Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Kinematic data on primate head and neck posture: Implications for the evolution of basicranial flexion and an evaluation of registration planes used in paleoanthropology

1999; Wiley; Volume: 108; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199902)108

1096-8644

David S. Strait, Callum F. Ross,

Morphological variations and asymmetry

American Journal of Physical AnthropologyVolume 108, Issue 2 p. 205-222 Original Article Kinematic data on primate head and neck posture: Implications for the evolution of basicranial flexion and an evaluation of registration planes used in paleoanthropology David S. Strait, Corresponding Author David S. Strait [email protected] Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794–4364Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2110 G Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052.Search for more papers by this authorCallum F. Ross, Callum F. Ross Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794–8081Search for more papers by this author David S. Strait, Corresponding Author David S. Strait [email protected] Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794–4364Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2110 G Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052.Search for more papers by this authorCallum F. Ross, Callum F. Ross Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794–8081Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 February 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199902)108:2 3.0.CO;2-FCitations: 66AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Kinematic data on primate head and neck posture were collected by filming 29 primate species during locomotion. These were used to test whether head and neck posture are significant influences on basicranial flexion and whether the Frankfurt plane can legitimately be employed in paleoanthropological studies. Three kinematic measurements were recorded as angles relative to the gravity vector, the inclination of the orbital plane, the inclination of the neck, and the inclination of the Frankfurt plane. A fourth kinematic measurement was calculated as the angle between the neck and the orbital plane (the head-neck angle [HNA]). The functional relationships of basicranial flexion were examined by calculating the correlations and partial correlations between HNA and craniometric measurements representing basicranial flexion, orbital kyphosis, and relative brain size (Ross and Ravosa [1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91:305–324). Significant partial correlations were observed between relative brain size and basicranial flexion and between HNA and orbital kyphosis. This indicates that brain size, rather than head and neck posture, is the primary influence on flexion, while the degree of orbital kyphosis may act to reorient the visual field in response to variation in head and neck posture. Regarding registration planes, the Frankfurt plane was found to be horizontal in humans but inclined in all nonhuman primates. In contrast, nearly all primates (including humans) oriented their orbits such that they faced anteriorly and slightly inferiorly. These results suggest that for certain functional craniometric studies, the orbital plane may be a more suitable registration plane than Frankfurt "Horizontal." Am J Phys Anthropol 108:205–222, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. REFERENCES Adams LM, Moore WJ. 1975. Biomechanical appraisal of some skeletal features associated with head balance and posture in the Hominoidea. Acta Anat 92: 580– 594. Aiello L, Dean MC. 1990. An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy. New York: Academic Press. Ashton EH, Zuckerman S. 1951. Some cranial indices of Plesianthropus and other primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 9: 283– 296. Ashton EH, Zuckerman S. 1952. Age changes in the position of the occipital condyles in chimpanzee and gorilla. Am J Phys Anthropol 10: 277– 288. Ashton EH, Zuckerman S. 1956. Age changes in the position of the foramen magnum in hominoids. Proc Zool Soc Lond 126: 315– 325. Biegert J. 1963. The evaluation of characteristics of the skull, hands and feet for primate taxonomy. In: SL Washburn, editor. Classification and human evolution. Chicago: Aldine. p 116– 145. Bolk L. 1926a. On the problem of anthropogenesis. Proc. Section Sciences Kon. Akad. Wetens. Amsterdam 29: 465– 475. Bolk L. 1926b. Das Problem der Menschwerdung. Jena: Gustav Fischer. Bull JWD. 1969. Tentorium cerbelli. Proc R Soc Med 62: 1301– 1310. Medline Cartmill M. 1970. The orbits of arboreal mammals. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago. Cole TM. 1996. Early anthropological contributions to "geometric morphometrics". Am J Phys Anthropol 101: 291– 296. Medline Dabelow A. 1929. Über Korrelationen in der phylogenetischen Entwicklung der Schädelform. II. Beziehungen zwuschen Gehirn und Schädelbasisform bei den Mammaliern. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 67: 84– 133. Dart RA. 1925. Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa. Nature 115: 195– 199. de Beer GR. 1947. How animals hold their heads. Proc Linn Soc Lond 159: 125– 139. Delattre A, Fenart R. 1960. L'hominisation du crane étudiée par la mèthode vestibulaire. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Delattre A, Fenart R. 1963. Études des projections horizontales et vertico-frontales du crâne au cours du l'hominisation. L'Anthropologie 67: 525– 561. Demes B. 1985. Biomechanics of the primate skull base. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Demes B. 1986. Functional interpretation of some characters of fossil hominid skulls. In: M Sakka, editor. Définition et origines de l'homme. Paris: Editions des CNRS. Downs WR. 1952. The role of cephalometrics in orthodontic case analysis. Am J Orthod 38: 162– 182. DuBrul EL. 1950. Posture, locomotion and the skull in Lagomorpha. Am J Anat 87: 277– 313. Du Brul EL, Laskin DM. 1961. Preadaptive potentialities of the mammalian skull: an experiment in growth and form. Am J Anat 109: 117– 132. Enlow DH. 1976. The prenatal and postnatal growth of the human basicranium. In: JF Bosma, editor. Symposium on development of the basicranium. DHEW publication 76–989, Bethesda: NIH. p 192– 205. Enlow DH. 1990. Facial growth, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. Girard L. 1911. Atlas d'anatomie chirugicale du labyrinthe. Paris. Girard L. 1923. Le plan des canaux semicirculaires horizontaux. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 4. Gould SJ. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Graf W, de Waale C, Vidal PP. 1995a. Functional anatomy of the head-neck movement system of quadrupedal and bipedal mammals. J Anat 186: 55– 74. Medline Graf W, de Waale C, Vidal PP, Wand DH, Evinger C. 1995b. The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals II. Movement strategies. Brain Behav Evol 45: 209– 231. Medline Grine FE, Demes B, Jungers WL, Cole TM. 1993. Taxonomic affinity of the early Homo cranium from Swartkrans, South Africa. Am J Phys Anthropol 92: 411– 426. Medline Grine FE, Jungers WL, Schultz J. 1996. Phenetic affinities among early Homo crania from East and South Africa. J Hum Evol 30: 189– 225. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. 1991 Principles of neural science, 3rd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appelton and Lange. Kimbel WH, White TD. 1988. Variation, sexual dimorphism and the taxonomy of Australopithecus. In: FE Grine, editor. Evolutionary history of the "robust" Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 175– 192. Kimbel WH, Johanson DC, Rak Y. 1994. The first skull and other new discoveries of Australopithecus afarensis at Hadar, Ethiopia. Nature 368: 449– 451. Medline Kimbel WH, White TD, Johanson DC. 1984. Cranial morphology of Australopithecus afarensis: A comparative study based on a composite reconstruction of the adult skull. Am J Phys Anthropol 64: 337– 388. Medline Luboga SA, Wood BA. 1990. Position and orientation of the foramen magnum in higher primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 81: 67– 76. Medline Le Gros Clark WE. 1955. The fossil evidence for human evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lele S. 1991. Some comments on coordinate free and scale invariant methods in morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthropol 85: 407– 418. Medline Lele S. 1993. Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA): estimation of mean form and mean form difference. Math Geol 25: 573– 602. Lele S, Cole TM. 1995. Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA): a statistical review. In: KV Mardia, CA Gill, editors. Proceedings in current issues in statistical shape analysis. Leeds: Leeds University Press. p 49– 53. Lele S, Cole TM. 1996. A new test for shape differences when variance-covariance matrices are unequal. J Hum Evol 31: 193– 212. Lele S, Richtsmeier JT. 1991. Euclidean distance matrix analysis: a coordinate free approach to comparing biological shapes using landmark data. Am J Phys Anthropol 86: 415– 428. Medline Lele S, Richtsmeier JT. 1995. Euclidean distance matrix analysis: confidence intervals for form and growth differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 98: 73– 86. Medline Merow WM, Broadbent BH. 1990. Cephalometric. In: DH Enlow, editor. Facial growth, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. p 346– 395. Moore WJ, Adams LM, Lavelle CLB. 1973. Head posture in the Hominoidea. J Zool Lond 169: 409– 416. Moss ML. 1958. Rotations of the cranial components in the growing rat and their experimental alteration. Acta Anat 32: 65– 86. Moss ML, Vilmann H. 1978. Studies on orthocephalization of the rat head. Gegenbaurs Morph Jahrb, Lepzig 124: 559– 579. Moss ML, Vilmann H, Moss-Salentjin L, Sen K, Pucciarelli HM, Skalak R. 1987. Studies on orthocephalization: growth behavior of the rat skull in the period 13–49 days as described by the finite element method. Am J Phys Anthropol 73: 323– 342. Medline Refshauge KM, Goodsell M, Lee M. 1991. The relationship between surface contour and vertebral body measures of upper spine curvature. Spine 19: 2180– 2185. Riesenfeld A. 1969. The adaptive mandible: an experimental study. Acta Anat 72: 246– 262. Ross CF. 1993. The functions of the postorbital septum and anthropoid origins. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC. Ross CF. 1995. Allometric and functional influences on primate orbit orientation and the origins of the Anthropoidea. J Hum Evol 29: 201– 227. Ross CF, Henneberg M. 1995. Basicranial flexion, relative brain size, and facial kyphosis in Homo sapiens and some fossil hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 98: 575– 593. Medline Ross CF, Ravosa MJ. 1993. Basicranial flexion, relative brain size, and facial kyphosis in nonhuman primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 91: 305– 324. Medline Schultz AH. 1942. Conditions for balancing the head in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 29: 484– 497. Schultz AH. 1955. The position of the occipital condyles and of the face relative to the skull base in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 13: 97– 120. Senyurek MS. 1938. Cranial equilibrium index. Am J Phys Anthropol 24: 23– 41. Spencer MA, Spencer GS. 1993. MacMorph. Stony Brook, NY: SUNY Stony Brook. Spencer MA, Spencer GS. 1995. Technical note: video-based three dimensional morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthropol 96: 43– 453. Spoor F. 1997. Basicranial architecture and relative brain size of Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus) and other Plio-Pleistocene hominids. S Afr J Sci 93: 182– 186. Strait DS, Grine FE, Moniz MA. 1997. A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. J Hum Evol 32: 17– 82. Medline Tobias PV. 1967. Olduvai Gorge, vol. 2: the cranium and maxillary dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tobias PV. 1991. The skulls, endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis. Olduvai Gorge, vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vidal PP, Graf W, Berthoz A. 1986. The orientation of the vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals I. Resting position. Exp Brain Res 61: 549– 559. Medline Vogel C. 1964. Über Eine Schädelbasisanomalie bei einem in freier Wildbahn geschossen Cercopithecus torquatus atys. Z Morpol Anthropol 55: 262– 276. Walker AC, Leakey REF, Harris JM, Brown FH. 1986. 2.5-Myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 322: 517– 522. Walker AC, Leakey REF. 1988. The evolution of Australopithecus boisei. In: FE Grine, editor. The evolutionary history of the "robust" Australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 247– 258. Weidenreich F. 1924. Die Sonderform des Menschenschädels als Anpassung an den aufrechten. Gang. Z Morphol Anthropol 24: 157– 189. Weidenreich F. 1941. The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull. Trans Am Phil Soc 31: 321– 442. Wood BA. 1991. Koobi Fora Research Project IV: hominid cranial remains from Koobi Fora. Oxford: Clarendon. Wood-Jones F. 1917. Arboreal man. London: Arnold. Citing Literature Volume108, Issue2February 1999Pages 205-222 ReferencesRelatedInformation