Sustainable Intensification in the Highland Tropics: Rwandan Farmers' Investments in Land Conservation and Soil Fertility
1998; University of Chicago Press; Volume: 46; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1086/452342
ISSN1539-2988
AutoresDaniel C. Clay, Thomas Reardon, Jaakko Kangasniemi,
Tópico(s)Soil erosion and sediment transport
ResumoPrevious articleNext article No AccessSustainable Intensification in the Highland Tropics: Rwandan Farmers' Investments in Land Conservation and Soil FertilityDaniel Clay, Thomas Reardon, and Jaakko KangasniemiDaniel ClayMichigan State University Search for more articles by this author , Thomas ReardonWorld Bank Search for more articles by this author , and Jaakko KangasniemiWorld Bank Search for more articles by this author Michigan State UniversityWorld BankPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 46, Number 2January 1998 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452342 Views: 341Total views on this site Citations: 105Citations are reported from Crossref © 1998 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Pomi Shahbaz, Shamsheer ul Haq, Ismet Boz Adoption of Conservation Agriculture as a Driver of Sustainable Farming: Opportunities, Constraints, and Policy Issues, (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106002Dependra Bhatta, Krishna P. Paudel, Kai Liu Factors influencing water conservation practices adoptions by Nepali farmers, Environment, Development and Sustainability 84 (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02510-4The Dung Bui, Dung Mau Nguyen Sustainable land managements in Vietnam: adoption determinants and income effects at farm household level, Environment, Development and Sustainability 24, no.77 (Sep 2021): 9687–9703.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01830-1Luciana Delgado, Jetse J. Stoorvogel Role of soil perception and soil variability by smallholder farmers in the low adoption rates of extension packages in Central America, Journal of Rural Studies 93 (Jul 2022): 92–103.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.05.009Cedric Habiyaremye, Olivier Ndayiramije, Jade D'Alpoim Guedes, Kevin M. Murphy Assessing the Adaptability of Quinoa and Millet in Two Agroecological Zones of Rwanda, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.850280Sung Kyu Kim, Fiona Marshall, Neil M. Dawson Revisiting Rwanda's agricultural intensification policy: benefits of embracing farmer heterogeneity and crop-livestock integration strategies, Food Security 9 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01241-0Wilson M. Nguru, Charles KK. Gachene, Cecilia M. Onyango, Stanley K. Ng'ang'a, Evan H. Girvetz Factors constraining the adoption of soil organic carbon enhancing technologies among small-scale farmers in Ethiopia, Heliyon 7, no.1212 (Dec 2021): e08497.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08497Thomas Reardon, Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie, Bart Minten Quiet Revolution by SMEs in the midstream of value chains in developing regions: wholesale markets, wholesalers, logistics, and processing, Food Security 13, no.66 (Oct 2021): 1577–1594.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01224-1Samuel W. Kerber, Alexander Q. Gilbert, Mark R. Deinert, Morgan D. Bazilian Understanding the nexus of energy, environment and conflict: An overview, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 151 (Nov 2021): 111473.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111473Kenzo Emiliano Esquivel, Liz Carlisle, Alison Ke, Elissa M. Olimpi, Patrick Baur, Joanna Ory, Hannah Waterhouse, Alastair Iles, Daniel S. Karp, Claire Kremen, Timothy M. Bowles The "Sweet Spot" in the Middle: Why Do Mid-Scale Farms Adopt Diversification Practices at Higher Rates?, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (Oct 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.734088Felix Asante, Lawrence Guodaar, Saasi Arimiyaw Climate change and variability awareness and livelihood adaptive strategies among smallholder farmers in semi-arid northern Ghana, Environmental Development 39 (Sep 2021): 100629.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2021.100629Shamsheer ul Haq, Ismet Boz, Pomi Shahbaz Sustainability assessment of different land tenure farming systems in tea farming: The effect of decisional and structural variables, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 17, no.44 (Feb 2021): 814–834.https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4379Alex Arnall Walking with farmers: Floods, agriculture and the social practice of everyday mobility, Global Environmental Change 69 (Jul 2021): 102289.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102289Shihai Wu, Jianzhong Yan, Liu Yang, Xian Cheng, Ya Wu Farmers and herders reclaim cropland to adapt to climate change in the eastern Tibetan Plateau: a case study in Zamtang County, China, Climatic Change 165, no.3-43-4 (May 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03098-wSafaa Alwedyan, Aymen Taani Adoption of sustainable agriculture practices by citrus farmers and its determinants in the Jordan valley: the case of Northern Ghor, Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 15 (Sep 2021): 768–775.https://doi.org/10.5219/1676Edzo Veldkamp, Marcus Schmidt, Jennifer S. Powers, Marife D. Corre Deforestation and reforestation impacts on soils in the tropics, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 1, no.1111 (Sep 2020): 590–605.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0091-5Nathan Clay, Karl S. Zimmerer Who is resilient in Africa's Green Revolution? Sustainable intensification and Climate Smart Agriculture in Rwanda, Land Use Policy 97 (Sep 2020): 104558.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104558Awais Jabbar, Qun Wu, Jianchao Peng, Jian Zhang, Asma Imran, Luo Yao Synergies and Determinants of Sustainable Intensification Practices in Pakistani Agriculture, Land 9, no.44 (Apr 2020): 110.https://doi.org/10.3390/land9040110Caesar Agula, Franklin Nantui Mabe, Mamudu Abunga Akudugu, Saa Dittoh, Sylvester Nsobire Ayambila, Ayaga Bawah Enhancing healthy ecosystems in northern Ghana through eco-friendly farm-based practices: insights from irrigation scheme-types, BMC Ecology 19, no.11 (Sep 2019).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-019-0254-8Haftu Etsay, Teklay Negash, Metkel Aregay Factors that influence the implementation of sustainable land management practices by rural households in Tigrai region, Ethiopia, Ecological Processes 8, no.11 (Apr 2019).https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0166-8A. K. M. Abdullah Al-Amin, Tahmina Akhter, Abu Hayat Md. Saiful Islam, Hasneen Jahan, M. J. Hossain, Md. Masudul Haque Prodhan, Mohammed Mainuddin, Mac Kirby An intra-household analysis of farmers' perceptions of and adaptation to climate change impacts: empirical evidence from drought prone zones of Bangladesh, Climatic Change 156, no.44 (Sep 2019): 545–565.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02511-9Bailin Zhang, Piling Sun, Guanghui Jiang, Ruijuan Zhang, Jiangbo Gao Rural land use transition of mountainous areas and policy implications for land consolidation in China, Journal of Geographical Sciences 29, no.1010 (Aug 2019): 1713–1730.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1687-xLynn V. Dicks, David C. Rose, Frederic Ang, Stephen Aston, A. Nicholas E. Birch, Nigel Boatman, Elizabeth L. Bowles, David Chadwick, Alex Dinsdale, Sam Durham, John Elliott, Les Firbank, Stephen Humphreys, Phil Jarvis, Dewi Jones, Daniel Kindred, Stuart M. Knight, Michael R. F. Lee, Carlo Leifert, Matt Lobley, Kim Matthews, Alice Midmer, Mark Moore, Carol Morris, Simon Mortimer, T. Charles Murray, Keith Norman, Stephen Ramsden, Dave Roberts, Laurence G. Smith, Richard Soffe, Chris Stoate, Bryony Taylor, David Tinker, Mark Topliff, John Wallace, Prysor Williams, Paul Wilson, Michael Winter, William J. Sutherland What agricultural practices are most likely to deliver "sustainable intensification" in the UK?, Food and Energy Security 8, no.11 (Oct 2018): e00148.https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.148Pia Nilsson, Mikaela Backman, Lina Bjerke, Aristide Maniriho One cow per poor family: Effects on the growth of consumption and crop production, World Development 114 (Feb 2019): 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.09.024Amy K. Richmond, Francis A. Galgano The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, (Jul 2018): 155–166.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90975-2_10Nathan Clay Seeking justice in Green Revolutions: Synergies and trade-offs between large-scale and smallholder agricultural intensification in Rwanda, Geoforum 97 (Dec 2018): 352–362.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.09.021Vine Mutyasira, Dana Hoag, Dustin Pendell, Dale T. Manning, Melaku Berhe Assessing the relative sustainability of smallholder farming systems in Ethiopian highlands, Agricultural Systems 167 (Nov 2018): 83–91.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.08.006Vine Mutyasira, Dana Hoag, Dustin Pendell, Dale Manning Is Sustainable Intensification Possible? Evidence from Ethiopia, Sustainability 10, no.1111 (Nov 2018): 4174.https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114174Paul McCord, Kurt Waldman, Elizabeth Baldwin, Jampel Dell'Angelo, Tom Evans Assessing multi-level drivers of adaptation to climate variability and water insecurity in smallholder irrigation systems, World Development 108 (Aug 2018): 296–308.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.009Qingfeng Han, Kadambot Siddique, Fengmin Li Adoption of Conservation Tillage on the Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of Northwest China, Sustainability 10, no.88 (Jul 2018): 2621.https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082621Tesfaye Cholo, Luuk Fleskens, Diana Sietz, Jack Peerlings Is Land Fragmentation Facilitating or Obstructing Adoption of Climate Adaptation Measures in Ethiopia?, Sustainability 10, no.77 (Jun 2018): 2120.https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072120Akhter Ali, Imtiaz Hussain, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Olaf Erenstein Laser-land leveling adoption and its impact on water use, crop yields and household income: Empirical evidence from the rice-wheat system of Pakistan Punjab, Food Policy 77 (May 2018): 19–32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.03.018Meike Weltin, Ingo Zasada, Annette Piorr, Marta Debolini, Ghislain Geniaux, Olga Moreno Perez, Laura Scherer, Lorena Tudela Marco, Catharina J.E. Schulp Conceptualising fields of action for sustainable intensification – A systematic literature review and application to regional case studies, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 257 (Apr 2018): 68–80.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.01.023Dazhuan Ge, Hualou Long, Yingnan Zhang, Shuangshuang Tu Analysis of the coupled relationship between grain yields and agricultural labor changes in China, Journal of Geographical Sciences 28, no.11 (Dec 2017): 93–108.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1461-5Bekele Hundie Kotu, Arega Alene, Victor Manyong, Irmgard Hoeschle-Zeledon, Asamoah Larbi Adoption and impacts of sustainable intensification practices in Ghana, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 15, no.55 (Sep 2017): 539–554.https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2017.1369619Shaikh M.S.U. Eskander, Edward B. Barbier Tenure Security, Human Capital and Soil Conservation in an Overlapping Generation Rural Economy, Ecological Economics 135 (May 2017): 176–185.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.015Phu Nguyen-Van, Cyrielle Poiraud, Nguyen To-The Modeling farmers' decisions on tea varieties in Vietnam: a multinomial logit analysis, Agricultural Economics 48, no.33 (Dec 2016): 291–299.https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12334Nathan Clay Agro-environmental Transitions in African Mountains: Shifting Socio-spatial Practices Amid State-Led Commercialization in Rwanda, Annals of the American Association of Geographers 107, no.22 (Jan 2017): 360–370.https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1254019Fengxia Dong, Paul D Mitchell, Vince M Davis, Ross Recker Impact of atrazine prohibition on the sustainability of weed management in Wisconsin maize production, Pest Management Science 73, no.22 (Jun 2016): 425–434.https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4298Serge G. Adjognon, Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie, Thomas A. Reardon Agricultural input credit in Sub-Saharan Africa: Telling myth from facts, Food Policy 67 (Feb 2017): 93–105.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.014Alex Smith, Sieglinde Snapp, Regis Chikowo, Peter Thorne, Mateete Bekunda, Jerry Glover , Global Food Security 12 ( 2017): 127.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.11.002Solomon Asfaw, Federica Di Battista, Leslie Lipper Agricultural Technology Adoption under Climate Change in the Sahel: Micro-evidence from Niger, Journal of African Economies 25, no.55 (Apr 2016): 637–669.https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejw005Verdone Michael, Seidl Andrew How do the risk preferences of smallholder farmers affect the attractiveness of restoration activities? Evidence from forest and agricultural land in Rwanda, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 8, no.99 (Sep 2016): 200–214.https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2016.0739Zenebe Adimassu, Simon Langan, Robyn Johnston Understanding determinants of farmers' investments in sustainable land management practices in Ethiopia: review and synthesis, Environment, Development and Sustainability 18, no.44 (Jun 2015): 1005–1023.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9683-5Ioanna Grammatikopoulou, Eija Pouta, Sami Myyrä Exploring the determinants for adopting water conservation measures. What is the tendency of landowners when the resource is already at risk?, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 59, no.66 (Jul 2015): 993–1014.https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1050551Quang Ngo Thanh Farmers adaptive measures to climate change induced natural shocks through past climate experiences in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no.1515 (Apr 2016): 1361–1372.https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2015.10756Jianzhong Yan, Yili Zhang, Xiaobo Hua, Liang Yang An explanation of labor migration and grain output growth: Findings of a case study in eastern Tibetan Plateau, Journal of Geographical Sciences 26, no.44 (Feb 2016): 484–500.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-016-1281-4J. Nyaga, E. Barrios, C.W. Muthuri, I. Öborn, V. Matiru, F.L. Sinclair Evaluating factors influencing heterogeneity in agroforestry adoption and practices within smallholder farms in Rift Valley, Kenya, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 212 (Dec 2015): 106–118.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.013Jianjun Jin, Xiaomin Wang, Yiwei Gao Gender differences in farmers' responses to climate change adaptation in Yongqiao District, China, Science of The Total Environment 538 (Dec 2015): 942–948.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.027Alexander Wezel, Gizachew Soboksa, Shelby McClelland, Florian Delespesse, Apolline Boissau The blurred boundaries of ecological, sustainable, and agroecological intensification: a review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35, no.44 (Sep 2015): 1283–1295.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0333-yAmy Krakowka Richmond, Dylan Malcomb, Kristine Ringler Household vulnerability mapping in Africa's Rift Valley, Applied Geography 63 (Sep 2015): 380–395.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.013C Bidogeza J, B M Berentsen P, De Graaff J, G J M Oude Lansink A Bio-economic modelling of the influence of family planning, land consolidation and soil erosion on farm production and food security in Rwanda, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 7, no.66 (Jun 2015): 204–221.https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2013.0481Mary K. Mathenge, Melinda Smale, David Tschirley Off-farm Employment and Input Intensification among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Kenya, Journal of Agricultural Economics 66, no.22 (Nov 2014): 519–536.https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12093Jean-Claude Bidogeza, Paul B.M. Berentsen, Jan de Graaff, Alfons Oude Lansink Potential Impact of Alternative Agricultural Technologies to Ensure Food Security and Raise Income of Farm Households in Rwanda, Forum for Development Studies 42, no.11 (Nov 2014): 133–157.https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2014.972444Nguyen Van Thanh, Chinawat Yapwattanaphun Banana Farmers' Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture Practices in the Vietnam Uplands: The Case of Quang Tri Province, Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 5 (Jan 2015): 67–74.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.010Paul F. McCord, Michael Cox, Mikaela Schmitt-Harsh, Tom Evans Crop diversification as a smallholder livelihood strategy within semi-arid agricultural systems near Mount Kenya, Land Use Policy 42 (Jan 2015): 738–750.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.10.012Sil Lanckriet, Tesfay Araya, Ben Derudder, Wim Cornelis, Hans Bauer, Bram Govaerts, Jozef Deckers, Mitiku Haile, Jozef Naudts, Jan Nyssen Toward Practical Implementation of Conservation Agriculture: A Case Study in the May Zeg-zeg Catchment (Ethiopia), Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38, no.88 (Aug 2014): 913–935.https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.917143John Ejiet Wasige, Thomas A. Groen, Bana Mediatrice Rwamukwaya, Wycliffe Tumwesigye, Eric Marc Alexander Smaling, Victor Jetten Contemporary land use/land cover types determine soil organic carbon stocks in south-west Rwanda, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 100, no.11 (Jun 2014): 19–33.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-014-9623-zA. R. Bizoza THREE-STAGE ANALYSIS OF THE ADOPTION OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION IN THE HIGHLANDS OF RWANDA, Land Degradation & Development 25, no.44 (Mar 2012): 360–372.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2145Patrick Hitayezu, Julius Juma Okello, Christopher Obel-Gor Farm households' participation in rural non-farm employment in post-war Rwanda: Drivers and policy implications, Development Southern Africa 31, no.33 (Feb 2014): 452–474.https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2014.889560Renee Bullock, Dagmar Mithöfer, Heini Vihemäki Sustainable agricultural intensification: the role of cardamom agroforestry in the East Usambaras, Tanzania, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 12, no.22 (Sep 2013): 109–129.https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2013.840436Aslihan Arslan, Nancy McCarthy, Leslie Lipper, Solomon Asfaw, Andrea Cattaneo Adoption and intensity of adoption of conservation farming practices in Zambia, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 187 (Apr 2014): 72–86.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.017Nahui Zhen, Bojie Fu, Yihe Lu, Shuai Wang Poverty reduction, environmental protection and ecosystem services: A prospective theory for sustainable development, Chinese Geographical Science 24, no.11 (Jan 2014): 83–92.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0658-5Alfred R. Bizoza Institutions and the Adoption of Technologies: Bench Terraces in Rwanda, (Jul 2014): 335–354.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07662-1_26Gracious M. Diiro, Abdoul G Sam Semiparametric Analysis of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Uganda: The Role of Nonfarm Earnings, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2445000Maarten van Ginkel, Jeff Sayer, Fergus Sinclair, Aden Aw-Hassan, Deborah Bossio, Peter Craufurd, Mohammed El Mourid, Nasri Haddad, David Hoisington, Nancy Johnson, Carlos León Velarde, Víctor Mares, Andrew Mude, Ali Nefzaoui, Andrew Noble, K. P. C. Rao, Rachid Serraj, Shirley Tarawali, Raymond Vodouhe, Rodomiro Ortiz An integrated agro-ecosystem and livelihood systems approach for the poor and vulnerable in dry areas, Food Security 5, no.66 (Nov 2013): 751–767.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0305-5N. L. Nabahungu, S. M. Visser FARMERS' KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF AGRICULTURAL WETLAND MANAGEMENT IN RWANDA, Land Degradation & Development 24, no.44 (Jul 2011): 363–374.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1133D.M. Kagabo, L. Stroosnijder, S.M. Visser, D. Moore Soil erosion, soil fertility and crop yield on slow-forming terraces in the highlands of Buberuka, Rwanda, Soil and Tillage Research 128 (Apr 2013): 23–29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.11.002Matthew F. Pritchard Land, power and peace: Tenure formalization, agricultural reform, and livelihood insecurity in rural Rwanda, Land Use Policy 30, no.11 (Jan 2013): 186–196.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.03.012Phiri Innocent Pangapanga, Charles B. Jumbe, Shelton Kanyanda, Lucy Thangalimodzi Unravelling strategic choices towards droughts and floods' adaptation in Southern Malawi, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2 (Dec 2012): 57–66.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.08.002Zenebe Adimassu, Aad Kessler, Huib Hengsdijk Exploring determinants of farmers' investments in land management in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, Applied Geography 35, no.1-21-2 (Nov 2012): 191–198.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.07.004G. Andrew Stainback, Michel Masozera, Athanase Mukuralinda, Puneet Dwivedi Smallholder Agroforestry in Rwanda: A SWOT-AHP Analysis, Small-scale Forestry 11, no.33 (Oct 2011): 285–300.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-011-9184-9Nani Raut, Bishal K. Sitaula, Jens B. Aune, Roshan M. Bajracharya Evolution and future direction of intensified agriculture in the central mid-hills of Nepal, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9, no.44 (Oct 2011): 537–550.https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2011.609648Jorge Miguel Rocha Agricultural Intensification, Market Participation, and Household Demography in the Peruvian Andes, Human Ecology 39, no.55 (Oct 2011): 555–568.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9426-7 Richard Akresh / Philip Verwimp / Tom Bundervoet Civil War, Crop Failure, and Child Stunting in Rwanda, Economic Development and Cultural Change 59, no.44 (Jul 2015): 777–810.https://doi.org/10.1086/660003James Fenske Land tenure and investment incentives: Evidence from West Africa, Journal of Development Economics 95, no.22 (Jul 2011): 137–156.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.05.001Larry Harrington, Phil Tow Types of Rainfed Farming Systems Around the World, (May 2011): 45–74.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9132-2_2Emma C. Stephens, Charles F. Nicholson, Douglas R. Brown, David Parsons, Christopher B. Barrett, Johannes Lehmann, David Mbugua, Solomon Ngoze, Alice Pell, Susan Riha Modeling the Impact of Natural Resource-Based Poverty Traps on Food Security in Kenya: The Crops, Livestock and Soils in Smallholder Economic Systems (CLASSES) Model, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1844623Emmanuel K. Yiridoe, Dominic Odwa Andrea Atari, Robert Gordon, Shawn Smale Factors influencing participation in the Nova Scotia Environmental Farm Plan Program, Land Use Policy 27, no.44 (Oct 2010): 1097–1106.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.02.006Daniel Boyd Kramer, Gerald Urquhart, Kristen Schmitt Globalization and the connection of remote communities: A review of household effects and their biodiversity implications, Ecological Economics 68, no.1212 (Oct 2009): 2897–2909.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.06.026Jianzhong Yan, Yili Zhang, Liping Zhang, Yingying Wu Livelihood strategy change and land use change —Case of Danzam Village in upper Dadu River watershed, Tibetan Plateau of China, Chinese Geographical Science 19, no.33 (Aug 2009): 231–240.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-009-0231-9EPHRAIM NKONYA, JOHN PENDER, EDWARD KATO Who knows, who cares? The determinants of enactment, awareness, and compliance with community Natural Resource Management regulations in Uganda, Environment and Development Economics 13, no.11 (Feb 2008): 79–101.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X0700407XM.S. Magombeyi, D. Rollin, B. Lankford The river basin game as a tool for collective water management at community level in South Africa, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 33, no.8-138-13 (Jan 2008): 873–880.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.045Duncan Knowler, Ben Bradshaw Farmers' adoption of conservation agriculture: A review and synthesis of recent research, Food Policy 32, no.11 (Feb 2007): 25–48.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.01.003Fitsum Hagos, Stein Holden Tenure security, resource poverty, public programs, and household plot-level conservation investments in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, Agricultural Economics 34, no.22 (Mar 2006): 183–196.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0864.2006.00117.xD. J. Knowler The economics of soil productivity: local, national and global perspectives, Land Degradation & Development 15, no.66 (Jan 2004): 543–561.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.635E.C Wood, G.G Tappan, A Hadj Understanding the drivers of agricultural land use change in south-central Senegal, Journal of Arid Environments 59, no.33 (Nov 2004): 565–582.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.022John Pender Development pathways for hillsides and highlands: some lessons from Central America and East Africa, Food Policy 29, no.44 (Aug 2004): 339–367.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2004.07.005D.E. Mercer Adoption of agroforestry innovations in the tropics: A review, Agroforestry Systems 61-62, no.1-31-3 (Jul 2004): 311–328.https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029007.85754.70Stephen G. Perz Are Agricultural Production and Forest Conservation Compatible? Agricultural Diversity, Agricultural Incomes and Primary Forest Cover Among Small Farm Colonists in the Amazon, World Development 32, no.66 (Jun 2004): 957–977.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.012 Anselme Adégbidi , Esaïe Gandonou , and Remco Oostendorp Measuring the Productivity from Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation Technologies with Household Fixed Effects: A Case Study of Hilly Mountainous Areas of Benin Anselme Adégbidi, Esaïe Gandonou, and Remco Oostendorp, Economic Development and Cultural Change 52, no.22 (Jul 2015): 313–346.https://doi.org/10.1086/381018 Strategies for sustainable land management and poverty reduction in Uganda, (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291367rr133Scott M. Swinton, Roberto Quiroz Is Poverty to Blame for Soil, Pasture and Forest Degradation in Peru's Altiplano?, World Development 31, no.1111 (Nov 2003): 1903–1919.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.06.004Scott M Swinton, Germán Escobar, Thomas Reardon Poverty and Environment in Latin America: Concepts, Evidence and Policy Implications, World Development 31, no.1111 (Nov 2003): 1865–1872.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.06.006Berhanu Gebremedhin, Scott M. Swinton Investment in soil conservation in northern Ethiopia: the role of land tenure security and public programs, Agricultural Economics 29, no.11 (Jul 2003): 69–84.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2003.tb00148.xD. Evan Mercer, Subhrendu K. Pattanayak Agroforestry Adoption By Smallholders, (Jan 2003): 283–299.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0219-5_16Bart Minten, Jean Claude Randrianarisoa Agricultural Production, Agricultural Land and Rural Poverty in Madagascar, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2003).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.439101Mulugeta Enki, Kassa Belay, Legesse Dadi DETERMINANTS OF ADOPTION OF PHYSICAL SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES IN CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF THREE DISTRICTS OF NORTH SHEWA, Agrekon 40, no.33 (Jun 2010): 293–315.https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2001.9524955Gerald E Shively Poverty, consumption risk, and soil conservation, Journal of Development Economics 65, no.22 (Aug 2001): 267–290.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00137-7 Sean P. Neill and David R. Lee Explaining the Adoption and Disadoption of Sustainable Agriculture: The Case of Cover Crops in Northern Honduras Neill & Lee, Economic Development and Cultural Change 49, no.44 (Jul 2015): 793–820.https://doi.org/10.1086/452525Leslie C Gray, Michael Kevane Evolving Tenure Rights and Agricultural Intensification in Southwestern Burkina Faso, World Development 29, no.44 (Apr 2001): 573–587.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00115-7Towa Tachibana, Trung M. Nguyen, Keijiro Otsuka Agricultural Intensification versus Extensification: A Case Study of Deforestation in the Northern-Hill Region of Vietnam, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 41, no.11 (Jan 2001): 44–69.https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1998.1131Scott R Templeton, Sara J Scherr Effects of Demographic and Related Microeconomic Change on Land Quality in Hills and Mountains of Developing Countries, World Development 27, no.66 (Jun 1999): 903–918.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00037-6Thomas A. Reardon, Christopher B. Barrett The Ambiguous Effects of Policy Reforms on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification in Africa: Renewed Threats to Fragile Margins?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 1999).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.185370Kimseyinga Savadogo Poverty, Land Conservation and Intergenerational Equity, (): 67–81.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6080-9_5
Referência(s)