Metal clusters and nanoparticles
2010; Royal Society; Volume: 368; Issue: 1915 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1098/rsta.2009.0281
ISSN1471-2962
Autores Tópico(s)Laser-Ablation Synthesis of Nanoparticles
ResumoYou have accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Schmid G. and Fenske D. 2010Metal clusters and nanoparticlesPhil. Trans. R. Soc. A.3681207–1210http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0281SectionYou have accessIntroductionMetal clusters and nanoparticles G. Schmid G. Schmid Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany [email protected] Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and D. Fenske D. Fenske Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author G. Schmid G. Schmid Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany [email protected] Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed and D. Fenske D. Fenske Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Published:28 March 2010https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0281There is still no sharp discrimination between the terms 'cluster' and 'nanoparticle' in the literature. Clusters are mostly considered as species, exactly defined in chemical composition and structure, whereas the expression 'nanoparticle' usually means particles of less precise characterization, often linked with a certain size distribution and so to some extent substitutes the historical expression 'colloid'. Examples for typical and long-known clusters are Co4(CO)12 or Rh6(CO)16, exhibiting bridging and terminal CO groups as well as direct metal–metal bonds. Gold nanoparticles (gold colloids), for instance, were already used in ancient times to colour glass (ruby glass) without any scientific understanding. The first who scientifically investigated gold colloid formation was Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century. He reduced a solution of HAuCl4 with elemental phosphorus resulting in the formation of ruby-red gold sols. In the meantime, we learned that the reason for this colour is due to the interaction of visible light with surface electrons of the gold nanoparticles (Mie theory). As we know today, the colour depends on size, shape and surrounding medium. Faraday's original gold sols contained sub-30 nm gold particles with a rather broad size distribution. Nowadays, the number of precise metal clusters and of less precise metal nanoparticles is immense.From physical and chemical properties, large metal clusters and nanoparticles represent a bridge between the molecular and solid state. As such, they often exhibit properties belonging to both of these classical disciplines and therefore are of immense scientific and practical interest. The aspect that the property of a metallic particle can be designed by the number of atoms is a driving force in modern physics and chemistry. For the size dependence of physical and chemical properties, the expression 'size quantization' has been introduced. Clusters or nanoparticles, consisting of metal atoms only, change their physical properties spontaneously from a distinct size on. Metal particles below about 2 nm show typical quantum size behaviour, even at room temperature owing to the existence of discrete electronic energy levels and the loss of overlapping electronic bands, the characteristic of a bulk metal. Therefore, they are also called 'artificial big atoms' and are to be considered as links between bulk metals and small molecular clusters.Besides the exciting electronic changes on the way from bulk to molecule or vice versa, other properties change too. For instance, small metal nanoparticles show a significantly lower melting point than the corresponding bulk metal. Magnetic and optical properties also show a typical dependence on the particle size, and the band gap of semiconductor clusters also varies significantly with size.Many methods for the generation of metal clusters and of metal nanoparticles have been developed since Faraday's experiments. In principle, two different procedures have become known: top down and bottom up. Top-down syntheses start from bulk metal and apply techniques that destroy the bulk structure by mechanical, thermal or irradiative methods, just to mention a few. Generally, particles of large size distribution result from such methods. In contrast, bottom-up strategies use single atoms or ions to grow clusters and nanoparticles wet chemically of rather precise composition, size and structure. In order to prevent agglomeration, the nanosized entities have to be protected by appropriate ligand molecules serving as a protecting sphere. Bottom-up methods indeed allow under special conditions the generation of identical species. The most important methods are chemical reduction of metal salts and decomposition of preformed organometallics by thermolysis. Besides monometallic species, alloy-like and core–shell particles of two different metals (or even more) also exist, for instance, CoPt3, FePt, PtRu, AuPt, FeNi and numerous others.Another class of metal-rich clusters and nanoparticles consists of metal atoms, bridged by non-metallic elements, for instance oxygen, sulphur, selenium or phosphorus. Especially for metal chalcogenides, a large number of compounds have become known. They exist with and without protecting ligands. In the bulk state, metal chalcogenides are very often semiconductors. Therefore, reduction in size to the nanoscale yields increasing highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital separation. In comparison with metal nanoparticles, the quantum size behaviour develops continuously and not spontaneously.Of course, it was not possible to consider all different fields and aspects of metal clusters and metal nanoparticles for this Theme Issue of Philosophical Transactions. Some important areas are missing, for instance, the broad class of metal-rich oxometallates and part of main group element clusters. Though the chemistry of oxometallates belongs to the oldest parts of inorganic chemistry, only recently could compounds with hundreds of metal atoms reaching the nano-regime be synthesized and characterized. Clusters of main group metals experience presently a real renaissance. After numerous years of stagnation, today we know molecular clusters of main group elements with up to 84 metal atoms. The interaction of nanoparticles with biosystems (bioresponse) is another not fully considered important new research area with a lot of potential for future applications in medicine. Part of this field is discussed in this issue. From these new developments, one can also see the enormous progress in chemistry, physics and theory. Without high-performance instruments such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy or scanning tunnelling microscopy, this development would never have become possible.Besides their exceptional scientific attraction, metal-rich clusters and nanoparticles of any type are of increasing practical relevance including in numerous disciplines like physics, chemistry, biology, medicine or material sciences.The contributions in this Theme Issue have been carefully selected to demonstrate the diversity of this part of modern nanotechnology but, as mentioned above, being aware that in no case could all interesting aspects be considered. There are 12 invited papers discussing the latest research findings in chemistry, physics and theory.Weigend & Ahlrich's (2010) contribution focuses on finding the building principles of naked clusters of different types of metals. Besides main group elements (Al, Sn and Mg), the structures of Pd as well as of mixed metal clusters (Ir, Pt) have been calculated with quantum mechanical density functional theory methods. The size-dependent structures of naked cluster cations and anions of Aun (n=3–30) have been solved by 'trapped ion electron diffraction'. Schooss et al. (2010) describe this method and the quantum chemical calculations of the structures. Polyanions of group 14 elements are reported in Scharfe & Fässler's (2010) article. It deals with novel Zintl ions with interstitial heteroatoms such as [Pd2@Sn18]4−. Simon (2010) describes clusters in the solid state on the basis of suboxides, subnitrides and rare earth elements. Syntheses and structural characterization by X-ray analyses of smaller and nanosized homo/heterometallic Pd clusters are described in the article of Mednikov & Dahl (2010). These species are protected either by CO or PR3 ligands. Three contributions are related to nanosized metal and semiconductor particles. Sperling & Parak's (2010) contribution reviews strategies of modification and functionalization of gold and CdSe/ZnS species. Bigall & Eychmüller (2010) present the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles and their superstructures. Additionally, methods for fabricating non-ordered large surface materials of gold, silver and palladium are presented. Homberger & Simon's (2010) article not only deals with the electronic situation of gold clusters and nanoparticles with respect to future applications in nanodevices, but also with the interaction of selected gold systems with biomolecules. The transition from innocent bulk gold to highly cell-toxic nanoparticles is of promising relevance (see cover picture). MacDonald & Corrigan (2010) discuss a new method for the preparation of ligand stabilized nanometre-sized Cu and Ag chalcogenide clusters. The structures of these compounds have all been solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Two papers present species with application potential. Adams & Trufan (2010) summarize syntheses and characterization of Ru–Sn clusters as precursors for heterogeneous catalysts, whereas Corain et al. (2010) deal with systems consisting of cross-linked functional polymers containing various metal nanoparticles. Transition metal clusters and networks with interesting magnetic properties are the focus of the article of Kostakis et al. (2010).AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank all authors for their valuable contributions and Suzanne Abbott, editor at the Royal Society, for guiding us through the publication process.FootnotesOne contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue 'Metal clusters and nanoparticles'.© 2010 The Royal SocietyReferencesAdams R. D.& Trufan E.. 2010Ruthenium–tin cluster complexes and their applications as bimetallic nanoscale heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1473-1493(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0277). Link, ISI, Google ScholarBigall N. C.& Eychmüller A.. 2010Synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles and their non-ordered superstructures. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1385-1404(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0274). Link, ISI, Google ScholarCorain B., Zecca M., Canton P.& Centomo P.. 2010Synthesis and catalytic activity of metal nanoclusters inside functional resins:an endeavour lasting 15 years. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1495-1507(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0278). Link, ISI, Google ScholarHomberger M.& Simon U.. 2010On the application potential of gold nanoparticles in nanoelectronics and biomedicine. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1405-1453(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0275). Link, ISI, Google ScholarKostakis G. E., Hewitt I. J., Ako A. M., Mereacre V.& Powell A. K.. 2010Magnetic coordination clusters and networks:synthesis and topological description. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0279). Link, ISI, Google ScholarMacDonald D. G.& Corrigan J. F.. 2010Metal chalcogenide nanoclusters with 'tailored' surfaces via 'designer' silylated chalcogen reagents. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1455-1472(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0276). Link, ISI, Google ScholarMednikov E. G.& Dahl L. F.. 2010Syntheses, structures, and properties of primarily nanosized homo/heterometallic palladium CO/PR3-ligated clusters. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1301-1332(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0272). Link, ISI, Google ScholarScharfe S.& Fässler T. F.. 2010Polyhedral nine-atom clusters of tetrel elements and intermetalloid derivatives. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1265-1284(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0270). Link, ISI, Google ScholarSchooss D., Weis P., Hampe O.& Kappes M. M.. 2010Determining the size-dependent structure of ligand-free gold-cluster ions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1211-1243(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0269). Link, ISI, Google ScholarSimon A.. 2010Metal clusters inside out. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1285-1299(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0271). Link, ISI, Google ScholarSperling R. A.& Parak W. J.. 2010Surface modification, functionalization and bioconjugation of colloidal inoranic nanoparticles. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1333-1383(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0273). Link, ISI, Google ScholarWeigend F.& Ahlrichs R.. 2010Quantum chemical treatments of metal clusters. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 1245-1263(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0268). Link, ISI, Google Scholar Next Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Park H, Shin D and Yu J (2021) Categorization of Quantum Dots, Clusters, Nanoclusters, and Nanodots, Journal of Chemical Education, 10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c01403, 98:3, (703-709), Online publication date: 9-Mar-2021. Cesari C, Shon J, Zacchini S and Berben L (2021) Metal carbonyl clusters of groups 8–10: synthesis and catalysis, Chemical Society Reviews, 10.1039/D1CS00161B Bormashenko E, Fedorets A, Frenkel M, Dombrovsky L and Nosonovsky M (2020) Clustering and self-organization in small-scale natural and artificial systems, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 378:2167, Online publication date: 20-Mar-2020. Rahma O and Chen H (2020) Structure, stability and bonding features of AlnSim clusters, Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 10.1007/s00214-020-02616-w, 139:7, Online publication date: 1-Jul-2020. Morales-Lara F, Abdelkader-Fernández V, Melguizo M, Turco A, Mazzotta E, Domingo-García M, López-Garzón F and Pérez-Mendoza M (2019) Ultra-small metal nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes through surface chelation and hydrogen plasma reduction for methanol electro-oxidation, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10.1039/C9TA08424J, 7:42, (24502-24514) Ahmadirad M, Yazdani A and Rahimi K (2019) Optical detection of CO gas by the surface-plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles and nanoclusters synthesized on a hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) film, The European Physical Journal Plus, 10.1140/epjp/i2019-12646-6, 134:7, Online publication date: 1-Jul-2019. Rodríguez-Aguado E, Infantes-Molina A, Talon A, Storaro L, León-Reina L, Rodríguez-Castellón E and Moretti E (2019) Au nanoparticles supported on nanorod-like TiO2 as catalysts in the CO-PROX reaction under dark and light irradiation: Effect of acidic and alkaline synthesis conditions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.050, 44:2, (923-936), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2019. Kontoudakis N, Mierczynska-Vasilev A, Guo A, Smith P, Scollary G, Wilkes E and Clark A (2018) Removal of sulfide-bound copper from white wine by membrane filtration, Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 10.1111/ajgw.12360, 25:1, (53-61), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2019. Berti B, Femoni C, Iapalucci M, Ruggieri S and Zacchini S (2018) Functionalization, Modification, and Transformation of Platinum Chini Clusters, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 10.1002/ejic.201800526, 2018:28, (3285-3296), Online publication date: 31-Jul-2018. Yarovoy S, Smolentsev A, Kozlova S, Kompankov N, Gayfulin Y, Asanov I, Yanshole V and Mironov Y (2018) From oxide to a new type of molecular tungsten compound: formation of bitetrahedral cluster complexes [{W 6 (μ 4 -O) 2 (μ 3 -CCN) 4 }(CN) 16 ] 10− and [{W 6 (μ 4 -O) 2 (μ 3 -As) 4 }(CN) 16 ] 10− , Chemical Communications, 10.1039/C8CC07746K, 54:98, (13837-13840) Capacci C, Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci M, Funaioli T, Zacchini S and Zanotti V (2018) Molecular Nickel Phosphide Carbonyl Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemistry of [Ni 11 P(CO) 18 ] 3– and [H 6– n Ni 31 P 4 (CO) 39 ] n − ( n = 4 and 5) , Inorganic Chemistry, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02598, 57:3, (1136-1147), Online publication date: 5-Feb-2018. Cortese R, Schimmenti R, Prestianni A and Duca D (2018) DFT calculations on subnanometric metal catalysts: a short review on new supported materials, Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 10.1007/s00214-018-2236-x, 137:4, Online publication date: 1-Apr-2018. Ahmadirad M, Yazdani A and Rahimi K (2018) Effect of magnetic field on Ni nanoclusters prepared via a combined plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and radio frequency sputtering, The European Physical Journal Plus, 10.1140/epjp/i2018-12031-1, 133:6, Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018. Cesari C, Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci M and Zacchini S (2017) Capping [H8−nNi42C8(CO)44]n− (n = 6, 7, 8) Octa-carbide Carbonyl Nanoclusters with [Ni(CO)] and [CuCl] Fragments, Journal of Cluster Science, 10.1007/s10876-017-1198-9, 28:4, (1963-1979), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2017. Thanikachalam V, Sarojpurani E and Jayabharathi J (2017) Interfacial charge-transfer process in nanosemiconductor- N -benzylpiperidine phenanthroimidazole (BDPI)-metal heterostructure: A combined experimental and theoretical studies of BDPI-(FeO) n composites, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.04.001, 342, (59-77), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2017. Bansmann J, Kleibert A, Bettermann H and Getzlaff M (2017) In-Flight and Postdeposition Manipulation of Mass-Filtered Nanoparticles under Soft-Landing Conditions Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles, 10.1002/9783527698417.ch17, (323-338) Dhanraj P, Samanta A and Nandini Devi R (2017) Ultra small nanoclusters to nanoparticles: Fine tuning of particle size in water dispersible cation functionalized thiolate protected Pd system, Materials Today: Proceedings, 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.200, 4:9, (9440-9444), . Jayabharathi J, Prabhakaran A, Karunakaran C, Thanikachalam V and Sundharesan M (2016) Structural, optical and photoconductivity characteristics of pristine FeO·Fe 2 O 3 and NTPI–FeO·Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite: aggregation induced emission enhancement of fluorescent organic nanoprobe of thiophene appended phenanthrimidazole derivative , RSC Advances, 10.1039/C5RA25545G, 6:22, (18718-18736) Pandya A, Lad A, Singh S and Shanker R (2016) DNA assembled metal nanoclusters: synthesis to novel applications, RSC Advances, 10.1039/C6RA24098D, 6:114, (113095-113114) Özkar S and Finke R (2016) Palladium(0) Nanoparticle Formation, Stabilization, and Mechanistic Studies: Pd(acac) 2 as a Preferred Precursor, [Bu 4 N] 2 HPO 4 Stabilizer, plus the Stoichiometry, Kinetics, and Minimal, Four-Step Mechanism of the Palladium Nanoparticle Formation and Subsequent Agglomeration Reactions , Langmuir, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00013, 32:15, (3699-3716), Online publication date: 19-Apr-2016. Cattabriga E, Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Funaioli T, Iapalucci M and Zacchini S (2016) Syntheses, Structures, and Electrochemistry of the Defective ccp [Pt 33 (CO) 38 ] 2– and the bcc [Pt 40 (CO) 40 ] 6– Molecular Nanoclusters , Inorganic Chemistry, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00607, 55:12, (6068-6079), Online publication date: 20-Jun-2016. Asiala S, Barrett L, Mabbott S and Graham D (2016) Advances in Biofunctional SERS-Active Nanoparticles for Future Clinical Diagnostics and Therapeutics Frontiers of Plasmon Enhanced Spectroscopy Volume 1, 10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch007, (131-161), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Mera G, Ishikawa R, Ionescu E, Ikuhara Y and Riedel R (2015) Atomic-scale assessment of the crystallization onset in silicon carbonitride, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.01.008, 35:12, (3355-3362), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2015. Khakhlary P, E. Anson C, Mondal A, Powell A and Baruah J (2015) Structural and magnetic properties of oxyquinolinate clusters of cobalt( ii ) and manganese( ii ) and serendipitous intake of carbonate during synthesis , Dalton Transactions, 10.1039/C4DT02999B, 44:7, (2964-2969) Rotstein H (2015) Cluster-size dynamics: A phenomenological model for the interaction between coagulation and fragmentation processes, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 10.1063/1.4922113, 142:22, (224101), Online publication date: 14-Jun-2015. Adams F and Barbante C (2015) Nanotechnology and Analytical Chemistry Chemical Imaging Analysis, 10.1016/B978-0-444-63439-9.00004-9, (125-157), . Li J, Zhao T, Chen T, Liu Y, Ong C and Xie J (2015) Engineering noble metal nanomaterials for environmental applications, Nanoscale, 10.1039/C5NR00857C, 7:17, (7502-7519) Polukhin V and Vatolin N (2015) Stability and thermal evolution of transition metal and silicon clusters, Russian Chemical Reviews, 10.1070/RCR4411, 84:5, (498-539), Online publication date: 31-May-2015. Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Gaboardi M, Iapalucci M, Longoni G, Pontiroli D, Riccò M and Zacchini S (2014) Structural rearrangements induced by acid–base reactions in metal carbonyl clusters: the case of [H 3−n Co 15 Pd 9 C 3 (CO) 38 ] n− (n = 0–3) , Dalton Trans., 10.1039/C3DT52527A, 43:11, (4388-4399) Dumée L, He L, Lin B, Ailloux F, Lemoine J, Velleman L, She F, Duke M, Orbell J, Erskine G, Hodgson P, Gray S and Kong L (2013) The fabrication and surface functionalization of porous metal frameworks – a review, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10.1039/c3ta13240d, 1:48, (15185), . Mitchell S and de la Fuente J (2013) Simultaneous Synthesis of Polyoxometalates and Metal Nanoparticles from Molecular Precursors - Redox-Active Microreactors and Functional Nanomaterials, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 10.1002/ejic.201301116, 2013:32, (5517-5522), Online publication date: 4-Nov-2013. Gutrath B, Beckmann M, Buchkremer A, Eckert T, Timper J, Leifert A, Richtering W, Schmitz G and Simon U (2012) Size-dependent multispectral photoacoustic response of solid and hollow gold nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, 10.1088/0957-4484/23/22/225707, 23:22, (225707), Online publication date: 8-Jun-2012. Ananikov V and Beletskaya I (2012) Toward the Ideal Catalyst: From Atomic Centers to a "Cocktail" of Catalysts, Organometallics, 10.1021/om201120n, 31:5, (1595-1604), Online publication date: 12-Mar-2012. Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci M, Longoni G, Zacchini S and Zarra S (2012) Surface decorated platinum carbonyl clusters, Nanoscale, 10.1039/c2nr30400g, 4:14, (4166), . Thomas J and Ducati C (2012) Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of Solid Materials and Heterogeneous Catalysts, 10.1002/9783527645329.ch16, (655-701) Mondloch J, Bayram E and Finke R (2012) A review of the kinetics and mechanisms of formation of supported-nanoparticle heterogeneous catalysts, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 10.1016/j.molcata.2011.11.011, 355, (1-38), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2012. Rahman O, Mohapatra S and Ahmad S (2012) Fe3O4 inverse spinal super paramagnetic nanoparticles, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.11.032, 132:1, (196-202), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012. Pillay A, Bassioni G, Stephen S and Kühn F (2011) Depth Profiling (ICP-MS) Study of Trace Metal 'Grains' in Solid Asphaltenes, Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 10.1007/s13361-011-0157-1, 22:8, (1403-1408), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011. Guascito M, Chirizzi D, Picca R, Mazzotta E and Malitesta C (2011) Ag nanoparticles capped by a nontoxic polymer: Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of a novel nanomaterial for glucose detection, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 10.1016/j.msec.2010.11.022, 31:3, (606-611), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011. Zacchini S (2011) Using Metal Carbonyl Clusters To Develop a Molecular Approach towards Metal Nanoparticles, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 10.1002/ejic.201100462, 2011:27, (4125-4145), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2011. Thomas J and Midgley P (2010) The Merits of Static and Dynamic High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) for the Study of Solid Catalysts, ChemCatChem, 10.1002/cctc.201000059, 2:7, (783-798) Bayram E, Zahmakıran M, Özkar S and Finke R (2010) In Situ Formed "Weakly Ligated/Labile Ligand" Iridium(0) Nanoparticles and Aggregates as Catalysts for the Complete Hydrogenation of Neat Benzene at Room Temperature and Mild Pressures, Langmuir, 10.1021/la101390e, 26:14, (12455-12464), Online publication date: 20-Jul-2010. Bulinski M (2021) Metal Doped PVA Films for Opto-Electronics-Optical and Electronic Properties, an Overview, Molecules, 10.3390/molecules26102886, 26:10, (2886) Dumée L, She F, Duke M, Gray S, Hodgson P and Kong L (2014) Fabrication of Meso-Porous Sintered Metal Thin Films by Selective Etching of Silica Based Sacrificial Template, Nanomaterials, 10.3390/nano4030686, 4:3, (686-699) Municoy S, Álvarez Echazú M, Antezana P, Galdopórpora J, Olivetti C, Mebert A, Foglia M, Tuttolomondo M, Alvarez G, Hardy J and Desimone M (2020) Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms21134724, 21:13, (4724) This Issue28 March 2010Volume 368Issue 1915Theme Issue 'Metal clusters and nanoparticles' compiled and edited by G. Schmid and D. Fenske Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0281Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:1364-503XOnline ISSN:1471-2962History: Published online28/03/2010Published in print28/03/2010 License:© 2010 The Royal Society Citations and impact Subjectsinorganic chemistrynanotechnology
Referência(s)