Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Consensus Report
2011; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 123; Issue: 23 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/circulationaha.111.032433
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresKaren Hicks, Norman Stockbridge, Shari Targum, Robert J. Temple,
Tópico(s)Antiplatelet Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 123, No. 23Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Consensus Report Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBBleeding Academic Research Consortium Consensus ReportThe Food and Drug Administration Perspective Karen A. Hicks, MD, Norman L. Stockbridge, MD, PhD, Shari L. Targum, MD and Robert J. Temple, MD Karen A. HicksKaren A. Hicks From the Office of Drug Evaluation I, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. , Norman L. StockbridgeNorman L. Stockbridge From the Office of Drug Evaluation I, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. , Shari L. TargumShari L. Targum From the Office of Drug Evaluation I, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. and Robert J. TempleRobert J. Temple From the Office of Drug Evaluation I, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Originally published14 Jun 2011https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.032433Circulation. 2011;123:2664–2665The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of human drug products. CDER recognizes the value of therapeutic agents and encourages innovation in their development. CDER tries to ensure that approved drugs are accompanied by labeling that describes the benefits and risks of the drugs and provides good directions for use.Article see p 2736CDER has a continuing interest in ensuring the quality of clinical trials, both because better trials will produce results that are reliable, and because they will be more efficient, ie, more likely to show a useful effect when there is one. One important way to improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials and to enable consideration of multiple trials is through the development of standardized end point definitions.The Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) is an example of such efforts. An independent group, BARC includes members of academic research organizations, cardiovascular professional societies, pharmaceutical and cardiovascular device manufacturers, the National Institutes of Health, and the FDA (CDER and Center for Devices and Radiological Health). The FDA participated in a 1-day meeting in February 2010 to discuss bleeding and how it should be defined and captured in clinical trials.1 Many drugs used to decrease cardiovascular events do so by inhibiting platelet function or coagulation; they almost invariably cause increased bleeding. Properly describing the nature and consequences of that bleeding is critical in these drug assessments.The FDA supports the use of standardized end point definitions that have been validated and properly reflect clinical outcome. Although not yet validated or associated with clinical outcome, BARC is a step in the right direction. A comprehensive analysis of extensive databases of prospectively acquired bleeding data linking various bleeding definitions and components of these definitions to clinical outcomes would be optimal. It would also be helpful to map the definitions to source data elements.BARC proposes 5 bleeding types. Type 0 is no bleeding. Type 1 is bleeding that "is not actionable" and does not cause the patient to seek medical attention. Type 2 bleeding includes any clinically overt sign of hemorrhage that "is actionable" and requires diagnostic studies, hospitalization, or treatment by a healthcare professional. Type 3 bleeding is divided into 3 categories, a through c, and includes clinical, laboratory, and/or imaging evidence of bleeding with specific healthcare provider responses. Type 3a bleeding includes any transfusion with overt bleeding and overt bleeding plus a hemoglobin drop of ≥3 to <5 g/dL (provided the hemoglobin drop is related to bleeding). Type 3b bleeding includes overt bleeding plus a hemoglobin drop of ≥5 g/dL (provided the hemoglobin drop is related to bleeding), cardiac tamponade, bleeding requiring surgical intervention for control (excluding dental/nasal/skin/hemorrhoid), and bleeding requiring intravenous vasoactive drugs. Type 3c bleeding includes intracranial hemorrhage and intraocular bleeding compromising vision. Type 4 bleeding is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)–related (within 48 hours), and type 5 bleeding is fatal. Fatal bleeding is categorized as intracranial, gastrointestinal, retroperitoneal, pulmonary, pericardial, genitourinary, or other.Questions that BARC needs to address include why a 48-hour window was selected for CABG-related bleeding, but a 72-hour window was selected for a peri-CABG event using the universal definition of myocardial infarction; why a type 1 bleed is called "not actionable" when the patient may "take action" and discontinue medication because of bleeding without seeking medical attention; and why an intraocular bleed compromising vision is thought to be equivalent to an intracranial hemorrhage for BARC type 3c bleeding when we do not know whether this intraocular event, albeit serious and debilitating, is associated with clinical outcome. With respect to a type 1 bleed, a patient discontinuing medication without discussing the bleeding event with a healthcare professional could have an unfavorable outcome, especially if the patient had recently undergone stent placement. Additionally, from a regulatory standpoint, it would be important to determine whether a type 1 bleed should have been interpreted as a type 2 bleed. For example, what if a patient misinterpreted a gastrointestinal bleed as a hemorrhoidal bleed, leading to a delay in the diagnosis? Tracking this time delay could be critical, especially in the diagnosis of cancer in a clinical trial.We encourage all sponsors to interact early with the FDA to discuss drug development, clinical trial design, and end points. Although standardized end points and definitions are helpful, they may need to be tailored according to the type of trial and to the particular drug and population being studied. In any development program, a thorough evaluation of dose-response is required. We recommend studying multiple doses in phase 3 trials to explore and confirm dose response. It is often useful to capture data elements for several bleeding definitions in a clinical trial and subsequently to conduct multivariate analyses to determine what baseline factors and components of particular bleeding definitions are associated with outcome. BARC places CABG-related bleeding into a separate class, without documenting that the CABG association per se leads to a different clinical implication of a given bleeding event. Nevertheless, there may be a rationale for capturing clinical context because it may alter the benefit-risk relationship in those settings, and clinical contexts other than CABG merit consideration, such as, other surgical procedures or percutaneous coronary intervention.The FDA acknowledges the importance of BARC's global approach to a consensus set of bleeding definitions and encourages similar efforts. Although definitions are important, what is even more critical is how the data are collected. Through collaboration, we can address these issues and improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials.DisclosuresThis article reflects the views of the authors and should not be construed to represent FDA's views or policies. The authors report no conflicts.FootnotesThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.Correspondence to Karen A. Hicks, MD, Medical Officer, Food and Drug Administration, Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Office of Drug Evaluation I, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Bldg 22, Room 4182, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002. E-mail karen.[email protected]hhs.govReference1. Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J, Kaul S, Wiviott SD, Menon V, Nikolsky E, Serebruany VL, Valgimigli M, Vranckx P, Taggart D, Sabik JF, Cutlip DE, Krucoff MW, Ohman EM, Steg PG, White H. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. 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The Need for a Randomized Study, Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00085, 4 Petricevic M (2022) Adherence to guidelines improves outcomes in coronary artery surgery, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 10.1093/ejcts/ezac197 Gasymova N and Mikhailov E (2019) Current approaches to periprocedural anticoagulation treatment in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation, Russian Journal of Cardiology, 10.15829/1560-4071-2019-4-68-77:4, (68-77) June 14, 2011Vol 123, Issue 23 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2011 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.032433PMID: 21670240 Originally publishedJune 14, 2011 KeywordsEditorialshemorrhagePDF download Advertisement SubjectsEthics and Policy
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