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Genome Expansion and Gene Loss in Powdery Mildew Fungi Reveal Tradeoffs in Extreme Parasitism

2010; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Volume: 330; Issue: 6010 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1126/science.1194573

1095-9203

Pietro D. Spanu, James Abbott, Joëlle Amselem, Timothy A. Burgis, Darren M. Soanes, Kurt Stüber, Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat, James K. M. Brown, Sarah Butcher, Sarah J. Gurr, Marc‐Henri Lebrun, Christopher J. Ridout, Paul Schulze‐Lefert, Nicholas J. Talbot, Nahal Ahmadinejad, Christian Ametz, Geraint Barton, Mariam Benjdia, Przemyslaw Bidzinski, Laurence V. Bindschedler, Maike Both, Marin T. Brewer, Lance Cadle‐Davidson, Molly Cadle-Davidson, Jérôme Collemare, Rainer Cramer, Omer Frenkel, Dale I. Godfrey, James Harriman, Claire Hoede, Brian Christopher King, Sven Klages, Jochen Kleemann, Daniela Knoll, Prasanna S. Koti, Jonathan Kreplak, Francisco J. López-Ruiz, Xunli Lu, Takaki Maekawa, Siraprapa Mahanil, Cristina Micali, Michael G. Milgroom, Giovanni Montana, Sandra Noir, Richard J. O’Connell, Simone Oberhaensli, Francis Parlange, Carsten Pedersen, Hadi Quesneville, Richard Reinhardt, Matthias Rott, Soledad Sacristán, Sarah M. Schmidt, Moritz Schön, Pari Skamnioti, Hans Sommer, Amber Stephens, Hiroyuki Takahara, Hans Thordal‐Christensen, Marielle Vigouroux, Ralf Weßling, Thomas Wicker, Ralph Panstruga,

Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology

Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting that most effectors represent species-specific adaptations.