Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction
1975; American Physiological Society; Volume: 55; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1152/physrev.1975.55.2.247
ISSN1522-1210
Autores Tópico(s)Robotic Locomotion and Control
ResumoarticleLocomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interactionS. GrillnerS. GrillnerPublished Online:01 Apr 1975https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1975.55.2.247MoreSectionsPDF (8 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByLocomotor pattern generation and descending control: a historical perspectiveRéjean Dubuc, Jean-Marie Cabelguen†, andDimitri Ryczko16 August 2023 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 130, No. 2Joint-level coordination patterns for split-belt walking across different speed ratiosRobert E. Kambic, Ryan T. Roemmich, andAmy J. Bastian18 April 2023 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 129, No. 5Epidural spinal cord stimulation as an intervention for motor recovery after motor complete spinal cord injuryJan T. Hachmann, Andrew Yousak, Josephine J. Wallner, Parag N. Gad, V. Reggie Edgerton, andAshraf S. Gorgey24 November 2021 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 126, No. 6Eye and head movements and vestibulo-ocular reflex in the context of indirect, referent control of motor actionsAnatol G. Feldman, andLei Zhang26 June 2020 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 124, No. 1Recovery of locomotion in cats after severe contusion of the low thoracic spinal cordHugo Delivet-Mongrain, Melvin Dea, Jean-Pierre Gossard, andSerge Rossignol15 April 2020 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 123, No. 4Current Principles of Motor Control, with Special Reference to Vertebrate LocomotionSten Grillner, andAbdeljabbar El Manira18 November 2019 | Physiological Reviews, Vol. 100, No. 1Sensory Feedback and Animal Locomotion: Perspectives from Biology and Biorobotics: An Introduction to the Symposium13 August 2018 | Integrative and Comparative Biology, Vol. 81Spontaneous gait transition to high-speed galloping by reconciliation between body support and propulsion2 August 2018 | Advanced Robotics, Vol. 32, No. 15Sherlock Holmes and the curious case of the human locomotor central pattern generatorTaryn Klarner, andE. Paul Zehr1 July 2018 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 120, No. 1Diagnosis of and Treatment Options for Disorders of the Spine20 February 2018Central pattern generators in the turtle spinal cord: selection among the forms of motor behaviorsPaul S. G. Stein1 February 2018 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 119, No. 2Minimal Model for Body–Limb Coordination in Quadruped High-Speed Running26 July 2018Neuromodulation of the Spinal Cord for Movement RestorationToward Elucidating the Control Mechanism in Legged LocomotionThe Brain & Neural Networks, Vol. 24, No. 4Motor hypertonia and lack of locomotor coordination in mutant mice lacking DSCAMMaxime Lemieux, Olivier D. Laflamme, Louise Thiry, Antoine Boulanger-Piette, Jérôme Frenette, andFrédéric Bretzner15 March 2016 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 115, No. 3Integrating multiple sensory systems to modulate neural networks controlling postureI. Lavrov, Y. Gerasimenko, J. Burdick, H. Zhong, R. R. Roy, andV. R. Edgerton23 December 2015 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 114, No. 6A genetically defined asymmetry underlies the inhibitory control of flexor–extensor locomotor movements14 October 2015 | eLife, Vol. 4Absence of postural muscle synergies for balance after spinal cord transectionStacie A. Chvatal, Jane M. Macpherson, Gelsy Torres-Oviedo, andLena H. Ting15 September 2013 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 110, No. 6Incomplete spinal cord injury promotes durable functional changes within the spinal locomotor circuitryMarina Martinez, Hugo Delivet-Mongrain, Hugues Leblond, andSerge Rossignol1 July 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 1Impulses of activation but not motor modules are preserved in the locomotion of subacute stroke patientsLeonardo Gizzi, Jørgen Feldbæk Nielsen, Francesco Felici, Yuri P. Ivanenko, andDario Farina1 July 2011 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 106, No. 1Region-specific Differentiation Potential of Adult Rat Spinal Cord Neural Stem/Precursors and Their Plasticity in Response to In Vitro Manipulation5 January 2009 | Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, Vol. 57, No. 5Interlimb Coordination in Human Crawling Reveals Similarities in Development and Neural Control With QuadrupedsSusan K. Patrick, J. Adam Noah, andJaynie F. Yang1 February 2009 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 101, No. 2Endogenous Tachykinin Release Contributes to the Locomotor Activity in LampreyCarolina Thörn Pérez, Russell H. Hill, andSten Grillner1 May 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 5Motor Strategies Used by Rats Spinalized at Birth to Maintain Stance in Response to Imposed PerturbationsSimon F. Giszter*, Michelle R. Davies*, andVirginia Graziani*1 April 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 4Temporal Correlations in Stochastic Models of Double Bursting During Simulated LocomotionDavid L. Boothe, Avis H. Cohen, andTodd W. Troyer1 March 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 3Motor determinants of gait in 100 ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis2 July 2016 | Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4Prism Adaptation During Walking Generalizes to Reaching and Requires the CerebellumSusanne M. Morton, andAmy J. Bastian1 October 2004 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 92, No. 4Gait control in spinal palsyBrain and Development, Vol. 26, No. 7Regulatory mechanisms underlying novelty-induced grooming in the laboratory ratBehavioural Processes, Vol. 67, No. 2Postural rhythmic muscle bursting activity in Angelman syndromeBrain and Development, Vol. 26, No. 6Regulation of Arm and Leg Movement during Human Locomotion29 June 2016 | The Neuroscientist, Vol. 10, No. 4Cerebellar Control of Balance and Locomotion29 June 2016 | The Neuroscientist, Vol. 10, No. 3Substance identification by quantitative characterization of oscillatory activity in murine spinal cord networks on microelectrode arraysEuropean Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 19, No. 10Multimodal Behavior in a Four Neuron Ring Circuit: Mode SwitchingIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 2Developmental changes in rhythmic spinal neuronal activity in the rat fetusCPG-based manipulation: generation of rhythmic finger gaits from human observationGait analysis as a correlate of pain induced by carrageenan intraplantar injectionJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 128, No. 1-2Physiological, anatomical and genetic identification of CPG neurons in the developing mammalian spinal cordProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 70, No. 4A new way of analysing symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in quadrupedsComptes Rendus Biologies, Vol. 326, No. 7Quantitative assessment of directed hind limb scratching behavior as a rodent itch modelJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 126, No. 2Étude de la corrélation force motrice–vitesse de marche dans une population de sclérosés en plaquesAnnales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique, Vol. 46, No. 2RECENT ADVANCES IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURYClaire E. Hulsebosch1 December 2002 | Advances in Physiology Education, Vol. 26, No. 4Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals24 October 2002 | Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 136, No. 3Interaction of pre-programmed control and natural stretch reflexes in human landing movements22 July 2004 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 544, No. 3Spatiotemporal Activation of Lumbosacral Motoneurons in the Locomotor Step CycleSergiy Yakovenko, Vivian Mushahwar, Veronique VanderHorst, Gert Holstege, andArthur Prochazka1 March 2002 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 87, No. 3Tonic and Phasic Discharge Patterns in Toe Flexor γ-Motoneurons During Locomotion in the Decerebrate CatP. R. Murphy1 January 2002 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 87, No. 1Chapter 16 Locomotor recovery in chronic spinal rat: long-term pharmacological treatment or transplantation of embryonic neurons?Chapter 18 Transplants and neurotrophic factors increase regeneration and recovery of function after spinal cord injuryEvx1 Is a Postmitotic Determinant of V0 Interneuron Identity in the Spinal CordNeuron, Vol. 29, No. 2Weight Support and Balance During Perturbed Stance in the Chronic Spinal CatJane M. Macpherson, andJoyce Fung1 December 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 6Locomotor Strategy for Pedaling: Muscle Groups and Biomechanical FunctionsChristine C. Raasch, andFelix E. Zajac1 August 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 2Stimulation of a Restricted Region in the Midline Cerebellar White Matter Evokes Coordinated Quadrupedal Locomotion in the Decerebrate CatShigemi Mori, Toshihiro Matsui, Bunya Kuze, Mitsuru Asanome, Katsumi Nakajima, andKiyoji Matsuyama1 July 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 1Role of Proprioceptive Signals From an Insect Femur-Tibia Joint in Patterning Motoneuronal Activity of an Adjacent Leg JointDietmar Hess, andAnsgar Büschges1 April 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 81, No. 4Spatial Coupling in the Coordination of Complex Actions1 January 2018 | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, Vol. 50, No. 3Rhythmic motor activity and interlimb co-ordination in the developing pouch young of a wallaby ( Macropus eugenii )30 September 2004 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 501, No. 3Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo-Basipodite Depressor Motor Neurons of the CrayfishDidier Le Ray, andDaniel Cattaert1 April 1997 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 77, No. 4The Cyclic Alternating Pattern Plays a Gate-Control on Periodic Limb Movements During Non-Rapid Eye Movement SleepJournal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 13, No. 4The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 75, No. 6Spinal pattern generationCurrent Opinion in Neurobiology, Vol. 4, No. 6A model of foot placement during gaitJournal of Biomechanics, Vol. 27, No. 11l-DOPA-induced air-stepping in preweanling rats. II. Kinematic analysesDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 82, No. 1-2Hard-wired central pattern generators for quadrupedal locomotionBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 71, No. 5The coordination and control of human creeping with increases in speedBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 63, No. 2Serial kinematic analysis of the trunk and limb joints after anterior cruciate ligament transection: Temporal, spatial, and angular changes in a canine model of osteoarthritisJournal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 4, No. 3The effect of early movement restriction: An EMG study in the ratBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 59, No. 1-2Spontaneous transitions and symmetry: Pattern dynamics in human four-limb coordinationHuman Movement Science, Vol. 12, No. 6Locomotor Patterns in Humans with Impaired Spinal Cord FunctionsPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Vol. 4, No. 4Development of locomotion in the rat: the significance of early movementsEarly Human Development, Vol. 34, No. 1-2Reconstructing muscle activation during normal walking: a comparison of symbolic and connectionist machine learning techniquesBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 69, No. 4The development of the long descending propriospinal projections in the opossum, Monodelphis domesticaDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 72, No. 2Accor: Instrumentation and Database for the Cross-Language Study of Coarticulation19 August 2016 | Language and Speech, Vol. 36, No. 2-3Hexapodal gaits and coupled nonlinear oscillator modelsBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 68, No. 4Characterization of a novel central pattern generator located in the VIIth abdominal ganglion of LocustaJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 38, No. 12Computer simulation of the segmental neural network generating locomotion in lamprey by using populations of network interneuronsBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 68, No. 1Principles of organization of neural systems controlling automatic movements in animalsProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 39, No. 1Pre- and postnatal development of noradrenergic projections to the rat spinal cord: an immunocytochemical studyDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 67, No. 2Contralateral influences on triceps surae motoneuron excitabilityElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, Vol. 85, No. 3Somatosensory control of precision grip during unpredictable pulling loadsExperimental Brain Research, Vol. 89, No. 1Mechanisms of supraspinal correction of scratching generatorNeuroscience, Vol. 46, No. 1Spinal cord stimulation-induced locomotion in the adult catBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 1Aspects of Spinal Cord Structure and Reflex FunctionNeurologic Clinics, Vol. 9, No. 3Self-organized control of bipedal locomotion by neural oscillators in unpredictable environmentBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 65, No. 3Sleep-related periodic leg movements (nocturnal myoclonus) due to spinal cord lesionJournal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 104, No. 1The neural network underlying locomotion in lamprey-synaptic and cellular mechanismsNeuron, Vol. 7, No. 1The developmental effect of concurrent cognitive and locomotor skills: Time-sharing from a dynamical perspectiveJournal of Experimental Child Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 2Pattern generating and reflex-like processes controlling aiming movements in the presence of inertia, damping and gravityBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 64, No. 5Motor functions in rat hindlimb muscles following neonatal sciatic nerve crushNeuroscience, Vol. 40, No. 1The development of locomotion in the ratDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 57, No. 2Glucose utilization and reflex activity of the transected rat spinal cordBrain Research, Vol. 531, No. 1-2Coordination of many oscillators and generation of locomotory patternsBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 63, No. 3Coordination of reinnervated muscle and reorganization of spinal cord motoneurons after nerve transection in miceBrain Research, Vol. 515, No. 1-2Spatio-temporal invariants in hurdle racing patternsHuman Movement Science, Vol. 9, No. 1Spinal sensorimotor systems and their supraspinal controlNeuroscience Research, Vol. 7, No. 4Characteristics of Mandibular Masticatory Movement in Young and Elderly Dentate Subjects9 November 2016 | Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 69, No. 2Spontaneous rhythmic activity in the intermediolateral cell nucleus of the neonate rat thoracolumbar spinal cord in vitroNeuroscience, Vol. 39, No. 2The recticular formation as a multi-valued logic neural networkSite-specific postural and locomotor changes evoked in awake, freely moving intact cats by stimulating the brainstemBrain Research, Vol. 505, No. 1Neuronal models of cognitive functionsCognition, Vol. 33, No. 1-2Psychomotor Assessment of the Older PatientClinics in Geriatric Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 3Prolonged running does not improve muscle coordination after cross-union of tibial and peroneal nerves in miceBrain Research, Vol. 489, No. 2Electromyographic activity of cat hindlimb flexors and extensors during locomotion at varying speeds and inclinesBrain Research, Vol. 481, No. 1The physiological basis of transplantation of fetal catecholaminergic neurons in the transected spinal cord of the ratComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 93, No. 1Sensorimotor gain control: A basic strategy of motor systems?Progress in Neurobiology, Vol. 33, No. 4Development of early swimming inXenopus laevis embryos: Myotomal musculature, its innervation and activationNeuroscience, Vol. 32, No. 1Excitatory effect of serotonin on pacemaker neurons in spinal cord cell cultureNeuroscience, Vol. 28, No. 1‘Clock’ and ‘motor’ components in absolute coordination of rhythmic movementsNeuroscience, Vol. 33, No. 1Late flexion reflex in paraplegic patients. Evidence for a spinal stepping generatorBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 1Locomotion in rats transplanted with noradrenergic neuronsBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 1Modulation of swimming activity in the medicinal leech by serotonin and octopamineComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, Vol. 94, No. 1Adaptive neural oscillator using continuous-time back-propagation learningNeural Networks, Vol. 2, No. 5Maintenance tendency in co-ordinated rhythmic movements: Relative fluctuations and phaseNeuroscience, Vol. 27, No. 1New locomotor regions of the brainstem revealed by means of electrical stimulationNeuroscience, Vol. 26, No. 3Invariant structure in locomotionNeuroscience, Vol. 25, No. 3An electromyographic examination of the effects of load on human gaitClinical Biomechanics, Vol. 3, No. 2Postural responses of normal geriatric and hemiplegic patients to a continuing perturbationExperimental Neurology, Vol. 99, No. 2Excitatory effect of noradrenaline on pacemaker cells in spinal cord primary culturesNeuroscience, Vol. 24, No. 2Postnatal development of cell columns and their associated dendritic bundles in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat. I. The ventrolateral cell columnDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 35, No. 1Changeover from alternate to synchronous bilateral pattern of the phrenic bursts entrained by fictive locomotion in the spinal rabbit preparationNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 78, No. 3Trajectory control in targeted force impulsesExperimental Brain Research, Vol. 67, No. 2Dendritic organization of phrenic motoneurons in the adult ratExperimental Neurology, Vol. 96, No. 3Assessment of spinal cord injury by counting corticospinal and rubrospinal neuronsBrain Research, Vol. 410, No. 2The mesencephalic locomotor region. I. Activation of a medullary projection siteBrain Research, Vol. 411, No. 1The mesencephalic locomotor region. II. Projections to reticulospinal neuronsBrain Research, Vol. 411, No. 1Effects of selective spinal cord lesions on hind limb locomotion in birdsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 95, No. 2Relationship between phrenic and hindlimb extensor activities during fictive locomotionNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 74, No. 1Integration of posture and locomotion in acute decerebrate cats and in awake, freely moving catsProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 28, No. 2Operant conditioning in motor and neural integrationNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 10, No. 4Analysis of the responses of frog motoneurons to epinephrine and norepinephrineNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 69, No. 2The development and recovery of motor function in spinal catsExperimental Brain Research, Vol. 62, No. 2The basal ganglia and the locomotor regionsBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 1Integration of learned and naturally occurring flexor EMG in the human step cyclePhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 38, No. 1The modelling of neural circuitryProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 26, No. 2Supraspinal contributions to the initiation and control of locomotion in the catProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 26, No. 4Role of mesencephalic glycine in locomotor activityNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 62, No. 2Evidence for bursting pacemaker neurones in cultured spinal cord cellsNeuroscience, Vol. 16, No. 4Interfering with inhibition may improve motor functionBrain Research, Vol. 346, No. 2Single unit sensory activity in free walking crabs: force sensitive mechanoreceptors of the dactylBrain Research, Vol. 336, No. 2Surface EMG profiles during different walking cadences in humansElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 60, No. 6Pharmacology of spinal adrenergic systems which modulate spinal nociceptive processingPharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 22, No. 5Pharmacological activation of locomotor patterns in larval and adult frog spinal cordsBrain Research, Vol. 332, No. 1Chemical activation of the mesecephalic locomotor regionBrain Research, Vol. 330, No. 1Effects of catecholamines on spinal motoneurones and spinal reflex discharges in the isolated spinal cord of the newborn ratDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 19, No. 1Development of serotonergic and adrenergic receptors in the rat spinal cord: Effects of neonatal chemical lesions and hyperthyroidismDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 19, No. 1Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of spinal norepinephrine terminals fails to affect the ontogeny of swimming behaviorDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 17, No. 1-2Monosynaptic activation of long descending propriospinal neurons from the lateral vestibular nucleus and the medial longitudinal fasciculusExperimental Neurology, Vol. 86, No. 3l-Dopa-induced locomotor-like activity in ankle flexor and extensor nerves of chronic and acute spinal catsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 86, No. 3Intrasegmental timing: Laryngeal-oral coordination in voiceless consonant productionSpeech Communication, Vol. 3, No. 4Disruption of fore- and hindlimb coordination during overground locomotion in cats with bilateral serial hemisection of the spinal cordNeuroscience Research, Vol. 2, No. 1-2Distribution of catecholamines in the brain stem and spinal cord of the lizard Varanus exanthematicus: An immunohistochemical study based on the use of antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylaseNeuroscience, Vol. 13, No. 2Fetal locus coeruleus transplanted into the transected spinal cord of the adult rat: Some observations and implicationsNeuroscience, Vol. 12, No. 3Maintenance of equilibrium point control during an unexpectedly loaded rapid limb movementBrain Research, Vol. 302, No. 2Descending control and sensory gating of ‘fictive’ swimming and turning responses elicited in an in vitro preparation of the lamprey brainstem/spinal cordBrain Research, Vol. 302, No. 1Sensory feedback modulates the central pacemaker of licking in ratsNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 45, No. 1Strychnine eliminates alternating motor output during fictive locomotion in the lampreyBrain Research, Vol. 293, No. 1Spinal cord injury modelsProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 22, No. 4The development of catecholaminergic nerves in the spinal cord of rat. II. Regional developmentDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 11, No. 1Postural supporting mechanisms during spontaneous single limb movement in the catNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 40, No. 2Fetal locus coeruleus transplanted into the transected spinal cord of the adult ratBrain Research, Vol. 271, No. 1Initiation and sensory gating of ‘fictive’ swimming and withdrawal responses in an in vitro preparation of the lamprey spinal cordBrain Research, Vol. 269, No. 2On the Space-Time Structure of Human Interlimb Co-Ordination1 January 2018 | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, Vol. 35, No. 2Development of catecholaminergic nerves in the spinal cord of the ratBrain Research, Vol. 264, No. 2Physiology and pharmacology of putative transmitters in lamprey central nervous systemProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 20, No. 3-4Connections of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) I. Substantia nigra afferentsBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 10, No. 1Connections of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) II. Afferents and efferentsBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 10, No. 1Somatic sensory transmission to the cortex during movement: Gating of single cell responses to touchExperimental Neurology, Vol. 78, No. 3An attempt to explain the mechanism of drop attacksJournal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 57, No. 2-3Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Effects upon Linear Positioning Performance7 October 2016 | Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 55, No. 3Inspiratory onset or termination induced by electrical stimulation of the brainRespiration Physiology, Vol. 50, No. 1A prescriptive paradigm for sequencing instruction in physical educationHuman Movement Science, Vol. 1, No. 3Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat: In-phase stepping and gait transitionsBrain Research, Vol. 245, No. 2Depolarizing agent-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in isolated rat spinal cordLife Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 5A mechanographic method for measurement of locomotor activity in rats. Effects of dopaminergic drugs and electric stimulation of the brainstemJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 6, No. 1-2Behavioural and neurochemical effects of intracerebroventricular administrations ofp-octopamine in ratsBrain Research, Vol. 241, No. 2Polarization of primary afferent terminals of lumbosacral cord elicited by the activity of spinal locomotor generatorNeuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 6EMG activity and kinematics of human cycling movements at different constant velocitiesBrain Research, Vol. 240, No. 2Induction of hindlimb stepping movements in rats spinally transected as adults or as neonatesBrain Research, Vol. 240, No. 2Effects of ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in the medial preoptic area and the lateral hypothalamic area on sexual behavior in the male ratBrain Research, Vol. 239, No. 1Pathophysiology of gait in children with cerebral palsyElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 53, No. 5Development and maintenance of dendrite bundles after cordotomy in exercised and nonexercised catsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 76, No. 2Adrenergic receptors in rat spinal cordNeuropharmacology, Vol. 21, No. 2The nature of the coupling between segmental oscillators of the lamprey spinal generator for locomotion: A mathematical modelJournal of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 13, No. 3Control theories in motor behaviorActa Psychologica, Vol. 50, No. 1Development of β-adrenergic receptors and the in vitro accumulation of cyclic AMP in the chick spinal cordDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 3, No. 1Induction of swimming in the high spinal stingray by L-DOPABrain Research, Vol. 220, No. 1Sensory interactions with a central motor program in anuran larvaeBrain Research, Vol. 218, No. 1-2Model for the Continuous Description of Motion and Position19 October 2016 | Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 53, No. 1The effect of 4-aminopyridine on the spinal locomotor rhythm induced byl-DOPABrain Research, Vol. 215, No. 1-2Locomotion elicited by pinna stimulation in the acute precollicular-post- mammillary decerebrate catBrain Research, Vol. 214, No. 2Divergent projections of catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus as revealed by fluorescent retrograde double labeling techniqueNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 23, No. 2Reflex and locomotor changes following unilateral deafferentation of rat hind limb assessed by chronic electromyographyNeuroscience, Vol. 6, No. 2Control of rhythmic behaviour by a hierarchy of linked oscillators in crustaceaNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 21, No. 1A silent period in sural muscle occurring prior to the voluntary forward inclination of the bodyNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 21, No. 2Responses of long descending propriospinal neurons to natural and electrical types of stimuli in catBrain Research, Vol. 196, No. 2Central and peripheral controls of swimming in anuran larvaeBrain Research, Vol. 195, No. 2Cyclic AMP formation in rat spinal cord tissue slicesNeuropharmacology, Vol. 19, No. 7Recovery of substance P in the cat spinal cord after unilateral lumbosacral deafferentationBrain Research, Vol. 191, No. 2On the interaction between spinal locomotor generators in quadrupedsBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 1-3Descending projections of the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus/medial parabrachial nuclei in monkey: Axonal transport studies and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunocytochemistryBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 1-3Inhibition of flexor burst generation by loading ankle extensor muscles in walking catsBrain Research, Vol. 187, No. 2Main characteristics of the hindlimb locomotor cycle in the decorticate cat with special reference to bifunctional musclesBrain Research, Vol. 187, No. 2Effect of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion on locomotion in the catBrain Research, Vol. 185, No. 2Compensation for substrate elasticity in the kinematics of leaping by infant pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)Brain Research, Vol. 184, No. 2Motorneuronal control of locomotion in AplysiaBrain Research, Vol. 179, No. 2Effects of stimulalating Deiters' nucleus and memdial longitudinal fasciculus on the timing of the fictive locomotor rhythm induced in cats by DOPABrain Research, Vol. 177, No. 3Locomotion evoked by brain stem stimulation: occurrence without phasic segmental afferent inputBrain Research, Vol. 177, No. 1Locomotion in the decerebrate stingrayNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 14, No. 2-3Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. I. Hippocampal EEG correlates of gross motor behaviourElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 46, No. 5Experimental modification of interlimb coordination during locomotion of a crustaceaNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 12, No. 2-3The adaptation to speed in human locomotionBrain Research, Vol. 165, No. 1Relationship between forelimb coordination and movement asymmetries during fast gaits, canter and gallopBrain Research, Vol. 164, No. 1-2Spontaneous respiratory activity in spinal catsBrain Research, Vol. 157, No. 2Central locomotor program for the cat's hindlimbNeuroscience, Vol. 3, No. 11Evidence for distinct spinal locomotion generators supplying respectively fore- and hindlimbs in the rabbitBrain Research, Vol. 155, No. 1Messages conveyed by spinocerebellar pathways during scratching in the cat. I. Activity of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleusBrain Research, Vol. 151, No. 3Peripheral control of the spinal pattern generators for locomotion in catBrain Research, Vol. 150, No. 3Unitary activity of ventrolateral nucleus during placing movement and associated postural adjustmentBrain Research, Vol. 149, No. 2Postural and kinetic coordination following cortical stimuli which induce flexion movements in the cat's limbsBrain Research, Vol. 149, No. 1Locomotory programs in basal leg muscles after limb autotomy in the crustaceaBrain Research, Vol. 145, No. 2Functional organization of the spinal reflex pathways from forelimb afferents to hindlimb motoneurones in the catBrain Research, Vol. 139, No. 1Effects of midbrain tegmentum and diencephalon lesions on swimming and body orientation in goldfishExperimental Neurology, Vol. 57, No. 3Expression of magnus tonic neck reflexes in distal muscles of prehension in normal adultsPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 19, No. 4A new major projection from locus coeruleus: The main source of noradrenergic nerve terminals in the ventral and dorsal columns of the spinal cordBrain Research, Vol. 132, No. 1Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotionBrain Research, Vol. 132, No. 1Relationship between residual hindlimb-assisted locomotion and surviving axons after incomplete spinal cord injuriesExperimental Neurology, Vol. 56, No. 2Is there a peripheral control of the central pattern generators for swimming in dogfish?Brain Research, Vol. 127, No. 2Locomotor recovery after unilateral hindlimb deafferentation in catsBrain Research, Vol. 123, No. 1The control of arthropod walkingComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 56, No. 2Neuronal events underlying rhythmic behaviors in invertebratesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 57, No. 2Development of locomotor activities in young chronic spinal rabbitsNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 3, No. 5-6On spinal noradrenaline receptor supersensitivity: Correlation between nerve terminal densities and flexor reflexes various times after intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamineBrain Research, Vol. 116, No. 3Effet de l'ablation du cortex moteur ou du cervelet sur la coordination posturo-cinetique chez le chatElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 41, No. 4Central generation of locomotion in the spinal dogfishBrain Research, Vol. 109, No. 2Coordinated stepping of all four limbs in the high spinal catBrain Research, Vol. 109, No. 2Ensemble characterivstics ofcat locovmotionand its neural controlProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 7Locomotion in the cat: Basic programmes of movementBrain Research, Vol. 91, No. 2How detailed is the central pattern generation for locomotion?Brain Research, Vol. 88, No. 2Phase dependent reflex reversal during walking in chronic spinal catsBrain Research, Vol. 85, No. 1Biological motor control approaches for a planar diverEnergy-based pattern transition in quadrupedal locomotion with oscillator and mechanical modelA mathematical model of adaptation in rhythmic motion to environmental changesA neural pattern generator that tunes into the physical dynamics of the limb systemAutonomous decentralized system with self-organizing function and its application to generation of locomotive patternsGait Transition Control of a Biped Robot from Quadrupedal to Bipedal Locomotion Based on Central Pattern Generator, Phase Resetting, and Kinematic SynergyGait Generation and Transition of a Biped Robot Based on Kinematic Synergy in Human Locomotion More from this issue > Volume 55Issue 2April 1975Pages 247-304 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1975 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1975.55.2.247PubMed1144530History Published online 1 April 1975 Published in print 1 April 1975 Metrics
Referência(s)