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The Ubiquitous Presence of the Past? Collective Memory and International History

2013; Routledge; Volume: 36; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/07075332.2013.828646

1949-6540

Patrick Finney,

Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between international history and memory studies. It argues that collective memory demands to be taken much more seriously than it has been by international historians to date and clarifies what this might involve. It comprises four sections. The first provides an overview of the growth of memory studies, identifying some recent trends and conceptual issues. The second explores how international historians have engaged with it hitherto, revealing that while memory has emerged onto the agenda of the discipline, analysis of it still remains rather patchy and underdeveloped. It also contextualises a putative turn to memory against the on-going 'cultural turn' in international history. The third lays out a research agenda by identifying some of the core topics to be differentiated in the study of memory within international history, exploring the conceptual issues these entail and pointing to relevant resources from within the memory-studies literature that speak to them. A final section anticipates and discusses some potential objections to the argument of the article. It concludes that taking the challenge of memory studies seriously may demand a thoroughgoing reorientation of our practice.Keywords: collective memoryinternational historycultural turnhistoriography Notes1. 'Anxiety in Japan Grows as Death Toll Steadily Climbs', CNN, 14 March 2011, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/13/japan.quake/index.html?iref = NS1 [Accessed 1 February 2013].2. L. Lim, 'China Acts Fast in Aiding Japan Post-Earthquake', NPR, 15 March 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/15/134567659/china-acts-fast-in-aiding-japan-post-earthquake [Accessed 1 February 2013].3. P. 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Cody, 'New Anti-Japanese Protests Erupt in China', The Washington Post, 16 April 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58567-2005Apr16.html [Accessed 1 February 2013].9. E. Barkan, The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices (Baltimore, 2001); J. Torpey, Making Whole What Has Been Smashed: On Reparation Politics (Cambridge, 2006).10. C. Gluck, 'Operations of Memory: "Comfort Women" and the World' in Miyoshi Jager and Mitter (eds), Ruptured Histories, 47–77.11. S. Conrad, The Quest for the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American Century (Berkeley, 2010), 257.12. Kingston, 'Renovating War Memory'.13. S. Tisdall, 'China and Japan: a Dangerous Standoff over the Senkaku Islands', The Guardian, 17 Sep. 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/sep/17/china-japan-dangerous-standoff [Accessed 1 February 2013].14. A. Confino, 'History and Memory' in A. Schneider and D. Woolf (eds), The Oxford History of Historical Writing. V: Historical Writing since 1945 (Oxford, 2011), 36.15. M.J. Hogan, 'The "Next Big Thing": the Future of Diplomatic History in a Global Age', Diplomatic History, xxviii (2004), 1–21.16. Excellent recent overviews include Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, and Daniel Levy (eds), The Collective Memory Reader (Oxford, 2011) and S. Radstone and B. Schwarz (eds), Memory: History, Theories, Debates (New York, 2010).17. P. Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975); H. Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (Cambridge, MA, 1991), the first French edition of which was published in 1987; A. Insdorf, Indelible Shadows: Film and the Holocaust (New York, 1983).18. Rousso, Vichy Syndrome, 221, and more broadly 219–71.19. J.-W. Müller, 'Introduction: The Power of Memory, the Memory of Power and the Power over Memory' in J.-W. Müller (ed), Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past (Cambridge, 2002), 3.20. J.R. Gillis, 'Memory and Identity: the History of a Relationship' in J.R. Gillis (ed), Commemorations: the Politics of National Identity (Princeton, 1994), 3.21. See, for example, N. Gregor, Haunted City: Nuremberg and the Nazi Past (New Haven, 2008); P. Lagrou, The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945–1965 (Cambridge, 2000); L. Noakes, War and the British: Gender, Memory and National Identity, 1939–1991 (London, 1998).22. See, for example, I. Deák, J.T. Gross, and T. Judt (eds), The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and its Aftermath (Princeton, 2000); H. Stenius, M. Österberg, and J. Östling (eds), Nordic Narratives of the Second World War: National Historiographies Revisited (Lund, 2011).23. See, for example, A. Assmann and S. Conrad (eds), Memory in a Global Age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories (Basingstoke, 2010).24. M. Hirsch, The Generation of Postmemory: Writing and Visual Culture after the Holocaust (New York, 2012), 21.25. M. Rothberg, Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization (Stanford, 2009).26. D. Levy and N. Sznaider, The Holocaust and Memory in a Global Age (Philadelphia, 2006).27. J. Winter, Remembering War: the Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 2006), 3.28. J. Bourke, 'Introduction: "Remembering" War', Journal of Contemporary History, xxxix (2004), 474.29. J.K. Olick, In the House of the Hangman: the Agonies of German Defeat, 1943–1949 (Chicago, 2005), 20.30. W. Kansteiner, 'Finding Meaning in Memory: a Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies', History and Theory, xli (2002), 179–97.31. K. Lee Klein, 'On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse', Representations, lxix (2000), 127–50, quote at 145; C.S. Maier, 'A Surfeit of Memory? Reflections on History, Melancholy and Denial', History and Memory, v (1993), 136–52.32. G.D. Rosenfeld. 'A Looming Crash or a Soft Landing? Forecasting the Future of the Memory "Industry"', Journal of Modern History, lxxxi (2009), 122–58.33. Confino, 'History and Memory', 41.34. Confino, 'History and Memory', 43.35. G. Eley, 'Foreword' in M. Evans and K. Lunn (eds), War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997), vii–xiii.36. J. Winter, 'The Generation of Memory: Reflections on the "Memory Boom" in Contemporary Historical Studies', Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, Washington DC, xxvii (2000), http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/027/b27winterframe.html [Accessed 1 February 2013].37. A. Megill, 'History, Memory, Identity', History of the Human Sciences, xi (1998), 39.38. Eley, 'Foreword', vii.39. Müller, 'Power of Memory', 15–16.40. Surveys of the now vast literature include T.W. Zeiler, 'The Diplomatic History Bandwagon: a State of the Field', Journal of American History, xcv (2009), 1053–73.41. D. Reynolds, 'International History, the Cultural Turn and the Diplomatic Twitch', Cultural and Social History, iii (2006), 83.42. R.D. Schulzinger, 'Memory and Understanding U.S. Foreign Relations' in M.J. Hogan and T.G. Paterson (eds), Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, 2004), 336–52, quotes at 352, 343.43. R.J. McMahon, 'Contested Memory: the Vietnam War and American Society, 1975–2001', Diplomatic History, xxvi (2002), 159–84, quotes at 163–4, 183, 172. See also R.D. Schulzinger, A Time for Peace: the Legacy of the Vietnam War (Oxford, 2006).44. E.A. Martini, Invisible Enemies: the American War on Vietnam, 1975–2000 (Amherst, 2007), quote at 48.45. S. Laderman, Tours of Vietnam: War, Travel Guides, and Memory (Durham, NC, 2009).46. See, for example, M.P. Bradley, 'Contests of Memory: Remembering and Forgetting War in the Contemporary Vietnamese Cinema' in Hue-Tam Ho Tai (ed), The Country of Memory: Remaking the Past in Late Socialist Vietnam (Berkeley, 2001), 196–226. For the larger literature see, for example, C. Schwenkel, The American War in Contemporary Vietnam: Transnational Remembrance and Representation (Bloomington, 2009).47. For example, S. Laderman and E.A. Martini (eds), Four Decades On: Vietnam, the United States, and the Legacies of the Second Indochina War (Durham, NC, 2013), quote from jacket copy.48. M.J. Hogan (ed), Hiroshima in History and Memory (Cambridge, 1996).49. 'The Future of World War II Studies', Diplomatic History, xxv (2001), 347–499.50. B.C. Etheridge, 'The Desert Fox, Memory Diplomacy, and the German Question in Early Cold War America', Diplomatic History, xxxii (2008), 207–38; B. 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