Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

A Reassessment of Russian Recognition

1962; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 24; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1540-6563.1962.tb01735.x

1540-6563

Robert Morris,

Post-Soviet Geopolitical Dynamics

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. First Russian Sub‐Commission on Private Property, Hague Conference, 1922, Minutes and Documents (The Hague, 1922), 207.2. L. IA Eventov, Innostrannye Kapitaly v Russkoi Promyshlenosti (Foreign Capital in Russian Industry), (Moskva, 1931), 98–99.3. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, Calendar Year 1940 (Washington, 1942), xvii. In 1932, the year preceding recognition, there was a sharp drop in Soviet imports from the United States from a $103,000,000 to a $12,000,000 total. In 1931 the Soviet Union ranked seventh as an importer of United States's goods; in 1932 it ranked twenty‐seventh.4. Meno Lovenstein, American Opinion of Soviet Russia (Washington, 1941), 102.5. Robert McClelland, The Soviet Union in American Opinion (unpublished dissertation at West Virginia University, 1950), 5.6. Eleanor Roosevelt to Robert Morris, March 24, 1961. (Letter in possession of author.)7. Robert Browder, Origins of Soviet‐American Diplomacy (Princeton, 1953), 111–115, cites a letter from William Bullitt suggesting recognition was an anti‐German move but credits this reasoning to hindsight.8. V. M. Molotov, The Success of the Five Year Plan (London 1932), 14–16.9. Presidium of the State Planning Commission (Gosplan) of the U. S. S. R., The Soviet Union Looks Ahead—The Five Year Plan for Economic Construction (New York, 1929), 205; and V. M. Molotov, Five Year Plan, 25.10. Presidium of the State Planning Commission, Soviet Union Looks Ahead, 205.11. V. M. Molotov, Five Year Plan, 15.12. Ibid., 33; and Statistechiskii Otdel (Bureau of Statistics), Innostrannaya Torgovlya C. C. C. P. (Foreign Commerce of the U. S. S. R.) 1918–1937 (Moskva, 1939), figures cited in Serge Michelson, Evolution du Commerce Exterieur de l' U. R. S. S. depuis le Premier Plan Quinquennal (Pau, Canada, 1942), 153–160 show this graphically.13. Michael T. Florinsky in a lecture and a conversation, July 1957; and Serge Michelson, Evolution du Commerce, 170.14. Jane Degras, ed., Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, Vol. II: 1925–1932 (London, 1952), 353–354.15. Foreign Relations of the United States, The Soviet Union, 1933–1939 (Washington, 1952), 3–5.16. Ibid., 6–11.17. Ibid., 16.18. Ibid., 15.19. Ibid., 12–13.20. Senator William E. Borah, Congressional Record, 71 Cong., 1 sess., 7040.21. Foreign Relations, 25.22. Ibid., 26–27.23. Official Opinions of the Attorney General (Washington, 1936), XXXVII, 505.24. Foreign Relations, 882–885.25. Ibid., 897–899.26. Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1939 (New York, 1940), 589.27. Ibid., 1941 (New York, 1950), 47.28. Statistical Office of the United Nations, Statistical Yearbook, 1956 (New York, 1956), 402–404.29. Foreign Relations, 17.30. Ibid., 18.31. William C. Bullitt quoted in Browder, Origins, 115; Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York, 1948), 295; Henry Morgenthau, Jr., “The Morgenthau Diaries” in Colliers, October 11, 1947, pp. 21, 72; William E. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd's Diary (New York, 1941) 4–6, 58; Sister Anne V. Meiburger, Efforts of Raymond Robins Toward the Recognition of Soviet Russia and the Outlawry of War, 1917–1933 (Washington, 1958), 180; and Rexford G. Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (Garden City, 1957), 346–347, all give testimony to the fact that President Roosevelt sought to thwart Hitler from the very beginning of his administration and that recognition of Russia was a part of this policy. Joachim von Ribbentrop, The Ribbentrop Memoirs (London, 1954), 104, complains of Roosevelt's early anti‐German moves. Other evidence would include: Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, Second Series, Vol. V (London, 1956), 614; Documents on German Foreign Policy (Washington, 1959), 190, 233; Maxim Litvinov, Notes for a Journal (New York, 1955), 90; Joseph Stalin, Report to the Seventeenth Congress of the C. P. S. U. (B.) on the Work of the Central Committee (Moscow, 1951), 34–36 and Izvestiya cited in Literary Digest, December 1933, p 15.32. Sara R. Smith, The Manchurian Crisis (New York, 1948), 260–261.33. Henry L. Stimson, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York, 1947), 288–296, reported that the Manchurian crisis was the principal topic of Roosevelt's only briefing on foreign affairs by the Hoover administration.34. Cordell Hull, Memoirs, 292–293; the Hull memorandum to President Roosevelt found on pp. 12–13 of Foreign Relations appears to document Hull's recollection of his position, although Bernadotte E. Schmitt cites the “tradition in the Department” to the contrary in American Historical Review, LXVI (January 1961), 311.35. Hull, Memoirs, 295.36. Stalin, Report to the Seventeenth Congress, 36–37.37. Litvinov, Notes, 90.38. New York Times, November 19, 1933.39. Ibid., a survey of world press opinion.40. Ibid., July 17, 1933.41. Ibid., October 25, 1933.42. Ibid., December 25, 1933.43. Ibid., December 28, 1933.44. Ibid., December 29, 1933.45. Foreign Relations, 20.46. New York Times, November 9, 1933.47. Ibid.48. Foreign Relations, 21.49. Ibid., 3.50. Ibid., 295; and William C. Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself (New York, 1946), 121–122.51. Foreign Relations, 59.52. Ibid., 61.53. Ibid., 187.