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Mammalian Transforming Growth Factor β1 Activated after Ingestion by Anopheles stephensi Modulates Mosquito Immunity

2003; American Society for Microbiology; Volume: 71; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1128/iai.71.6.3000-3009.2003

1098-5522

Shirley Luckhart, Andrea Crampton, Rubén Zamora, Matthew J. Lieber, Patricia C. Dos Santos, Tina M.L. Peterson, Nicole Emmith, Jung-Hwa Lim, David A. Wink, Yoram Vodovotz,

Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth

ABSTRACT During the process of bloodfeeding by Anopheles stephensi , mammalian latent transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is ingested and activated rapidly in the mosquito midgut. Activation may involve heme and nitric oxide (NO), agents released in the midgut during blood digestion and catalysis of l- arginine oxidation by A. stephensi NO synthase (AsNOS). Active TGF-β1 persists in the mosquito midgut to extended times postingestion and is recognized by mosquito cells as a cytokine. In a manner analogous to the regulation of vertebrate inducible NO synthase and malaria parasite ( Plasmodium ) infection in mammals by TGF-β1, TGF-β1 regulates AsNOS expression and Plasmodium development in A. stephensi . Together, these observations indicate that, through conserved immunological cross talk, mammalian and mosquito immune systems interface with each other to influence the cycle of Plasmodium development.