Screening for Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young
2011; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 123; Issue: 17 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/circulationaha.110.017228
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresJonathan R. Kaltman, Paul M. Thompson, John D. Lantos, Charles I. Berul, Jeffrey R. Botkin, Joshua T. Cohen, Nancy R. Cook, Domenico Corrado, Jonathan A. Drezner, Kevin D. Frick, Stuart Goldman, Mark A. Hlatky, Prince J. Kannankeril, Laurel K. Leslie, Silvia G. Priori, J. Philip Saul, Carrie K. Shapiro‐Mendoza, David S. Siscovick, Victoria L. Vetter, Robin Boineau, Kristin M. Burns, Richard A. Friedman,
Tópico(s)Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 123, No. 17Screening for Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBScreening for Sudden Cardiac Death in the YoungReport From a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group Jonathan R. Kaltman, Paul D. Thompson, John Lantos, Charles I. Berul, Jeffrey Botkin, Joshua T. Cohen, Nancy R. Cook, Domenico Corrado, Jonathan Drezner, Kevin D. Frick, Stuart Goldman, Mark Hlatky, Prince J. Kannankeril, Laurel Leslie, Silvia Priori, J. Philip Saul, Carrie K. Shapiro-Mendoza, David Siscovick, Victoria L. Vetter, Robin Boineau, Kristin M. Burns and Richard A. Friedman Jonathan R. KaltmanJonathan R. Kaltman From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Paul D. ThompsonPaul D. Thompson From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , John LantosJohn Lantos From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Charles I. BerulCharles I. Berul From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Jeffrey BotkinJeffrey Botkin From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Joshua T. CohenJoshua T. Cohen From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Nancy R. CookNancy R. Cook From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Domenico CorradoDomenico Corrado From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Jonathan DreznerJonathan Drezner From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Kevin D. FrickKevin D. Frick From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Stuart GoldmanStuart Goldman From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Mark HlatkyMark Hlatky From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Prince J. KannankerilPrince J. Kannankeril From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Laurel LeslieLaurel Leslie From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Silvia PrioriSilvia Priori From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , J. Philip SaulJ. Philip Saul From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Carrie K. Shapiro-MendozaCarrie K. Shapiro-Mendoza From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , David SiscovickDavid Siscovick From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Victoria L. VetterVictoria L. Vetter From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Robin BoineauRobin Boineau From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). , Kristin M. BurnsKristin M. Burns From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). and Richard A. FriedmanRichard A. Friedman From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K., R.B., K.M.B.); University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT (P.D.T.); University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.L.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (C.I.B., K.M.B.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (J.B.); Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.T.C., L.L.); University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy (D.C.); University of Washington, Seattle, (J.D., D.S.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.D.F.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.R.C., S.G.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.H.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (P.J.K.); New York University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (J.P.S.); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (C.K.S.-M.); University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (V.L.V.); and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX (R.A.F.). Originally published3 May 2011https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.017228Circulation. 2011;123:1911–1918Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the young (SCDY) has a devastating impact on families, care providers, and the community and attracts significant public and media attention. Sudden cardiac death is defined as an abrupt and unexpected death due to a cardiovascular cause, typically occurring <1 hour from the onset of symptoms. Depending on the source, "young" is variably defined as those less than 25, 30, 35, or 40 years of age. Estimates of the incidence of SCDY (not including infants) vary broadly from 0.6 to 6.2 per 100 000 persons.1–3Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be related to SCD in some infants. Sudden infant death syndrome is defined as the sudden death of an infant <1 year of age that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation is conducted, including an autopsy, death scene evaluation, and review of the clinical history. The incidence of SIDS ranges from 50 to 100 in 100 000,4 and emerging data suggest that as many as 10% to 15% of SIDS deaths are associated with functional cardiac ion channelopathy gene variants.5The most common diagnoses that increase risk for SCDY include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), coronary artery anomalies of wrong sinus origin, myocarditis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and ion channelopathies.6 The latter category includes hereditary diseases such as the congenital long-QT syndromes (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome, among other less common channelopathies. These diseases are typically undetected before the SCD event. Estimated prevalence rates of these conditions range from 1 per 500 persons for HCM to 1 per 2500 for the LQTS. SCD related to these diagnoses has been documented in infancy and during competitive athletics. In addition, prescription stimulant use for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been postulated to be a trigger for SCD.7,8Sudden cardiac death in the young is a critical public health issue. A young life cut short represents a devastating event for families, and is associated with many lost productive years. There is significant dissonance among experts in the field about the best approach to prevent SCDY in the United States. Some experts support the implementation of large-scale cardiovascular screening programs in infants, in athletes, or in all children to identify at-risk individuals in an effort to prevent SCDY. Cardiovascular screening for SCDY typically involves the addition of an ECG to the current standard of care of history and physical examination. Echocardiography and genetic testing represent alternative or additional screening modalities. Observational data from the Veneto region of Italy suggest that ECG screening can successfully identify at-risk cardiovascular diseases and dramatically reduce the incidence of SCD in competitive athletes.9,10 Proponents of ECG screening in the United States suggest that it can be effective, feasible, and cost-effective.11 Critics of ECG screening cite a lack of evidence to support its effectiveness or feasibility in the United States; lack of clinical accuracy; cost implications; and the potential clinical, financial, and emotional consequences of false-positive screening test results.12 Cost estimates for a national ECG screening program in the United States for competitive athletes alone range from $300 million to $2 billion annually.6,13The debate over cardiovascular screening to prevent SCDY has fervent and well-intentioned supporters on both sides. However, this debate will continue unresolved until additional, compelling evidence is provided that either supports or refutes the utility of screening for SCDY.In an effort to provide direction to determine what type of evidence is necessary and the best methodology to obtain such evidence, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened a Working Group meeting in April 2010 in Bethesda, MD. The charge of the Working Group was to develop a research agenda and identify resources to evaluate whether screening for SCDY would effectively reduce SCD and add overall healthcare value, where value was defined as improved clinical outcomes with an acceptable cost-benefit ratio. The Working Group consisted of experts in pediatric cardiology and electrophysiology, adult cardiology, epidemiology, biostatistics, sports medicine, child psychiatry, health economics, ethics, oncology screening, and newborn screening. The Working Group unanimously supported the development of a research agenda that would determine the best approach to reduce SCDY.Analytic Framework for ScreeningIn their classic text, Wilson and Jungner14 outlined the key principles required to support the validity of a screening program. Before a screening program is adopted, the following criteria should be met: The targeted condition should be an important public health issue with a sufficiently long latent or early symptomatic stage; the screening test should adequately recognize the targeted condition in the appropriate population; the test should be acceptable, safe, and inexpensive; and treatment for the recognized disease should be available, affordable, acceptable, and effective.More recently, these principles have been modified by the US Preventive Services Task Force15 and translated into an analytic framework for screening (Figure). To be considered effective, a screening program must improve specific health outcomes, such as mortality, quality of life, pain, or function. The numbered arrows in the graphic framework represent key questions that specify the evidence required to link a screening program with improved health outcomes.15Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure. US Preventive Service
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