Foreign Influences on American Progressivism
1983; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 45; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1983.tb01580.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Race, History, and American Society
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Daniel J. Boorstin, America and the Image of Europe: Reflections on American Thought (Cleveland, 1960), 33, but cf. 37, where Boorstin suggests the process of learning from Europe may have begun during Wilson's first administration. For discussions of foreign influences on the New Deal, see Cushing Strout, The American Image of the Old World (New York, 1963), 196–98; and Alonzo L. Hamby, “The Vital Center, The Fair Deal, and the Quest for a Liberal Political Economy,” American Historical Review 77 (1972):654.2. See, for example, Frank Thistlethwaite, The Anglo‐American Connection in the Early Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia, 1959).3. Walter Weyl, The New Democracy: An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States (New York, 1912), 2.4. General studies are Gertrude Alym Slichter, “European Backgrounds of American Reform, 1880–1915” (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1960); and Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., Progressivism in America (New York, 1974), chap. 1, “Europe and America.” A highly useful study is Hace Sorel Tishler, Self‐Reliance and Social Security, 1870–1917 (Port Washington, N.Y., 1971). There was a session, “Foreign Influences on the Progressive Movement,” at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians, San Francisco, April 9–12, 1980. See Organization of American Historians, 1980 Program, 66. One of the earliest discussions of foreign influences on the progressives was Dwight Waldo, The Administrative State: A Study of the Political Theory of American Public Administration (New York, 1948), 40–41.5. Weyl, New Democracy, 20. See also Paul L. Haworth, America in Ferment (Indianapolis, Ind., 1915), 11; and editorial, “Progress in Social Conditions,”American Review of Reviews 47 (1913):16.6. Frank I. cobb, editorial, “Democracy‐or Despotism,” 2 November 1912, in Cobb of “The World,” comp. John L. Heaton (New York, 1924), 81.7. Louis S. Reed, The Labor Philosophy of Samuel Gompers (New York, 1930), 94, 114; Irwin Yellowits, Labor and the Progressive Movement in New York State, 1897‐1916 (Ithaca, 1965), 16–17, 56–57, 136–37.8. Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Womman Suffrage Movement, 1890‐1920 (Garden City, N. Y., 1971), 117.9. James B. Lane, Jacob A. Riis and the American City (Port Washigton, N.Y., 1974), 78; quotation, 197–98.10. J. Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (New York, 1968), 41.11. See Charles Nagel, “National Incorporation, Address to the National Association of Manufacturers, New York, 17 may, 1916”; “An American Merchant Marine, Address to the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, 1912”; and his article, “The Growth of Socialistic Influence,”American Leader, 10 May 1917, all in Charles Nagel: Speeches and Writings, 1900‐1928, ed. Otto Heller, 2 vols. (New York, 1931), vol. 1.12. Rubinow's wtitings included Social Insurance, with a Special Reference to American Conditions (New York, 1913).13. Roosevelt to Henry Cabot Lodge, 4 February 1916, in Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Sylvia Rice (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 8:1013.14. J. Joseph huthmacher, “Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49 (1962): 231–41. For a consideration of Huthmacher's impact, see John D. Buenker, Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform (New York, 1973), 203–5. For a brief discussion of immigrants as reformers in the period from the 1850s to the 1880s, see Maxine Seller, To Seek America: A History of Ethnic Life in the United States (Englewood, N.J., 1977), 88–90.15. Joseph Dorfman, “The Role of the German Historical School in American Economic Thought,”Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty‐Seventy Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, Detroit, Michigan, December 28–30, 1954, ed. James W. Bell and Gertrude Tait, American Economic Review 45 (1955): 17–28; Richard T. Ely, Ground under Our Feet: An Autobiography (New York, 1938), 65.16. Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900‐1916 (New York, 1963), 203; Benjamin Parke De Witt, The Progressive Movement: A Non‐Partisan, Comprehensive Discussion of Current Tendencies in American Politics (New York, 1915), 24.17. L. E. Fredman, The Australian Ballot: The Story of an American Reform (East Lansing, Mich., 1968).18. Slichter, “European Backgrounds,” chap. 7, “Perfecting the Machinery of American Democracy.”19. See, for example, Ross Evans Paulson, Women's Suffrage and Prohibition: A Comparative Study of Equality and Social Control (Glenview, III., 1973), 156–57; Eleanor Flexner, Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States (New York, 1974), 238, 250, 252–53, 254, 263, 266–67, 308; Olivia Coolidge, Women's Rights: The Suffrage Movement in America, 1848‐1920 (New York, 1966), 100, 110. Various foreign countries were commented upon favorably in feminist literature. See, for example, National American Woman Suffrage Association, Woman Suffrage: Arguments and Results, 1910–1911 (New York, 1971), passim.20. ;James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, 2 vols. (London, 1891), 1:608; Woodrow Wilson, “Address to the National Conservation Congress,” in A Crossroads of Freedom: The 1912 Campaign Speeches, ed. John Wells Davidson (New Haven, 1956), 313; editorial, “Shall Buffalo Have the Government That Its People Want?”Outlook 98 (1911):231.21. Seymour I. Toll, Zoned American (New York, 1969), 129–40; Christopher Lasch, New Radicalism in America [1889‐1963]: The Intellectual as a Social Type (New York, 1965), 78, 80; Giorgio Ciucci et al., The American City: From the Civil War to the New Deal (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), passim.22. Toll, Zoned American, 123–24, 144–45; Park Dixon Goist, From Main Street to State Street: Town, City and Community in America (Port Washington, N.Y., 1977), 137.23. See, for example, Frederic C. Howe, European Cities at Work (New York, 1913); and The Modern City and Its Problems (New York, 1915).24. Mel Scott, American City Planning since 1890 (Berkeley, 1969), 76.25. Toll, Zoned American, 138–39; quotation from Scott, American City Planning, 98.26. Ernest S. Griffith, A History of American City Government: The Conspicuous Failure, 1870–1900 (New York, 1974), 268–69.27. Constance McLaughlin Green, The Rise of Urban America (New York, 1965), 118; Blake McKelvey, The Urbanization of America (1860‐1915) (New Brunswick, N. J., 1963), 145–46; David R. Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell, Urban America: From Downtown to No Town (Boston, 1978), 281.28. Allen F. Davis, Spearheads for Reform: the The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890‐1914 (New York, 1967), 8–10, 12–14, 37, 53.29. Gaston W. Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrilization in Europe, America, and Russia (New York, 1971), 66–69.30. Typical charges that the United States lacked even minimal standards are in Frankel and Dawson, Workingmen's Insurance in Europe (New York, 191 395; and Samuel J. Duncan‐Clark, The Progressive Movement (Boston, 1913), 174; Quyotation from Edward T. Devine, The Spirit of Social Work: Address by Edward T. Devine (New York, 1911), 11.31. Rimlinger, Welfare Policy and Industrialization, 85–86; James Leiby, A History of Social Welfare and Social Work in the United States, 1815–192 (New York, 1978), 73–74, 215.32. Richard T. Ely, Monopolies and Trusts (New York, 192), 237.33. Charles R. Van Hise, Concentration and Control (New York, 1912), 254. See also Frank Koester, The Price of Inefficiency (New York, 1913), 105.34. Theodore Roosevelt, “Nationalism and Democracy,” Outlook 97(1911): 623.35. Allan T. Benson, “Edison Says Germany Excels Us,” World To-Day 21 (1911): 1358; George W. Perlkins, “National Action and Industrial Growth, Address by George W. Perkins at the Lincoln Day Dinner of the Progressive Party February 12, 1914” (New York, 1914), 12; Albert J. Bevridge, “Pass Prosperity Around, Speech of Albert J. Beveridge, Temporary Chairman of the Progressive national Convention” (New York, 1912), 7. Perkins was one of Roosevelt's major sources of information about German trust policies. See John A. Garraty, Right Hand man: The Life of George W. Perkins (New york, 1960), 31, 329–30.36. See, for example, Van Hise, Concentration and Control, 277–78; Frank A. Munsey, “The New Progressive Party‐What It is an Whyv it is,” Munsey's Magazines 47 (1912): 678; and Theodore Roosevelt, “Message to Congress, December 3, 1901,” in Theodore Roosevelt, The Roosevelt Policy (New York, 1919), 1:165.37. J. Z. Rose, The Public‐Private Character of United States Central Banking (New Brunswick, N. J., 1965), chap. 4, “Influence of Early Foreign Central Banks”; Henry Parker Willis, The Federal Reserve System: Legislation, Organization and Operation (New York, 1923), passim.38. Carl P. Parini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Deplomacy, 1916–1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22, 103; Cleona Lewis, America's Stake in International Investments (Washington, D.C., 1938), 191.39. Charles P. Steinmmetz, America and the New Epoch (New York, 1916), 225–26.40. Ibid., 143.41. B. F. Harris, “Improvement of Country Life‐Policies the Progresive Party Qould Put into Practice,” in George Henry Payne, The Birth of the New Party or Progresive Democracy (New York, 1912), 178.42. Report of the Commission on Land Colonization and Rural Credits of the State of California, November 29, 1916 (Sacramento, 1916), in Roy Lubove, The Urban Community: Housing and Planning in the Progressive Era (Englewood Cliffs, 1967), 25.43. Ivan Wright, Farm Mortgage Financing (New York, 1923), 49–51.44. Myron T. Herrick and R. Ingalls, Rural Credits: Land and Cooperative (New York, 1915), ix.45. James B. Morman, Principles of Rural Credits: As Applies in Europe and as Suggested for America (New York, 1915), xv.46. Wright, Farm Mortgage Financing, 50–51.47. Cedric B. Cowing, Populists, Plungers, and Progressives: A Social History of Stock and Commodity Speculation, 189–1936 (Princeton, 1965) 105–6; see also 39, 49, and 59 for other evidence of foreign influences.48. Joseph M. Petulla. American Environmental History: The Exploitation and Consercvation of natural Resources (San Francisco, 1977), 217, 218–19.49. Christopher C. Angrews, Bernard E. Feernow, Frederick E. Olmsted, Gifford Pinchot, Overton W. Price, and Carl Schurz were among the foreign‐born or foreign‐grained conservationists of the late‐nineteenth‐century or progressive period. See Henry Clepper, ed., Leaders of American Conservation (New York, 1971), 19, 116–17, 242, 259, 266, 285–86, and 337. See also Slichter, “European Backgrounds of American Reform, chap. 5, “Foreign Influences of Forestry and the Begining of Conservation in America.50. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Speech by Roosevelt before the Troy, New York, People's Forum, March 3, 1912,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt & Conservation, 1911–1945, comp. and ed. Edgar B. Nixon (Hyde Park, New York: Farnklin D. Roosevelt Library, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1957), 17–18.51. Roosevelt to George D. Pratt, 25 Nov. 1922, in Roosevelt, ed. Nixon, 47–48.52. lester Ward, The Psychic Factors of Civilization (Boston, 1893), 327.53. Frederic C. Howe, “The Peaceful Revolution,” Outlook 94 (1910): 115; Frank Parsons, “The Abolition of Strikes and Lockouts,” Arena 31 (1904):10–11.54. Eric F. Goldman, Rendzvous with Destiny (New York, 1952), 102. For German “Progressivism,” see Ralph H. Brown, German Theories of the Corporative State, With Special Reference to the Period 1870–1919 (New York, 1947), especially chap. 4, “Monarchical Socialism.”55. For varying opinions on the effectiveness of Bismarck's reforms, see martin Kitchen, The Political Economy of Germany, 1815–1914 (London, 1978), 175–78; and W. O. Henderson, The Rise of German Industrial Power, 1834–1914 (London, 1975), 229–33.56. Mary E. Richmond, The Long View: Papers and Addresses by Mary E. Richmond, Joanna C. Colcord (New York, 1930), 566. See also, Leiby, Social Welfare and Social Work, 197–99.57. See, for example, editorial, “The Most Persistent Force in the World, “Hampton's magazine 27 (1911);395. Germans also defended the “democratic” character of Imperial Germany. See Carl H. Chrislock, The Progressive Era in Minnesota, 1899–1918 (St. Paul, 1971), 96.58. Frankel and Dawson, Workingman's Insurane in Europe, 402,59. Woodrow Wilson, “Democracy and Efficiency,” Atlantic Monthly 87 (1901):291, 296.60. Arthur Mann, “British Social Thought and American Reformers of the Progressive Era,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 42 (1956);672–92; Louis, A. Filler, Appointment at Armageddon: Muckraking and Progressivism in the American Tradition (Westport, 1976), 221. See also Chester McArthur Destler, Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Empire of Reform (Philadelphia, 1963), Chap. 19, “Importer of Antipodean Democracy,”61. G. R. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A study of British Politics and Political Thought, 1899–19147 (Berkeley, 1971), Passim, esp. 54–60; Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social‐Imperial Thought, 1895–1914 (Garden City, N. Y., 1968), passim; Maurice Bruce, The Coming of the Welfare State, rev. ed. (New York, 1966), 110, 151, 165, 172, 183; Bentley B. Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain: The Origins ojthe Welfare State (London, 1966), 60,81,23132, 256, 291–93; J. R. Hay, The Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, 1906–1914 (London, 1975), 15, 30, 51.62. Tishler, Self‐Reliance and Social Security, 102–4.63. See, for example, Charles Edward Russell, “The Slum as a National Asset,”Everybody's Magazine 20 (1909): 170–80; and Frederic C. Howe, The British City, The Beginnings of Democracy (New York, 1907).64. Bryce, American Commonwealth, vol. 2, chap. 84, “The Fatalism of the Multitude”; Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York, 1909), chap 1, “What is the Promise of American Life?”65. Editorial, “Corporations and the Public Service,”Hampton's Magazine 27 (1911): 391.66. Duncan‐Clark, Progressive Movement, 179.67. Progressive National Service, Committee on Social and Industrial Justice, “Sickness Insurance” (New York: Progressive National Service, 1914?), 14.68. See, for example, Ronald L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance, 1912–1920 (Baltimore, 1978), 61–63, 69, 99–102.69. Charles McCarthy, The Wisconsin Idea (New York, 1912), 19–32, 187; Frederic C. Howe, Confessions of a Reformer (New York, 1925), 284; and Frederic C. Howe, Wisconsin: An Experiment in Democracy (New York, 1912), vii, xi‐xii, 36, 63, 99.70. Herbert F. Margulies, The Decline of the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890–1920 (Madison, 1968), 79–80; quotation from 133–34.71. Beveridge, “Pass Prosperity Around,” 7.72. Brooks Adams, “The Spanish War and the Equilibrium of the World,” Forum 25 (1898): 641–51, in Brooks Adams, America's Economic Supremacy (New York, 1947), 72. See also, John Patrick Finnegan, Against the Specter of a Dragon: The Campaign for American Military Preparedness, 1914–1917 (Westport, 1974), 108: and, on progressive fears of foreign wars, Frederic Cople Jaher, Doubters and Dissenters: Cataclysmic Thought in America, 1885–1914 (London, 1964), 75–91.73. Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny, 234.74. See, for example, Frederic C. Howe, Socialized Germany (New York, 1915), 171; and Steinmetz, America and the New Epoch, 52, 78–79.75. Cleveland Moffett, The Conquest of America: A Romance of Disaster and Victory: U.S.A. 1921 A.D. (New York, 1915), passim, especially 104–7, 123–24.76. Roosevelt to Bernard Dernburg, 4 Dec. 1914, in Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Sylvia Rice (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 8:860; Roosevelt to Arthur Hamilton Lee, 17 June 1915, ibid., 936; Roosevelt to Carroll E. Armstrong, 3 Jan. 1919, ibid., 1421.77. Finnegan, Against the Specter of a Dragon, 120; see also Jean B. Quandt, From the Small Town to the Great Community: The Social Thought of Progressive Intellectuals (New Brunswick, 1970), 142.78. Finnegan, Against the Specter of Dragon, 13, 18, 20.79. Parrini, Heir to Empire, 37–39. For a typical article, see Joseph E. Davies, “Governments in Business, Independent 92 (1917): 386.80. For the legislative history of the Webb‐Pomerene Act, see Wilbur L. Fugate, Foreign Commerce and the Anti‐Trust laws, 2d ed. (Boston, 1973), 224–26.81. John P. Roche, The Quest for the Dream: The Development of Civil Rights and Human Relations in Modern America (New York, 1963), 67–68; Clarke A. Charmbers, The Seedtime of Reform: American Social Service and Social Action, 1918–1933 (Minneapolis, 1963), 24–25.82. Numbers, Almost Persuaded, 75–84, 87–88, 110, 113–14; Roy Lubove, The Struggle for Social Security, 1900–1935 (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), chap. 4, “Health Insurance; “Made in Germany'.” The quotation is from Richard T. Ely, The World War and Leadership in a Democrary (New York, 1918), 52–53.83. Margulies, Decline of the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 281–82.84. Ray Stannard Baker, The New Industrial Unrest: Reasons and Remedies (Garden City, 1920), 66–67.85. Stanley Shapiro, “The Twilight of Reform: Advanced Progressive after the Armistice,” Historian 33 (1971):361.86. Goldfield and Brownell, Urban America: From Downtown to No Town, 361; Howard P. Chudacoff, The Evolution of American Urban Society (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1975), 203, 222.87. Wesley M. Bagby, The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920 (Baltimore, 1962), 162–67. See also, Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner, 40–41.88. John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, 1955), 190, 198–99.89. Bagby, Road to Normalcy, 153–55, 159–60.90. Kenneth Barkin, “A Case Study in Comparative History: Populism in Germany and America,” in The State of American History, ed. Herbert J. Bass (Chicago, 1970), 373–404. See also Peter J. Coleman, “American Progressives and New Zealand Liberals” (paper delivered at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians, San Francisco, April 9–12, 1980).91. Programme of Memorial Exercises for Henry Demarest Lloyd, The Auditorium, Chicago, November 29, 1903, 22.92. Frederic C. Howe, Confessions of a Reformer, 236–38.93. Roosevelt's interest in foreign innovations is quite apparent from a number of his letters, addresses, and articles. For critical comments on the British Liberals for going “too far in social reform,” see Roosevelt to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., 20 Nov. 1908, in Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (Cambridge, 1952), 6:137. In later years, he compared his New Nationalism favorably with the Lloyd George program. See Charles B. Forcey, Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 1900–1925 (New York, 1961), 136. For Wilson's remarks on Glasgow, see his addresses, “The Meaning of Democracy, Address Delivered at Scaranton, Pennsylvania, September 23,” and “Address at Fall River, Massachusetts, September 26,” in Wilson, Crossroads of Freedom, 235, 274–75.
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