Aspects of the biosafety of transgenic oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.)

1997; Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany); Volume: 46; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.51

ISSN

1365-2001

Autores

Peter L. J. Metz, E. Jacobsen, Willem J. Stiekema,

Tópico(s)

Plant tissue culture and regeneration

Resumo

Acta Botanica NeerlandicaVolume 46, Issue 1 p. 51-67 Review Aspects of the biosafety of transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) Peter L. J. Metz, Peter L. J. Metz Department of Molecular Biology, CPRO-DLO, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorEvert Jacobsen, Evert Jacobsen Department of Plant Breeding, Agricultural University Wageningen, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorWillem J. Stiekema, Willem J. Stiekema Department of Molecular Biology, CPRO-DLO, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author Peter L. J. Metz, Peter L. J. Metz Department of Molecular Biology, CPRO-DLO, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorEvert Jacobsen, Evert Jacobsen Department of Plant Breeding, Agricultural University Wageningen, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorWillem J. Stiekema, Willem J. Stiekema Department of Molecular Biology, CPRO-DLO, Wageningen, The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 November 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.51Citations: 7 Correspondence author. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Anand, I.J., Mishra, P.K. & Rawat, D.S. (1985): Mechanism of male sterility in Brassica junceaI. Manifestation of sterility and fertility restoration. Cruciferae News l10: 44–46. Google Scholar Animal and Plant Health Service (APHIS)/US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1994): Response to Petition 94-090-01p from Calgene Inc. regarding Laurate canola. Google Scholar Appelqvist, L.A. (1972): Historical background. In: L.A. Appelqvist & R Ohlson. (eds.): Rapeseed; cultivation, composition, processing and utilization, pp. 1–8, Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York. Google Scholar Baker, H.G. (1965): Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: H.G. Baker & G.L Stebbins. (eds.): The Genetics of Colonizing Species, p. 147, Academic Press, New York. 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01545.x PubMedGoogle Scholar Banga, S.S. (1986): Hybrid pollen-aided induction of matromorphy in Brassica. Z. Pflanzenzücht. 96: 86–89. Web of Science®Google Scholar BAP (1990): Study of gene dispersal from plants produced by recombinant DNA technology. In: Proceedings of the Final Sectorial EC BAP Meeting, Padua, Italy, 17–21 December 1990. Google Scholar Baranger, A., Chèvre, A.M., Eber, F. & Renard, M. (1995): Effect of oilseed rape genotype on the spontaneous hybridization rate with a weedy species: an assessment of transgene dispersal. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 956–963. 10.1007/BF00223906 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Becker, H.C., Damgaard, C. & Karlsson, B. (1992): Environmental variation for outcrossing rate in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Theor. Appl Genet. 84: 303–306. 10.1007/BF00229487 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beversdorf, W.D., Weiss-Lerman, J., Erickson, L.R. & Souza Machado, V. (1980): Transfer of cytoplasmically-inherited triazine resistance from bird's rape to cultivated oilseed rape (Brassica capestris and B. napus). Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 22: 167–172. 10.1139/g80-021 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bing, D.J., Downey, R.K. & Rakow, G.F.W. (1996): Assessment of transgene escape from Brassica rapa (B. campestris) into B. nigra or Sinapis arvensis. Plant Breeding 115: 1–4. 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1996.tb00861.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Bing, D.J., Downey, R.K. & Rakow, G.F.W. (1995): An evaluation of the potential intergeneric gene transfer between B. napus and S. arvensis. Plant Breeding 114: 481–484. 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1995.tb00840.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Bing, D.J., Downey, R.K. & Rakow, G.F.W. (1991): Potential of gene transfer among oilseed Brassicaand their weedy relatives. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Rapeseed congress, Saskatoon, Canada, pp. 1022–1027. Google Scholar Bing, D.J. (1991): Potential of gene transfer among oilseed Brassica and their weedy relatives. MSc Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Google Scholar BRIDGE (1993): Safety assessment of the deliberate release of two model transgenic crop plants, oilseed rape and sugar beet. In: Proceedings of the Final Sectorial EC BRIDGE Meeting on Biosafety, Granada, Spain, 24–27 October 1993. Google Scholar BRIDGE (1992): Safety assessment of the deliberate release of two model transgenic crop plants, oilseed rape and sugar beef. In: Proceedings of the EC BRIDGE Meeting on Biosafety, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6–9 December 1992. Google Scholar Brown, A.D. & Dyer, A.F. (1991): Effects of low temperature storage on the pollen of Brassica-campestris, B. oleracea and B. napus. Euphytica 51: 215–218. 10.1007/BF00039721 Web of Science®Google Scholar Brunel, E., Mesquida, J., Renard, M. & Tanguy, X. (1994): Repartition de l'entomofaune pollinsatrice sur des fleurs de colza (Brassica napus L.) et de navette (Brassica campestris L.): incidence du caractère apetale de la navette. Apidologie 25: 12–20. 10.1051/apido:19940102 Web of Science®Google Scholar Chèvre, A.M., Renard, M., Eber, F., Vallee, P., Dechamps, M. & Kerlan, M.C. (1992): Study of spontaneous hybridization between male-sterile rapeseed and weeds. In: Proceedings of the XIIIth Eucarpia Congress on Reproductive Biology and Plant Breeding, Angers, France, 6–11 July 1992. Google Scholar Chyi, Y.-S., Hoenecke, M.E. & Sernyk, J.L. (1992): A genetic linkage map of restriction length polymorphism loci for Brassica rapa (syn. campestris). Genome 35: 746–757. 10.1139/g92-115 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Warburg, E.F. (1958): Flora of the British Isles, p. 1591, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar Clauss, E. (1978): Allohexaploide Gattungsbastarde vom Typ Brassico-Raphanobrassica. Archiv für Züchtungsforsch. Berl. 8: 297–302. Google Scholar Cramer, N. (1987): Durchwuchs im 00-Raps: das Qualitätsproblem Nr 1. Top Agrar. 7: 44–49. Google Scholar Crawley, M.J., Hails, R.S., Rees, M., Kohn, D. & Buxton, J. (1993): Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats. Nature 363: 620–623. 10.1038/363620a0 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dale, P.J. (1994): The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: general considerations. Mol. Ecol. 3: 31–36. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00039.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Dale, P.J. (1993): The release of transgenic plants into agriculture (review). J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge 120: 1–5. 10.1017/S0021859600073524 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dale, P.J. & Irwin, J.A. (1995): The release of transgenic plants from containment, and the move towards their widespread use in agriculture. Euphytica 85: 425–431. 10.1007/BF00023976 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dale, P.J., Irwin, J.A. & Scheffler, J.A. (1993): The experimental and commercial release of transgenic crop plants. Plant Breeding111:1–22. Darmency, H. (1994): The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: introgression and weediness. Mol. Ecol. 3: 37–40. Google Scholar De Block, M., Debrouwer, D. & Tenning, P. (1989): Transformation of Brassica napusand Brassica oleraceausing Agrobacterium tumefaciensand the expression of the bar and neo genes in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 91: 694–701. 10.1104/pp.91.2.694 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar De Greef, W. (1990): The release of transgenic plants into the environment: a review of the BAP projects. In: I Economidis. (ed.): Biotechnology R&D in the EC (Biotechnology Action Program BAP), Vol. I Catalogue of BAP achievements on risk assessment for the period 1985–1990, pp. 19–22, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Google Scholar Demeke, T., Adams, R.P. & Chibbar, R. (1992): Potential taxonomic use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD): a case study in Brassica. Theor. Appl Genet. 84: 990–994. 10.1007/BF00227415 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Den Nijs, A.P.M. (1989): Pollen als vector voor transgenen. Prophyta 43: 225–227 [in Dutch]. Google Scholar De Vries, F.T., Van der Meijden, R. & Brandenburg, W.A. (1992): Botanical files: a study of the real chances for spontaneous gene flow from cultivated plant to the wild flora of the Netherlands. Gorteria Suppl. 1. Google Scholar De Wet, J.M.J. & Harlan, J.R. (1975): Weeds and domesticates: evolution in the man-made habitat. Econ. Bot. 29: 99–107. 10.1007/BF02863309 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dolstra, O. (1982): Synthesis and fertility of × Brassicoraphanus and ways of transferringRaphanus characters to Brassica, PhD Thesis, LH Wageningen. Pudoc Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Google Scholar Downey, R.K. & Bing, D.J. (1990): Biosafety of transgenic oilseed crucifers. Workshop on safeguards for planned introductions of transgenic oilseed crucifers, Ithaca, NY, 9 October 1990. USDA-Aphis, Hyattsville, Maryland. Google Scholar Downey, R.K. & Rakow, G.F.W. (1987): Rape-seed and mustard. In: W Feyr. (ed.): Principles of Cultivar Development, Vol. 2, pp. 437–486, Macmillan, New York. Google Scholar Downey, R.K., Klassen, A.J. & Stringham, G.R. (1980): Rapeseed and mustard. In: W.R. Fehr & H.H Hadley. (eds.): Hybridization of Crop Plants, pp. 495–509, American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America, Publishers Madison, Wisconsin. Web of Science®Google Scholar Eber, F., Chèvre, A.M., Baranger, A., Vallée, P., Tanguy, X. & Renard, M. (1994): Spontaneous hybridization between a male-sterile oilseed rape and two weeds. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88: 362–368. 10.1007/BF00223646 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ellstrand, N.C. & Marshall, D.L. (1985): Interpopulation gene flow by pollen in wild radish, Raphanus sativus. Amer. Nat. 126: 606–616. 10.1086/284442 Web of Science®Google Scholar Erickson, L.R., Straus, N.A. & Beversdorf, W.D. (1983): Restriction patterns reveal origins of chloroplast genomes in Brassicaamphiploids. Theor. Appl. Genet. 65: 201–206. 10.1007/BF00308066 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Evenhuis, A. & Zadoks, J.C. (1991): Possible hazards to wild plants of growing transgenic plants. A contribution to risk analysis. Euphytica 55: 81–84. 10.1007/BF00022563 Web of Science®Google Scholar Flipse, E. (1995): The amylose-free potato mutant as a model plant to study gene expression and gene silencing, PhD Thesis, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands. Google Scholar Frello, S., Hansen, K.R., Jensen, J. & Jørgensen, R.B. (1995): Inheritance of rapeseed (Brassica napus)-specific RAPD markers and a transgene in the cross B. juncea × (B. juncea × B. napus). Theor. Appl Genet. 91: 236–241. 10.1007/BF00220883 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Frietema De Vries, F.T. (1996): Cultivated plants and the wild flora; effect analysis by dispersal codes, PhD Thesis, State University Leiden, The Netherlands. Google Scholar Gliddon, C. (1994): Herbicide resistance in common UK crops: considerations of safety at different scales both for the natural and the agricultural environment. In: Report of the Workshop ‘Safety considerations of herbicide-resistant plants to be placed on the European Market’, Brussels, Belgium, 26 January 1994. Google Scholar Goring, D.R., Banks, P., Beversdorf, W.C. & Rothstein, S.J. (1992): Use of the polymerase chain reaction to isolate an S-locus glycoprotein cDNA introgressed from Brassica campestris into B. napus ssp. oleifera. Mol. Gen. Genet. 234: 185–192. 10.1007/BF00283838 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gowers, S. (1982): The transfer of characters from Brassica campestris L. to Brassica napus L.: production of clubroot-resistant oilseed rape (B. napus ssp. oleifera). Euphytica 31: 971–976. 10.1007/BF00039237 Web of Science®Google Scholar Grierson, D., Fray, R.G., Hamilton, A.J., Smith, C.J.S. & Watson, C.F. (1991): Does cosuppression of sense genes in transgenic plants involve antisense RNA. Trends Biotech. 9: 122–123. 10.1016/0167-7799(91)90042-G Web of Science®Google Scholar Guo, Z.H., Dickson, M.H. & Hunter, J.E. (1990): Brassica napussources of resistance to black rot in crucifers and inheritance of resistance. In: Proceedings of the 6th Crucifer Genetics Workshop, Ithaca (NY), US, 7–9 October 1990. Google Scholar Heath, D.W., Earle, E.D. & Dickson, M.H. (1994): Introgressing cold-tolerant Ogura cytoplasms from rapeseed into Pak choi and Chinese cabbage. HortSci. 29: 202–203. Web of Science®Google Scholar Heyn, F.W. (1977): Analysis of unreduced gametes in the Brassiceae by crosses between species and ploidy levels. Z. Pflanzenzücht. 78: 13–30. Web of Science®Google Scholar Heywood, V.H. & Akeroyd, J.R. (1993): Brassica L. In: Tutin, N.A. Burges, A.O. Chater, J.R. Edmondson, V.H. Heywood, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters & D.A. Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea, pp. 405–409, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Richardson, I.B.K. & Stearn, W.T. (1993): Flowering Plants of the World (2nd edn), p. 335, Batsford Ltd, London. Google Scholar Hobbs, S.L.A., Kpodar, P. & DeLong, C.M.O. (1990): The effects of T DNA copy number, position and methylation on reporter gene expression in tobacco transformants. Plant Mol. Biol. 15: 851–864. 10.1007/BF00039425 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hoffman, C.A. (1990): Ecological risks of genetic engineering of crop plants. BioScience 40: 434–437. 10.2307/1311389 Web of Science®Google Scholar Hosaka, K., Kianian, S.F., McGrath, J.M. & Quiros, C.F. (1990): Development and chromosomal localization of genome-specific DNA markers of Brassicaand the evolution of amphidiploids and n=9 diploid species. Genome 33: 131–142. 10.1139/g90-021 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Johnston, T.D. & Jones, D.I.H. (1966): Variations in thiocyanate content of kale varieties. J. Sci. Food Agric. 17: 70–71. 10.1002/jsfa.2740170204 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jorgensen, R. (1990): Altered gene expression in plants due to transinteractions between homologous genes. Trends Biotech. 8: 340–344. 10.1016/0167-7799(90)90220-R CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jørgensen, R.B. & Andersen, B. (1994): Spontaneous hybridization between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and weedy B. campestris(Brassicaceae): a risk of growing genetically modified oilseed rape. Amer. J. Bot. 81: 1620–1626. 10.2307/2445340 Web of Science®Google Scholar Kapteijns, A.J.A.M. (1993): Risk assessment of genetically modified crops. Potential of four arable crops to hybridize with the wild flora. Euphytica 66: 145–149. 10.1007/BF00023519 Web of Science®Google Scholar Karpechenko, G.D. (1928): Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus L. × Brassica oleracea L. Z. indukt. Abstamm. Vererb. Lehre 48: 1–85. 10.1007/BF01740955 Google Scholar Keeler, K.H. (1989): Can genetically engineered crops become weeds? Bio/Technology 7: 1134–1139. 10.1038/nbt1189-1134 Web of Science®Google Scholar Kerlan, M.C., Chèvre, A.M. & Eber, F. (1993): Interspecific hybrids between a transgenic rapeseed (Brassica napus) and related species: cytogenetical characterization and detection of the transgene. Genome 36: 1099–1106. 10.1139/g93-146 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kerlan, M.C., Chèvre, A.M., Eber, F., Baranger, A. & Renard, M. (1992): Risk assessment of outcrossing of transgenic rapeseed to related species: I Interspecific hybrid production under optimal conditions with emphasis on pollination and fertilization. Euphytica 62: 145–153. 10.1007/BF00037940 Web of Science®Google Scholar Klinger, T., Elam, D.R. & Ellstrand, N.C. (1991): Radish as a model system for the study of engineered gene escape rates via crop-weed mating. Conserv. Biol. 5: 531–535. 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00360.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Landry, B.S., Hubert, N., Etoh, T., Harada, J.J. & Lincoln, S.E. (1991): A genetic map for Brassica napus based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected with expressed DNA sequences. Genome 34: 543–552. 10.1139/g91-084 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lange, W., Toxopeus, H., Lubberts, J.H., Dolstra, O. & Harrewijn, J.L. (1989): The development of Raparadish (× Brassicoraphanus2n = 38), a new crop in agriculture. Euphytica 40: 1–14. Web of Science®Google Scholar Lefol, E., Danielou, V., Darmency, H., Kerlan, M.C., Vallee, P., Chèvre, A.M., Renard, M. & Reboud, X. (1991): Escape of engineered genes from rapeseed to wild Brassiceae. Brighton Crop Protection Conference—Weeds, 1991, 8A-7: 1049–1056. Web of Science®Google Scholar Lelivelt, C.L.C. (1993): Introduction of beet cyst nematode resistance from Sinapis alba L. and Raphanus sativus L. into Brassica napus L. (oil-seed rape) through sexual and somatic hybridization, PhD Thesis, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands. Google Scholar Linn, F., Heidmann, I., Saedler, H. & Meyer, P. (1990): Epigenetic changes in the expression of the maize Al gene in Petunia hybrida: role of number of integrated gene copies and state of methylation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 222: 329–336. 10.1007/BF00633837 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Linnaeus, C. (1745): Öländska och Gothländska Resa, Stockholm och Uppsala [in Swedish]. Google Scholar Lydiate, D., Sharpe, A., Lagercrantz, U. & Parkin, I. (1993): Mapping the Brassicagenome. Outlook Agric. 22: 85–92. 10.1177/003072709302200204 Web of Science®Google Scholar Lydiate, D. (1996): Genome organisation and gene transfer in cruciferous plants. In: Final program & abstracts guide Plant Genome V Conference, 12, San Diego (CA), US, 14–18 January 1996. Google Scholar MacKay, G.R. (1977): The introgression of S alleles into forage rape, Brassica napus L. from turnip, Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapifera. Euphytica 26: 511–519. 10.1007/BF00027020 Web of Science®Google Scholar MacKay, G.R. (1973): Interspecific hybrids between forage rape (Brassica napus L.) and turnip (Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapifera) as alternatives to forage rape. 1. An exploratory study with single pair crosses. Euphytica 22: 495–499. 10.1007/BF00036646 Web of Science®Google Scholar Maessen, G.D.F. (1997): Genomic stability and stability of expression in genetically modified plants. Acta Bot. Neerl. 46: 3–24. 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.3 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Matzke, M.A., Primig, M., Trnovsky, J. & Matzke, A.J.M. (1989): Reversible methylation and inactivation of marker genes in sequentially transformed tobacco plants. EMBO J. 8: 643–649. 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03421.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McNaughton, I.H. (1979): The current position and problems in the breeding of Raphanobrassica (Radicole) as a fodder crop. In: N.P.A. van Marrewijk & H Toxopeus. (eds.): Proceedings of the Eucarpia Conference Cruciferae 1979, pp. 22–28, SVP & RIVRO, Wageningen. Google Scholar McNaughton, I. H. (1973): Brassica napocampestris L. (2n=58). 1. Synthesis, cytology, fertility and general considerations. Euphytica22:301–309. Google Scholar McNaughton, I.H. & Ross, C.L. (1978): Interspecific and inter-generic hybridization in the Brassicaewith special emphasis on the improvement of forage crops. Ann. Rep. Scottish Plant Breeding Station: 75–110. Google Scholar Metz, P.L.J. (1995): Analyse van de overdracht van genen van transgene koolgewassen. Voortgangs-rapport EZ project IOP-b 39401, January 1995 [in Dutch]. Google Scholar Metz, P.L.J. & Nap, J.P. (1997): A transgene-centred approach to the biosafety of transgenic crops: overview of selection and reporter genes. Acta Bot. Neerl. (this issue). 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.25 Google Scholar Metz, P.L.J., Nap, J.P. & Stiekema, W.J. (1995): Hybridization of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and oilseed rape (brassica napus L.) through a flower-culture method. Euphytica 83: 159–168. 10.1007/BF01678044 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Metz, P.L.J., Jacobsen, E., Nap, J.P., Pereira, A. & Stiekema, W.J. (1997): The impact on biosafety of the phosphinothricin tolerance transgene in inter-specific B. rapa × B. napushybrids and their successive backcrosses. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press). 10.1007/s001220050581 Web of Science®Google Scholar Mikkelsen, T.R., Andersen, B. & Jørgensen, R.B. (1996): The risks of crop transgene spread. Nature 380: 31. 10.1038/380031a0 CASGoogle Scholar Mohammad, A. (1935): Pollination studies in toria (brassica napus L. var. dichotoma Prain.) and sarson (brassica campestris L. var. sarson, Prain.). Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 5: 125–154. Google Scholar Mohapatra, D. & Bajaj, Y.P.S. (1987): Interspecific hybridization in Brassica juncea × Brassica hirta using embryo rescue. Euphytica 36: 321–326. 10.1007/BF00730678 Web of Science®Google Scholar Mol, J.N.M., van Blokland, R., de Lange, P., Stam, M. & Kooter, J.M. (1994): Post-transcriptional inhibition of gene expression: sense and antisense genes. In J. Paszkowski (ed.): Homologous recombinations and gene silencing in plants, pp. 309–314, Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands. 10.1007/978-94-011-1094-5_13 Google Scholar Morris, W.F., Kareiva, P.M. & Raymer, P.L. (1994): Do barren zones and pollen traps reduce gene escape from transgenic crops? Ecol. Appl. 4: 157–164. 10.2307/1942125 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nap, J.-P., Bijvoet, J. & Stiekema, W.J. (1992): Biosafety of kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants. Transgen. Res. 1: 239–249. 10.1007/BF02525165 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Nap, J.-P. & Metz, P.L.J. (1996): A transgenecentered evaluation of transgenic plants. Part 2. Biosafety of transgenic phosphinothricin-tolerant plants. CPRO-DLO Report (CCRO-VROM project). Google Scholar Nap, J.-P., Metz, P.L.J. & Stiekema, W.J. (1996): A transgene-centered evaluation of transgenic plants. Part 3. Biosafety of transgenic glyphosate-tolerant plants. CPRO-DLO Report (CCRO-VROM project). Google Scholar Ohlson, R. (1972): Production of and trade in rape-seed. In: L.Å. Appelqvist & R Ohlson. (eds.): Rapeseed; cultivation, composition, processing and utilization, pp. 9–35, Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York. Google Scholar Olsson, G. (1960): Species crosses within the genus Brassica II. Artificial Brassica napus. Hereditas 46: 351–386. 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1960.tb03092.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Oost, E. (1984: × Brassicoraphanus Sageret or × Raphanobrassica Karpechenko? Cruciferae News l9: 11–12. Google Scholar Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1993a): Safety Considerations for Biotechnology: scale-up of crop plants, OECD, Paris. Google Scholar Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1993b): Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Biotechnology; Concepts and principles, OECD, Paris. Google Scholar Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1993c): Field Releases of Transgenic Plants 1986–1992—an analysis, OECD, Paris. Google Scholar Palmer, J.D., Shields, C.R., Cohen, D.B. & Orton, T.J. (1983): Chloroplast DNA evolution and the origin of amphidiploid Brassicaspecies. Theor. Appl. Genet. 68: 181–189. 10.1007/BF00308062 Web of Science®Google Scholar Palmer, T.P. (1962): Population structure, breeding system, inter-specific hybridization and allopolyploidy. Heredity 17: 278–283. 10.1038/hdy.1962.21 Web of Science®Google Scholar Parkin, I.A.P., Sharpe, A.G., Keith, D.J. & Lydiate, D.J. (1995): Identification of the A and C genomes of amphidiploid Brassica napus (oilseed rape). Genome 38: 1122–1131. 10.1139/g95-149 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Pauk, J., Stefanov, I., Fekete, S., Bogre, L., Karsai, I., Fehér, A. & Dudits, D. (1995): A study of different (CaMV 35S and MAS) promoter activities and risk assessment of their field use in transgenic rapeseed plants. Euphytica 85: 411–416. 10.1007/BF00023974 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Paul, E.M., Thompson, C. & Dunwell, J.M. (1995): Gene dispersal from genetically modified oilseed rape in the field. Euphytica 81: 283–289. 10.1007/BF00025619 Web of Science®Google Scholar Prakash, S. & Tsunoda, S. (1983): Cytogenetics in Brassica. In: M.S. Swaminathan, P.K. Gupta & U. Sinha (eds.): Cytogenetics of Crop Plants, pp. 482–513, Macmillan, Delhi. Google Scholar Quazi, M.H. (1988): Interspecific hybrids between Brassica napus L. and B. oleracea L. developed by embryo culture. Theor. Appl Genet. 75: 309–318. 10.1007/BF00303970 Web of Science®Google Scholar Quiros, C.F., Hu, J., This, P., Chevre, A.M. & Delseny, M.(1991): Development and chromosomal localization of genome-specific markers by polymerase chain reaction in Brassica. Theor. Appl Genet. 82: 627–632. 10.1007/BF00226801 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Quiros, C.F., Hu, J. & Truco, M.J. (1994): DNA-based marker maps of Brassica. In: R.L. Phillips & I.K. Vasil (eds.): DNA-based markers in plants, pp. 199–222, Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands. 10.1007/978-94-011-1104-1_11 Google Scholar Rakow, G. & Woods, D.L. (1987): Outcrossing in rape and mustard under Saskatchewan prairie conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67: 147–151. 10.4141/cjps87-017 Web of Science®Google Scholar Renard, M., Louter, J.H. & Duke, L.H. (1993): Oilseed rape. In: Traditional Crop Breeding Practices: an historical review to serve as a baseline for assessing the role of modern biotechnology, pp. 147–157, OECD, Paris. Google Scholar Röbbelen, G. (1966): Beobachtungen bei interspezifischen BrassicaKreuzungen, insbesondere über die Enstehung matromorphen F1 Pflanzen. Angewandte Bot. 39: 205–221. Google Scholar Röbbelen, G. (1960): Beiträge zur Analyse des BrassicaGenomes. Chromosoma (Berl.) 11: 205– 228. 10.1007/BF00328652 PubMedGoogle Scholar Rouselle, P. & Eber, F. (1983): Crosement interspécifique entre quelques Brassicaeet Brassica napusL. Analyse génomique des hybrides et perspectives d'obtention de systèmes d'androstérilité chez le colza. Agronomie 3: 153–159. 10.1051/agro:19830206 Web of Science®Google Scholar Schfeffler, J.A. & Dale, P.J. (1994): Opportunities for gene transfer from transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) to related species. Transgen. Res. 3: 263–278. 10.1007/BF01973586 Web of Science®Google Scholar Scheffler, J.A., Parkinson, R. & Dale, P.J. (1995): Evaluating the effectiveness of isolation distances for field plots of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) using a herbicide-resistance transgene as selectable marker. Plant Breeding 114: 317–321. 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1995.tb01241.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Scheffler, J.A., Parkinson, R. & Dale, P.J. (1993): Frequency and distance of pollen dispersal from transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Transgen. Res. 2: 356–364. 10.1007/BF01976177 Web of Science®Google Scholar Schiemann, E. (1932): Entstehung der Kulturpflanzen. In: E. Baur & M Hartmann. (eds.): Handbuch der Vererbungswissenschaft Band III, pp. 271– 288, Verlag Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin. Google Scholar Sharpe, A.G., Parkin, I.A.P., Keith, D.J. & Lydiate, D.J. (1995): Frequent nonreciprocal translocations in the amphidiploid genome of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Genome 38: 1112–1121. 10.1139/g95-148 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Singh, D. (1958): Rape and Mustard, Indian Central Oilseed Committee, Bombay. Google Scholar Slocum, M.K., Figdore, S.S., Kennard, W.C., Suzuki, J.Y. & Osborne, T.C. (1990): Linkage arrangement of restriction fragment length poly-morphism loci in Brassica oleracea. Theor. Appl Genet. 80: 57–64. 10.1007/BF00224016 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Song, K.M., Suzuki, J.Y., Slocum, M.K., Williams, P.H. & Osborn, T.C. (1991): A linkage map of Brassica rapa (syn. campestris) based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphism loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 82: 296–304. 10.1007/BF02190615 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Song, K.M., Osborn, T.C. & Williams, P.H. (1990): Brassica taxonomy based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). 3. Genome relationship in Brassica and related genera and origin of B. oleracea and B. rapa (syn. campestris). Theor. Appl. Genet. 79: 497– 506. 10.1007/BF00226159 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Stiekema, W.J. & Van Vloten-Doting, L. (1991): Application of transgenic crops. ETC Course ‘Introduction of genetically modified organisms into the environment: biosafety aspects’, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 4–8 December. Google Scholar Thormann, C.E., Ferreira, M.E., Camargo, L.E.A., Tivang, J.G. & Osborn, T.C. (1994): Comparison of RFLP and RAPD markers to estimating genetic relationships within and among cruciferous species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88: 973–980. 10.1007/BF00220804 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Timmons, A.M., Charters, Y.M., Crawford, J.W., Burn, D., Scott, S.E., Dubbels, S.J., Wilson, N.J., Robertson, A., O'Brien, E.T., Squire, G.R. & Wilkinson, M.J. (1996): Risks from transgenic crops. Nature 380: 487. 10.1038/380487a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Timmons, A.M., O'Brien, E.T., Charters, Y.M., Dubbels, S.J. & Wilkinson, M.J. (1995): Assessing the risks of wind pollination from fields of genetically modified Brassica napus ssp. oleifera. Euphytica 85: 417–423. 10.1007/BF00023975 Web of Science®Google Scholar Toxopeus, H. (1985): × Brassicoraphanus Sageret, cultivargroup Raparadish. Cruciferae Newsl. 10: 13. Google Scholar U N (1935): Genome analysis in Brassicawith special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization. Jap. J. Bot. 7: 389–452. Google Scholar Van der Meijden, R. (1990): Heukels Flora van Nederland, 21ste druk, Wolters Noordhoff, Groningen [in Dutch]. Google Scholar Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D. (1995): The effect of domestication on plant evolution. Acta Bot. neerl. 44: 421–438. 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00796.x Google Scholar Van Raamsdonk, L.W.D. & Schouten, H.J. (1997): Gene flow and establishment of transgenes in natural plant populations. Acta Bot. Neerl. 46: 69–84. 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.69 Google Scholar Verma, S.C. & Rees, H. (1974): Nuclear DNA andthe evolution of allotetraploid Brassicae. Heredity 33: 61–68. 10.1038/hdy.1974.64 Web of Science®Google Scholar Ward, M. (1994): EU plans to streamline GMO regulations. Bio/Technology 12: 864. 10.1038/nbt0994-864 Web of Science®Google Scholar Williams, I.H., Martin, A.P. & White, R.P. (1986): The pollination requirements of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge 106: 27–30. 10.1017/S0021859600061670 Web of Science®Google Scholar Williams, I.H. (1978): The pollination requirements of swede rape (Brassica napus L.) and of turnip rape (Brassica campestris L.). J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge 91: 343–348. 10.1017/S0021859600046438 Web of Science®Google Scholar Wodehouse, R.P. (1935): Pollen Grains; their structure, identification and significance in science and medicine, McGraw-Hill, New York. Google Scholar Yarnell, S.H. (1956): Cytogenetics of the vegetable crops. 2. Crucifers. Bot. Rev. 22: 81–166. 10.1007/BF02872468 Web of Science®Google Scholar Zeven, A.C. (1975): The beginning of agriculture and sequence of plant domestication. In: A.C. Zeven & P.M Zhukovsky. (eds.): Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Centres of Diversity, pp. 9–17, Pudoc, Wageningen. Google Scholar Zeven, A.C. (1977): Domesticatie en evolutie van de cultuurplanten. College syllabus Plant Breeding, Agricultural University, Wageningen [in Dutch]. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume46, Issue1March 1997Pages 51-67 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX