomberg, A., Rudell, B., Pourazar, J., Kelly, F.J., Wilson, S., Sandstrom, T., Holgate, S.T. and Frew, A.J. (2000) Acute exposure to diesel exhaust increases IL-8 and GRO-alpha production in healthy human airways. Am. J. Respir crit. Care Med. 161, 550–557. 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9905052 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sanchez, A., Couetil, L.L., Ward, M.P. and Clark, S.P. (2005) Effect of airway disease on blood gas exchange in racehorses. J. vet. intern. Med. 19, 87–92. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02663.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Seaton, A., Soutar, A., Crawford, V., Elton, R., McNerlan, S., Cherrie, J., Watt, M., Agius, R. and Stout, R. (1999) Particulate air pollution and the blood. Thorax 54, 1027–1032. 10.1136/thx.54.11.1027 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Smid, T., Heederik, D., Houba, R. and Quanjer, P.H. (1994) Dust-and endotoxin-related acute lung function changes and work-related symptoms in workers in the animal feed industry. Am. J. ind. Med. 25, 877–888. 10.1002/ajim.4700250611 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tesarowski, D.B., Viel, L. and McDonnell, W.N. (1996) Pulmonary function measurements during repeated environmental challenge of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am. J. vet. Res. 57, 1214–1219. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Thomson, J.R. and McPherson, E.A. (1984) Effects of environmental control on pulmonary function of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine vet. J. 16, 35–38. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01845.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Thurlbeck, W.M. and Lowell, F.C. (1964) Heaves in horses. Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 89, 82–88. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tremblay, G.M., Ferland, C., Lapointe, J.M., Vrins, A., Lavoie, J.P. and Cormier, Y. (1993) Effect of stabling on bronchoalveolar cells obtained from normal and COPD horses. Equine vet. J. 25, 194–7. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02941.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Trupin, L., Earnest, G., San Pedro, M., Balmes, J.R., Eisner, M.D., Yelin, E., Katz, P.P. and Blanc, P.D. (2003) The occupational burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 22, 462–469. 10.1183/09031936.03.00094203 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tutluogu, B., Atis, S., Anakkaya, A.N., Altug, E., Tosun, G.A. and Yaman, M. (2002) Sensitization to horse hair, symptoms and lung function in grooms. Clin. expt. Allergy 32, 1170–1173. 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01439.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Wade, J.F. III and Newman, L.S. (1993) Diesel asthma. Reactive airways disease following overexposure to locomotive exhaust. J. occup. Med. 35, 149–154. 10.1097/00043764-199302000-00015 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Webster, A.J.F., Clarke, A.F., Madelin, T.M. and Wathes, C.M. (1987) Air hygiene in stables. Effects of stable design, ventilation and management on the concentration of respirable dust. Equine vet. J. 19, 448–453. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02641.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Weinberg, E.D. (1974). Iron and susceptibility to infectious disease. Science 184, 952–956. 10.1126/science.184.4140.952 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Willemse, B.W.M., Postma, D.S., Timens, W. and Hacken, N.H.T. (2004) The impact of smoking cessation on respiratory symptoms, lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Eur. Respir. J. 23, 464–476. 10.1183/09031936.04.00012704 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wood, J.L., Newton, J.R., Chanter, N. and Mumford, J.A. (2005) Inflammatory airway disease, nasal discharge and respiratory infections in young British racehorses. Equine vet. J. 37, 236–242. 10.2746/0425164054530579 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Woods, P.S.A., Robinson, N.E., Swanson, M.C., Reed, C.E., Broadstone, R.V. and Derksen, F.J. (1993) Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration in a horse stable under two different management systems. Equine vet. J. 25, 208–213. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02945.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zeitler, M. (1985) Konzentration und Korngrobenverteilung von luftgetragenen Staubpartikeln in Pferdestallen. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wschr. 98, 241–246. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhiping, W., Malmberg, P., Larsson, B.M., Larsson, K., Larsson, L. and Saraf, A. (1996) Exposure to bacteria in swine-house dust and acute inflammatory reactions in humans. Am. J. Respir. crit. Care Med. 154, 1261–1266. 10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912733 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume38, Issue4July 2006Pages 362-367 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)