Charting the Ancestry of African Americans
2005; Elsevier BV; Volume: 77; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1086/491675
ISSN1537-6605
AutoresAntonio Salas, Ãngel Carracedo, Martin Richards, Vincent Macaulay,
Tópico(s)Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
ResumoThe Atlantic slave trade promoted by West European empires (15th–19th centuries) forcibly moved at least 11 million people from Africa, including about one-third from west-central Africa, to European and American destinations. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome has retained an imprint of this process, but previous analyses lacked west-central African data. Here, we make use of an African database of 4,860 mtDNAs, which include 948 mtDNA sequences from west-central Africa and a further 154 from the southwest, and compare these for the first time with a publicly available database of 1,148 African Americans from the United States that contains 1,053 mtDNAs of sub-Saharan ancestry. We show that >55% of the U.S. lineages have a West African ancestry, with 55% of the U.S. lineages have a West African ancestry, with <41% coming from west-central or southwestern Africa. These results are remarkably similar to the most up-to-date analyses of the historical record. The number of people of recent African ancestry living in the Americas is comparable to that in Africa itself, largely because of the forced mass migrations of the Atlantic slave trade during the 15th–19th centuries. Historical documentation indicates that many Africans were taken from the West African coast but that a large proportion were also taken from the former Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique. The perpetrators included the Portuguese, Spanish, and British, and it is estimated that they moved ∼12 million people (with ∼10.5 million surviving the voyages) in <4 centuries (Eltis et al. Eltis et al., 1998Eltis D Behrendt SD Richardson D Klein HS The transatlantic slave trade 1527-1867: a database prepared at the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University. Cambridge University Press, New York1998Google Scholar). There has been a growing interest in the historical roots of African Americans and other communities of recent African ancestry, and genetics can play an important role in the study of that ancestry. However, much of the work to date has focused either on the extent of the African contribution to the American gene pool (Chakraborty et al. Chakraborty et al., 1992Chakraborty R Kamboh MI Nwankwo M Ferrell RE Caucasian genes in American blacks: new data.Am J Hum Genet. 1992; 50: 145-155PubMed Google Scholar; Parra et al. 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Despite widespread public interest and the rapidly growing involvement of private companies in genetic ancestry testing, the only published attempt to date to assign African geographical ancestry to African American lineages by use of genetic data has been by Salas et al. (Salas et al., 2004Salas A Richards M Lareu M-V Scozzari R Coppa A Torroni A Macaulay V Carracedo A The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade.Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 74: 454-465Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (196) Google Scholar). This latter work suggested a majority contribution of West Africa to the mtDNA pool of North and Central Americans of recent African descent, with a slightly smaller component from west-central Africa, whereas African Americans from South America (Brazil) reversed the picture, with a larger west-central African component. No significant component was detected from other regions, including Mozambique, despite the historical evidence of the movement of ∼1 million slaves from that region (Thomas Thomas, 1998Thomas H The slave trade—the history of the Atlantic slave trade: 1440-1870. Macmillan, London1998Google Scholar). Eurasian mtDNAs of recent African ancestry were found to be made up mainly of west-central and North African components, with a larger East African component in the Near East. However, the analysis of Salas et al. 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