Community and virtual community
2004; Wiley; Volume: 38; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/aris.1440380104
ISSN1550-8382
AutoresDavid Ellis, Rachel Oldridge, Ana Cristina Vasconcelos,
Tópico(s)Knowledge Management and Sharing
ResumoAnnual Review of Information Science and TechnologyVolume 38, Issue 1 p. 145-186 Article Community and virtual community David Ellis, David Ellis University of WalesSearch for more papers by this authorRachel Oldridge, Rachel Oldridge University of HertfordshireSearch for more papers by this authorAna Vasconcelos, Ana Vasconcelos Sheffield Hallam UniversitySearch for more papers by this author David Ellis, David Ellis University of WalesSearch for more papers by this authorRachel Oldridge, Rachel Oldridge University of HertfordshireSearch for more papers by this authorAna Vasconcelos, Ana Vasconcelos Sheffield Hallam UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 September 2005 https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440380104Citations: 44Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Alvesson, M., & Sköldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. London: Sage. Antonijevic, S. (2002). Sleepless in Belgrade: A virtual community during war. FirstMonday, 7(1). Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue7_1/anton Armstrong, A., & Hagel, J., III. (1995). Real profits from virtual communities. McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 126– 141. Bagshaw, G. (1999). Locality model: Handsworth Electronic Community Network (HECNet). In S. Pantry (Ed.), Building community information networks: Strategies and experiences (pp. 117– 124). London: Library Association Publishing. Barlow, J. P. (1995). Is there a there in cyberspace? Utne Reader, 68. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.eff.org/pub/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/utne_community.html Bastian, M. L. (1999). Nationalism in a virtual space: Immigrant Nigerians on the Internet. West Africa Review, 1(1). Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.westafricareview.com/war/vol1.1/bastian.html Baumard, P. (1999). Tacit knowledge in organisations. London: Sage. Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. (M. Ritter, Trans.). London: Sage. Benders, J., & Van Veen, K. (2001). What's in a fashion? Interpretative viability and management fashions. Organization, 8(1), 33– 53. Beninger, J. (1987). Personalization of the mass media and the growth of pseudocommunity. Communication Research, 14(3), 25– 34. Blanchard, A., & Horan, T. (1998). Virtual communities and social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 16(3), 293– 307. Boczkoswki, P. J. (1999). Mutual shaping of users and technologies in a national virtual community. Journal of Communication, 49(2), 86– 108. Boneva, B., Kraut, R., & Frohlich, D. (2001). Using e-mail for personal relationships: The difference gender makes. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 530– 549. Brenneise, H. R. (2001). Creating a state-wide virtual health library: The Michigan experience. Inspel, 35(3), 199– 208. Brenneise, H. R., & Marks, E. B. (2001). Creating a state-wide virtual health library: The Michigan experience. Online Information Review, 25(2), 115– 120. Brown, J., & Duguid, P. (1991). Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning and innovation. Organization Science, 2(1), 40– 57. Brown, J., & Duguid, P. (1998). Organizing knowledge. California Management Review, 40(3), 90– 111. Brown, J., & Duguid, P. (2001). Knowledge and organization: A social practice perspective. Organization Science, 12(2), 198– 213. Brown, J., & Gray, E. (1995). People are the company. Fast Company, 1, 78– 81. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.fastcompany.com/online/01/people.html Bukowitz, W. R., & Williams, R. L. (1999). The knowledge management fieldbook. Guildford, UK: Pearson Education. Buhle, E. L. (1997). Our online community of individuals interested in cancer: How and why. Health Care on the Internet, 1(3), 67– 82. Burke, C. (1998). The academic discussion list as a space for learning and research. ISCHE XX Conference. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/HISTORY-CHILD-FAMILY/ische-paper.html Burnett, G. (2000). Information exchange in virtual communities: A typology. Information Research, 5(4). Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.shef.ac.uk/∼is/publications/infres/paper82.html Burnett, G., Besant, M., & Chatman, E. A. (2001). Small worlds: Normative behavior in virtual communities and feminist bookselling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 52, 536– 547. Buzan, T. (1999). The brainsmart leader. Aldershot, UK: Gower. Camp, L. J. (1996). We are geeks, and we are not guys: The System mailing list. In L. Cherny & E. R. Weise (Eds.), Wired_women: Gender and new realities in cyberspace (pp. 114– 125). Seattle, WA: Seal Press. Cano, V., Hatar, C., & Zapatero, A. (1999). Teleworking: Conceptual and implementation problems. Vine, 109, 27– 34. Carroll, J. M., Rosson, M. B., Van Isenhour, P. L., Metre, C., Schafer, W. A., & Ganoe, C. H. (2001). MOOsburg: Multi user domain support for a community network. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications, 11(1) 65– 73. Casalegno, F. (2001). On cybersocialities: Networked communication and social interaction in the wired city of Blacksburg, VA, USA. Telematics and Informatics, 18(1), 17– 34. Contu, A., & Willmott, H. (2000). Comment on Wenger and Yanow: Knowing in practice: A "delicate flower" in the organizational learning field. Organization, 7(2), 269– 276. Cook, N., & Stanley, T. (1999). MUD/MOO environments in the delivery of user support and training. Vine, 109, 53– 58. Cook, S., & Brown, J. (1999). Bridging epistemologies: The generative dance between organizational knowledge and organizational knowing. Organization Science, 2(4), 381– 400. Cook, S., & Yanow, D. (1993). Culture and organizational learning. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2(4), 373– 390. Cropley, J. (1998). Sharing expertise in practice: The way forward for knowledge management. Serials, 11, 218. Cummings, J., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103– 108. Cutler, R. H., (1995). Distributed presence and community in cyberspace. Interpersonal computing and technology, 3(2), 12– 32. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.helsinki.fi//science/optek/1995/n2/cutler.txt Darwin, J., Johnson, P., & McAuley, J. (2002). Developing strategies for change. Harlow, UK: Prentice-Hall. Davenport, E. (2001). Knowledge management issues for online organisations: "Communities of practice" as an exploratory framework. Journal of Documentation, 57(1), 61– 75. Davenport, E., & Hall, H. (2001, CD-ROM). New knowledge and micro-level organization: "Communities of practice" as a development framework. Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE. Davenport, E., & Hall, H. (2002). Organizational knowledge and communities of practice. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 36, 171– 227. Davidsen, S. L. (1997). The Michigan Electronic Library. Library Hi Tech, 15(3–4), 101– 106. de Cicco, E. (1999). How videoconferencing can support teaching and learning. Vine, 10, 46– 52. Deuten, J., & Rip, A. (2000). Narrative infrastructure in product creation processes. Organization, 7, 69– 93. Dieberger, A. (1999). Social connotations of space in the design for virtual communities and social navigation. In A. J. Munro, K. Hook, & D. Benyon (Eds.), Social navigation of information space (pp. 15– 32). London: Springer-Verlag. Drey, J. (1999). Virtual conferencing: The ChemWeb way. Vine, 109, 59– 61. Durrance, J. C., & Pettigrew, K. E. (2001). Toward context-centered methods for evaluating public library networked community information initiatives. FirstMonday, 6(4). Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/current_issue/durrance/index.html Dutta, S., Biren, B., & Van Wassenhove, L. (2000). Xerox: Building a corporate focus on knowledge. Bedford, UK: European Case Clearing House, Cranfield University, Cranfield. Edmundson, H. (2001). Technical communities of practice at Schlumberger. Knowledge Management Review, 4(2), 20– 23. Educational Resources. (1999). The EMBBS Emergency Medicine and Primary Care Home Page. Medicine on the Net, 5(11), 12– 13. Enomoto, E., Nolet, V., & Marchionini, G. (1999). The Baltimore Learning Community Project: Creating a networked community across middle schools. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 8(1), 99– 114. Erickson, T. (2001). Social interaction on the Net: Virtual community as participatory genre. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.pliant.org/personal/Tom-Erickson/VC-as-Genre.html Ferlander, S., & Timms, D. (2001). Local nets and social capital. Telematics and Informatics, 18(1), 51– 65. Fink, C. (2001). Burma: Constructive engagement in cyberspace? Cultural Survival Quarterly, 21(4). Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.cs.org/publications/CSQ/csqinternet.html Fisher, A. (1998). So what is all the big fuss about? Library Association Record, 100, 172. Fitzpatrick, R. B. (1999). The Community of Science, Inc., Part 2. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 18(4), 33– 38. Foucault, M. (1971). Orders of discourse. Social Science Information, 10, 7– 30. Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. London: Tavistock. Fox, N., & Roberts, C. (1999). GPs in cyberspace: The sociology of a "virtual community." Sociological Review, 47, 643– 671. Gabrial, A. (2001). Assyrians: "3,000 years of history, yet the Internet is our only home.". Cultural Survival Quarterly, 21(4). Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.cs.org/publications/CSQ/csqinternet.html Gardner, T., & Russell, R. (1999). A collaborative workspace environment: Experience of evaluation and selection in the Agora project. Vine, 109, 6– 26. Goffman, E. (1956). The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. Gomez, R. (1998). The nostalgia of virtual community: A study of computer-mediated communications use in Colombian non-governmental organizations. Information Technology and People, 11(3), 217– 234. Gray, A. (1999). How virtual communities will come to dominate the online world. Information World Review, 149, 22. Hackley, C. (2000). Silent running: Tacit, discursive and psychological aspects of management in a top UK advertising agency. British Journal of Management, 11, 239– 254. Hafner, K. (1997). The epic saga of the WELL. Wired, 5(5), 95– 142. Hagel, J., III, & Armstrong, A. (1997). Net gain: Expanding markets through virtual communities. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Hampton, K. N., & Wellman, B. (1999). Netville online and offline. American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 475– 492. Hann, W. (1999). Free Pint: Unintentionally building a virtual community? Electronic Library; 17(1), 3– 5. Henry, N. L. (1997). Getting acquainted with support and self-help groups on the Internet. Health Care on the Internet, 1(2), 27– 32. Herring, S. C. (2002). Computer-mediated communication on the Internet. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 36, 109– 168. Howard, A. (1999). Pacific-based virtual communities: Rotuma on the World Wide Web. Contemporary Pacific, 11(1), 160– 175. INFONORTICS (1998). First International Conference on Virtual Communities. London: Infonortics. INFONORTICS (1999). Second International Conference on Virtual Communities. London: Infonortics. INFONORTICS (2000). Third International Conference on Virtual Communities. London: Infonortics. INFONORTICS (2001). Fourth International Conference on Virtual Communities. London: Infonortics. INFONORTICS (2002). Fifth International Conference on Virtual Communities. London: Infonortics. Jones, S. (1995). Understanding community in the information age. In S. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety: Computer-mediated communication and community (pp. 10– 35). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. S. G. Jones (Ed.). (1997). Virtual culture: Identity and communication in cybersociety. London: Sage. Jubert, A. (1999). Developing an infrastructure for communities of practice: The Siemens experience. Proceedings of the Third International Online Information Meeting, 165– 168. Karim, K. H. (1998). From ethnic media to global media: Transnational communication networks among diasporic communities (Working Paper WPTC-99-02). Oxford, UK: Transnational Communities Programme. Karim, K. H. (2002, April). Diasporas and their communication networks: Exploring the broader context of transnational narrowcasting. Paper presented at the workshop on Virtual Diasporas: Transnational Ethnic Communities and Global Problem Solving in the Information Age. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from the Nautilus Institute Web site: http://www.nautilus.org/virtual-diasporas/paper/Karim.html Kelly, W. J. (1998). Sapient Health Network. Medicine on the Net, 4(11), 16– 17. Kimble, C., Hildreth, P., & Wright, P. (2001). Communities of practice: Going virtual. In Knowledge management and business model innovation (pp. 220– 234). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing. Kirk, J., & Vasconcelos, A. (2002). Management consultancies and technology consultancies in a convergent market: A knowledge management perspective. Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Knowledge Management, 346– 357. Kling, R., & McKim, G. (2000). Not just a matter of time: Field differences and the shaping of electronic media in supporting scientific communication. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51, 1306– 1320. Kodama, M. (2000). New regional community creation through video based information networks: A case study of regional vitalization through the promotion of information technology in Japan. Information Management and Computer Security, 8(2/3), 87– 97. Kollock, P. (1999). The economics of online cooperation. In M. A. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 222– 239). London: Routledge. Komito, L. (2001). Electronic communities in an information society: Paradise, mirage, or malaise? Journal of Documentation, 57(1), 115– 129. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49– 74. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017– 1031. Lave, J. (1988). Cognition in practice: Mind, mathematics and culture in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lave, J. (1991). Situated learning in communities of practice. In L. Resnick, J. Levine, & S. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 63– 82). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Leech, H. (1998). CIRCE. Impact, the Journal of the Career Development Group, 1(6), 91– 92. Leech, H. (1999a). Better communities through better information: Project CIRCE and community information. Vine, 109, 68– 72. Leech, H. (1999b). CIRCE: Better communities through better information. (British Library. Library and Information Commission Research Report, 1). London: British Library. Leech, H. (1999c). Better communities through better information: Project CIRCE and community information. In S. Pantry (Ed.), Building community information networks: Strategies and experiences (pp. 39– 48.). London: Library Association Publishing. Levy, P. (1999). Virtual communities and information services: An overview. Vine, 109, 3– 9. Macdonald, S. (1995). Learning to change: An information perspective on learning in the organisation. Organization Science, 6(5), 557– 568. Macdonald, S. (1998). Information for innovation: Managing change from an information perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Mallapragada, M. (2000). The Indian diaspora in the USA and around the Web. In D. Gauntlett (Ed.), Web.studies: Rewiring media studies for the digital age (pp. 179– 185). London: Arnold. Marchionini, G. (1995). Information seeking in electronic environments. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Massey, A. P. (1994). Creating a health care virtual community: Northern New York Health Information System (NNYHIS). Journal of Information Technology Management, 5(2), 27– 35. McGrath, A., & Munro, A. (2003). Footsteps from the garden: Arcadian knowledge spaces. In K. Hook, D. Benyon, & A. J. Munro (Eds.), Designing information spaces: The social navigation approach (pp. 175– 200). London: Springer-Verlag. McNamara, P., & Baden-Fuller, C. (1999). Lessons from the Celltech case. British Journal of Management, 10, 291– 307. Menon, G. M. (1998). Gender encounters in a virtual community: Identity formation and acceptance. Computers in Human Services, 15(1), 55– 69. Mitra, A. (1997). Virtual commonality: Looking for India on the Internet. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Virtual culture: Identity and communication in cybersociety (pp. 55– 79). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Muhsin, M. (1999). The expert's opinion: Why we care. Journal of Global Information Management, 7(4), 45– 47. Munro, A. J., Hook, K., & Benyon, D. (1999). Social navigation of information space. London: Springer-Verlag. Newell, S., Scarborough, H., Swan, J., & Hislop, D. (2000). Intranets and knowledge management: De-centered technologies and the limits of technological discourse. In C. Prichard, R. Hull, M. Chumer, & H. Willmott (Eds.), Managing knowledge: Critical investigations of work and learning (pp. 88– 106). Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. Nichols, D. M., & Twidale, M. B. (1999). Computer supported cooperative work and libraries. Vine, 109, 10– 15. Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creating company. New York: Oxford University Press. Oakeshott, M. (1962). Rationalism in politics and other essays. London: Methuen. O'Dell, C., & Grayson, J. (1998). If only we knew what we know: Identification and transfer of internal best practices. California Management Review, 40(3), 154– 174. Orlikowski, W., & Yates, J. (1994). Genre repertoire: The structuring of communicative practices in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 541– 574. Orr, J. (1987, June). Narratives at work: Story telling as cooperative diagnostic activity. Field Service Manager, 47– 60. Orr, J. (1990). Sharing knowledge, celebrating identity: Community memory in a service culture. In D. Middleton & D. Edwards (Eds.), Collective remembering (pp. 169– 189). London: Sage. Ortmann, G. (1995). Formen der Produktion: Organisation und Rekursivitat [Forms of production: Organization and recursiveness]. Oplanden, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag. Osanai, M. (1999). BioMedNet: An Internet community for biological and medical researchers. Pharmaceutical Library Bulletin (Yakugaku Toshokan), 44(2), 131– 136. Partridge, J. (2000). Local history in Australia: Supporting cultural heritage. Inspel, 34(1), 31– 39. Poblocki, K. (2001). The Napster Network Community. FirstMonday, 6(11). Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue6_11/poblocki Potter, J. (1998). Representing reality: Discourse, rhetoric and social construction. London: Sage. Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology. London: Sage. Preece, J. (1999). Empathic communities: Balancing emotional and factual communication. Interacting with Computers, 12, 63– 77. Pullen, K. (2000). I-love-Xena.com: Creating on-line fan communities. In D. Gauntlett (Ed.), Web.studies: Rewiring media studies for the digital age (pp. 52– 61). London: Arnold. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65– 78. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Rao, K. V. (1998). India Network: The first case study of a virtual community. Computer Communications, 20(16), 1527– 1533. Reid, B. (1999). Building an online community with Mailbase. Vine, 109, 41– 45. Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book Rheingold, H. (1994). The virtual community: Finding connection in a computerized world. London: Minerva. Rice-Levy, M. L. (1994). Wired warp and woof: An ethnographic study of a networking class. Internet Research, 4(4), 20. Riedel, E., Dresel, L., Wagoner, M. J., Sullivan, J. L., & Borgida, E. (1998). Electronic communities: Accessing equality of access in a rural Minnesota community. Social Science Computer Review, 16(4), 370– 390. Romm, C., Pliskin, N., & Clarke, R. (1997). Virtual communities and society: Toward an integrative three phase model. International Journal of Information Management, 17(4), 261– 270. Schlicke, P. (1999a, June). E-Communities. Information Management Report, 11–13. Schlicke, P. (1999b, September). The new communities. Information Management Report, 1–3. Shank, N. (1999). Internet based information and support: Use by parents of children with disabilities. New Technology in the Human Services, 12(1–2), 7– 19. Smith, B. G. (1995). Sailor: Maryland's emerging public information network. Ohio Libraries, 8(3), 6– 8. M. A. Smith, & P. Kollock (Eds.). (1999). Communities in cyberspace. London: Routledge. Star, S. (1989). The structure of ill-structured situations: Boundary objects and heterogeneous distributed problem-solving. Distributed Artificial Intelligence, 2, 237– 254. Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional ecology "translation" and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's museum of vertebrate zoology, 1907–39. Social Studies of Science, 19, 387– 420. Star, S. L., & Ruhlehder, K. (1994). Steps towards an ecology of infrastructure: Complex problems in design and access for large-scale collaborative systems. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW '94, 253– 264. Stevens, L. (1998). Communities for people with a chronic disease: Sapient Health Network. Medicine on the Net, 4(11), 14– 15. Stewart, T. (1997). Intellectual capital: The new wealth of organisations. London: Nicholas Brealy. Steyaert, J. (2000). Local governments online and the role of the resident: Government shop versus electronic community. Social Science Computer Review, 18(1), 3– 16. Strauss, A., Schatzman, L., Bucher, R., Ehrlich, D., & Sabshin, M. (1964). Psychiatric ideologies and institutions. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press. Strauss, A., Schatzman, L., Bucher, R., Ehrlich, D., & Sabshin, M. (1981). Psychiatric ideologies and institutions. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Suchman, L. (1986). Plans and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Talbot, C., & Newman, D. (1999). Beyond access and awareness: Evaluating electronic community networks (British Library. Research and Innovation Report, 14). London: British Library. Tanner, E. (2001). Chilean conversations: Internet forum participants debate Augusto Pinochet's detention. Journal of Communication, 51, 383– 403. Teigland, R. (2000). Communities of practice at an Internet firm: Netovation vs. on-time performance. In E. L. Lesser, M. A. Fontaine, & J. A. Slusher (Eds.), Knowledge and communities (pp. 151– 178). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. Tonn, B. E., Zambrano, P., & Moore, S. (2001). Community networks or networked communities? Social Science Computer Review, 19(2), 201– 212. Toth, B., Gray, J. A. M., Fraser, V., & Ward, R. (2000). National electronic library for health: Progress and prospects. Health Libraries Review, 17(1), 46– 50. Town, W. G. (1998). Creating virtual communities for chemists on the Web. Proceedings of the Second International Online Information Meeting, 75– 78. Trumpy, A. C. (2001). Forskningsbibliotekerne og Det virtuelle Universitet [Research libraries and the virtual university]. DF Revy, 24(3), 77– 79. Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster. Virnoche, M., & Marx, G. (1997). "Only connect:" E. M. Forster in an age of electronic communication: Computer-mediated association and community networks. Sociological Inquiry, 67, 85– 100. von Krogh, G. (1998). Knowing in firms: Understanding managers and measuring knowledge. London: Sage. Wachter, R. M., Gupta, J. N. D., & Quaddus, M. A. (2000). IT takes a village: Virtual communities in support of education. International Journal of Information Management, 20(6), 473– 489. Waismann, F. (1951). Verifiability. In A. G. N. Flew (Ed.), Logic and language (pp. 117– 144). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Ward, K. J. (1999). Cyber-ethnography and the emergence of the virtually new community. Journal of Information Technology, 14(1), 95– 105. Warr, W. A. (1998). Communication and communities of chemists. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 38(6), 966– 975. Wasko, M. M., & Faraj, S. (2000). "It is what one does:" Why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2–3), 155– 173. Wellman, B. (1997). An electronic group is virtually a social network. In S. Kiesler (Ed.), Culture of the Internet (pp. 179– 204). Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum. Wellman, B., & Gulia, M. (1999). Net surfers don't ride alone: Virtual communities as communities. In M. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 167– 194). London: Routledge. Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Wenger, E. (2000). Communities of practice and social learning systems. Organization, 7(2), 225– 246. Wenger, E., & Snyder, W. (2000). Communities of practice: The organizational frontier. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 139– 145. William, M. (2000). Virtually criminal: Discourse, deviance and anxiety within virtual communities. International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, 14(1), 95– 104. Williamson, A. (1999). The history and value of lis-link. Vine, 109, 35– 40. Wolf, C. (1997). Transient cooperating communities. SIGGROUP Bulletin, 18(1), 47– 49. Yang, G. (2002, April). Information technology, virtual Chinese diaspora, and transnational public sphere. Paper presented at the workshop on Virtual Diasporas: Transnational Ethnic Communities and Global Problem Solving in the Information Age. Retrieved January 10, 2003, from the Nautilus Institute Web site: http://www.nautilus.org/virtual-diasporas/paper/yang.html Yates, J., & Orlikowski, W. (1992). Genres of organizational communication: A structurational approach to studying communication and media. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 299– 326. Yates, J., Orlikowski, W., & Rennecker, J. (1997). Collaborative genres for collaboration: Genre systems in digital media. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Science, 3– 12. Zielstra, J. (1999). Building and testing a Web-based community network. Electronic Library, 17(4), 231. Citing Literature Volume38, Issue12004Pages 145-186 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)