Extensive literature search and review as preparatory work for the evaluation of the essential composition of infant and follow‐on formulae and growing‐up milk
2014; European Food Safety Authority; Volume: 11; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.en-551
ISSN2397-8325
AutoresTijhuis Mj, EL Doets, Marije Vonk Noordegraaf‐Schouten,
Tópico(s)Digestive system and related health
ResumoEFSA Supporting PublicationsVolume 11, Issue 1 551E External scientific reportOpen Access Extensive literature search and review as preparatory work for the evaluation of the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae and growing-up milk MJ Tijhuis, MJ Tijhuis Pallas health research and consultancy, Conradstraat 18, 3013 AP, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorEL Doets, EL Doets Pallas health research and consultancy, Conradstraat 18, 3013 AP, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorM Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten, M Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten Pallas health research and consultancy, Conradstraat 18, 3013 AP, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author MJ Tijhuis, MJ Tijhuis Pallas health research and consultancy, Conradstraat 18, 3013 AP, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorEL Doets, EL Doets Pallas health research and consultancy, Conradstraat 18, 3013 AP, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorM Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten, M Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten Pallas health research and consultancy, Conradstraat 18, 3013 AP, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 January 2014 https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.EN-551Citations: 6 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority (EFSA). The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. Published date: 29 January 2014 Question number: EFSA-Q-2013-00663 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References "Alfred Rusescu" Institute for Mother and Child Care. Nutritional status of pregnant women, children under 5 years and school children aged 6-7 years. Romania, "Alfred Rusescu" Institute for Mother and Child Care, 2005. Google Scholar Aggett PJ, Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Bresson JL, Goulet O, Hernell O, et al. Iron metabolism and requirements in early childhood: do we know enough?: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2002; 34(4): 337–45. Epub 2002/04/04. 10.1002/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07646.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Agostoni C, Riva E, Scaglioni S, Marangoni F, Radaelli G, Giovannini M. Dietary fats and cholesterol in Italian infants and children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000; 72: 1384S–91S. 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1384s PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Alfred Rusescu Institute for Mother and Child Care. National nutritional surveillance programme, 1993–2002. Bukarest, Romania, 2003 (and additional analysis). Google Scholar Alliet P, Scholtens P, Raes M, Hensen K, Jongen H, Rummens J-L, et al. Effect of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide, long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide infant formula on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). 2007; 23(10): 719–23. 10.1016/j.nut.2007.06.011 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar American Academy of Pediatrics (1997). "Breast feeding and the use of human milk." Pediatrics 100: 1035–1039. 10.1542/peds.100.6.1035 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Andersson M, Aeberli I, Wust N, Piacenza AM, Bucher T, Henschen I, et al. The Swiss iodized salt program provides adequate iodine for school children and pregnant women, but weaning infants not receiving iodine-containing complementary foods as well as their mothers are iodine deficient. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2010; 95(12): 5217–24. 10.1210/jc.2010-0975 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Boehm G: Early supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides protects formula-fed infants against infections during the first 6 months of life. J Nutr 2007, 137: 2420–2423. 10.1093/jn/137.11.2420 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Schmitt J, Tandoi L, Rizzardi S, Boehm G: Early dietary intervention with a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of allergic manifestations and infections Google Scholar Auestad N, Halter R, Hall RT, Blatter M, Bogle ML, Burks W, et al. Growth and development in term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a double-masked, randomized, parallel, prospective, multivariate study. Pediatrics. 2001; 108(2): 372–81. 10.1542/peds.108.2.372 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Auestad N, Scott DT, Janowsky JS, Jacobsen C, Carroll RE, Montalto MB, et al. Visual, cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: a follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics. 2003; 112(3 Pt 1): e177–83. 10.1542/peds.112.3.e177 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Baird J, Poole J, Robinson S, Marriott L, Godfrey K, Cooper C, et al. Milk feeding and dietary patterns predict weight and fat gains in infancy. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 2008; 22(6): 575–86. 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00963.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bakker-Zierikzee AM, Alles MS, Knol J, Kok FJ, Tolboom JJM, Bindels JG. Effects of infant formula containing a mixture of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides or viable Bifidobacterium animalis on the intestinal microflora during the first 4 months of life. The British journal of nutrition. 2005; 94(5): 783–90. 10.1079/BJN20051451 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bakker-Zierikzee AM, Tol EAF, Kroes H, Alles MS, Kok FJ, Bindels JG. Faecal SIgA secretion in infants fed on pre- or probiotic infant formula. Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2006; 17(2): 134–40. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00370.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Baykova D, Duleva V, Petrova S, Angelova K, Jordanov B, Vatralova K, Ovcharova D. National monitoring of dietary intake and nutritional status of Bulgarian population, 2004. Department of Nutrition and Public Health, National Center of Public Health Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria (and additional analysis). Google Scholar Bayley TM, Alasmi M, Thorkelson T, Jones PJH, Corcoran J, Krug-Wispe S, et al. Longer term effects of early dietary cholesterol level on synthesis and circulating cholesterol concentrations in human infants. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2002; 51(1): 25–33. 10.1053/meta.2002.28154 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beck-Nielsen SS, Brock-Jacobsen B, Gram J, Brixen K, Jensen TK. Incidence and prevalence of nutritional and hereditary rickets in southern Denmark. European journal of endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2009; 160(3): 491–7. 10.1530/EJE-08-0818 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beck-Nielsen SS, Jensen TK, Gram J, Brixen K, Brock-Jacobsen B. Nutritional rickets in Denmark: a retrospective review of children's medical records from 1985 to 2005. European journal of pediatrics. 2009; 168(8): 941–9. 10.1007/s00431-008-0864-1 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ben X-M, Li J, Feng Z-T, Shi S-Y, Lu Y-D, Chen R, et al. Low level of galacto-oligosaccharide in infant formula stimulates growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. World journal of gastroenterology : WJG. 2008; 14(42): 6564–8. 10.3748/wjg.14.6564 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ben X-M, Zhou X-Y, Zhao W-H, Yu W-L, Pan W, Zhang W-L, et al. Supplementation of milk formula with galacto-oligosaccharides improves intestinal micro-flora and fermentation in term infants. Chinese medical journal. 2004b; 117(6): 927–31. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ben XM, Zhou XY, Zhao WH, Yu WL, Pan W, Zhang WL, et al. Growth and development of term infants fed with milk with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Chinese Medical Journal (English) 2004a; 117: 1268–70. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bettler J, Euler AR: An evaluation of the growth of term infants fed formula supplemented with fructooligosaccharide. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics 2006, 1: 19–26. Google Scholar Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald-Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, et al. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2010a; 91(4): 848–59. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28557 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Birch EE, Castaneda YS, Wheaton DH, Birch DG, Uauy RD, Hoffman DR. Visual maturation of term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented or control formula for 12 mo. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005; 81(4): 871–9. 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.871 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Birch EE, Garfield S, Castaneda Y, Hughbanks-Wheaton D, Uauy R, Hoffman D. Visual acuity and cognitive outcomes at 4 years of age in a double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented infant formula. Early human development. 2007; 83(5): 279–84. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.11.003 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG. A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 2000; 42(3): 174–81. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00066.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Birch EE, Khoury JC, Berseth CL, Castaneda YS, Couch JM, Bean J, et al. The impact of early nutrition on incidence of allergic manifestations and common respiratory illnesses in children. The Journal of pediatrics. 2010; 156(6): 902–6, 6 e1. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.002 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Borschel MW, Ziegler EE, Wedig RT, Oliver JS. Growth of Healthy Term Infants Fed an Extensively Hydrolyzed Casein-Based or Free Amino Acid-Based Infant Formula: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Clinical pediatrics. 2013. Google Scholar Bouwstra H, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Boehm G, Boersma ER, Muskiet FAJ, Hadders-Algra M. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and neurological developmental outcome at 18 months in healthy term infants. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2005; 94(1): 26–32. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01783.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Braegger C, Chmielewska A, Decsi T, Kolacek S, Mihatsch W, Moreno L, et al. Supplementation of infant formula with probiotics and/or prebiotics: a systematic review and comment by the ESPGHAN committee on nutrition. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2011; 52(2): 238–50. 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181fb9e80 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bramhagen A-C, Svahn J, Hallstrom I, Axelsson I. Factors influencing iron nutrition among one-year-old healthy children in Sweden. Journal of clinical nursing. 2011; 20(13–14): 1887–94. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03639.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Branca F, Rossi L. The health and nutrition status of children under five and their mothers in the republic of Ingushetia (Russian Federation). Rome, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, 2001. Google Scholar Brunser O, Figueroa G, Gotteland M, Haschke-Becher E, Magliola C, Rochat F, et al. Effects of probiotic or prebiotic supplemented milk formulas on fecal microbiota composition of infants. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 2006a; 15(3): 368–76. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Brunser O, Gotteland M, Cruchet S, Figueroa G, Garrido D, Steenhout P. Effect of a milk formula with prebiotics on the intestinal microbiota of infants after an antibiotic treatment. Pediatr Res 2006b; 59: 451–6. 10.1203/01.pdr.0000198773.40937.61 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bruzzese E, Volpicelli M, Squeglia V, Bruzzese D, Salvini F, Bisceglia M, et al. A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: an observational study. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2009; 28(2): 156–61. 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.008 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bulk-Bunschoten AMW, van Bodegom S, Reerink JD, de Jong PCMP, de Groot CJ. Weight and weight gain at 4 months (The Netherlands 1998): influences of nutritional practices, socio-economic and ethnic factors. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 2002; 16(4): 361–9. 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2002.00440.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Butte NF, Wong WW, Hopkinson JM, Smith EO, Ellis KJ. Infant feeding mode affects early growth and body composition. Pediatrics. 2000; 106(6): 1355–66. Epub 2000/01/11. 10.1542/peds.106.6.1355 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Callaghan AL, Moy RJD, Booth IW, Debelle G, Shaw NJ. Incidence of symptomatic vitamin D deficiency. Archives of disease in childhood. 2006; 91(7): 606–7. 10.1136/adc.2006.095075 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández C, Ferrández A, López-Siguero JP, Sánchez E et al. [Estudio transversal español de crecimiento 2008. Parte II: valores de talla, peso e índice de masa corporal desde el nacimiento a la talla adulta.] Anales de Pediatría 2008; 68: 544–51 (and additional analysis). 10.1157/13123286 PubMedGoogle Scholar Cavalier E, Delanaye P, Chapelle J-P, Souberbielle J-C. Vitamin D: current status and perspectives. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC. 2009; 47(2): 120–7 10.1515/CCLM.2009.036 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Challa A, Ntourntoufi A, Cholevas V, Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Andronikou S. Breastfeeding and vitamin D status in Greece during the first 6 months of life. European journal of pediatrics. 2005; 164(12): 724–9. 10.1007/s00431-005-1757-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chouraqui JP, Grathwohl D, Labaune JM, Hascoet JM, de Montgolfier I, Leclaire M, et al. Assessment of the safety, tolerance, and protective effect against diarrhea of infant formulas containing mixtures of probiotics or probiotics and prebiotics in a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008; 87(5): 1365–73. 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1365 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Chouraqui JP, Van Egroo LD, Fichot MC: Acidified milk formula supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhoea in residential care settings. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004, 38: 288–292. 10.1002/j.1536-4801.2004.tb12164.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Codex Alimentarius Commission, Standards for follow-up formula. CODEX STAN 156–1987, amended in 2011. Google Scholar Codex Alimentarius Commission, Standards for infant formula and formulas for special medical purposes intended for infants. CODEX STAN 72–1981, amended in 2011. Google Scholar Colombo J, Carlson SE, Cheatham CL, Fitzgerald-Gustafson KM, Kepler A, Doty T. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy reduces heart rate and positively affects distribution of attention. Pediatric research. 2011; 70(4): 406–10. 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31822a59f5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cordle CT, Winship TR, Schaller JP, Thomas DJ, Buck RH, Ostrom KM, et al. Immune status of infants fed soy-based formulas with or without added nucleotides for 1 year: part 2: immune cell populations. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2002; 34(2): 145–53. 10.1002/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07591.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Corrêa NB, Péret Filho LA, Penna FJ, Lima FM, Nicoli JR. A randomized formula controlled trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 385–9. 10.1097/01.mcg.0000159217.47419.5b PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Costalos C, Kapiki A, Apostolou M, Papathoma E. The effect of a prebiotic supplemented formula on growth and stool microbiology of term infants. Early human development. 2008; 84(1): 45–9. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.03.001 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cowin I, Emmett P. Diet in a group of 18-month-old children in South West England, and comparison with the results of a national survey. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2007; 20(3): 254–67. 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00772.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Daniels L, Gibson RA, Simmer K, Van Dael P, Makrides M. Selenium status of term infants fed selenium-supplemented formula in a randomized dose-response trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008; 88(1): 70–6. 10.1093/ajcn/88.1.70 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Davis AM, Harris BJ, Lien EL, Pramuk K, Trabulsi J. Alpha-lactalbumin-rich infant formula fed to healthy term infants in a multicenter study: plasma essential amino acids and gastrointestinal tolerance. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2008; 62(11): 1294–301. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602848 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar de Jong C, Boehm G, Kikkert HK, Hadders-Algra M. The Groningen LCPUFA study: No effect of short-term postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy term infants on cardiovascular and anthropometric development at 9 years. Pediatric research. 2011; 70(4): 411–6. 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31822a5ee0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar de Jong C, Kikkert HK, Fidler V, Hadders-Algra M. Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of infant formula on cognition and behaviour at 9 years of age. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 2012; 54(12): 1102–8. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04444.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar de Jong C, Kikkert HK, Fidler V, Hadders-Algra M. The Groningen LCPUFA study: no effect of postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy term infants on neurological condition at 9 years. The British journal of nutrition. 2010; 104(4): 566–72. 10.1017/S0007114510000863 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Decsi T, Arató A, Balogh M, et al. [Randomised placebo controlled double blind study on the effect of prebiotic oligosaccharides on intestinal flora in healthy infants]. Orv Hetil 2005; 146: 2445–50. PubMedGoogle Scholar Demmers TA, Jones PJH, Wang Y, Krug S, Creutzinger V, Heubi JE. Effects of early cholesterol intake on cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma lipids among infants until 18 months of age. Pediatrics. 2005; 115(6): 1594–601. 10.1542/peds.2004-0997 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Domellof M, Cohen RJ, Dewey KG, Hernell O, Rivera LL, Lonnerdal B. Iron supplementation of breast-fed Honduran and Swedish infants from 4 to 9 months of age. The Journal of pediatrics. 2001; 138(5): 679–87. Epub 2001/05/09 10.1067/mpd.2001.112895 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Drover JR, Felius J, Hoffman DR, Castaneda YS, Garfield S, Wheaton DH, et al. A randomized trial of DHA intake during infancy: school readiness and receptive vocabulary at 2-3.5 years of age. Early human development. 2012; 88(11): 885–91. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.07.007 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Drover JR, Hoffman DR, Castaneda YS, Morale SE, Garfield S, Wheaton DH, et al. Cognitive function in 18-month-old term infants of the DIAMOND study: a randomized, controlled clinical trial with multiple dietary levels of docosahexaenoic acid. Early human development. 2011; 87(3): 223–30. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.12.047 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dube K, Schwartz J, Mueller MJ, Kalhoff H, Kersting M. Iron intake and iron status in breastfed infants during the first year of life. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2010; 29(6): 773–8. 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.05.002 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Duijts L, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Moll HA. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of infectious diseases in infancy. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(1): e18–25. Epub 2010/06/23. 10.1542/peds.2008-3256 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Eeuwijk J, Doets E, Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten M. 2013. Study protocol for extensive literature search and review as preparatory work for the evaluation of the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae and growing-up milk. RC/EFSA/NUTRI/2013/03 Google Scholar EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), Scientific Opinion on the appropriate age for introduction of complementary feeding of infants. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(12): 1423 [ 38 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1423. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1423 Google Scholar Escribano J, Luque V, Ferre N, Mendez-Riera G, Koletzko B, Grote V, et al. Effect of protein intake and weight gain velocity on body fat mass at 6 months of age: the EU Childhood Obesity Programme. International journal of obesity (2005). 2012; 36(4): 548–53. 10.1038/ijo.2011.276 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Escribano J, Luque V, Ferre N, Zaragoza-Jordana M, Grote V, Koletzko B, et al. Increased protein intake augments kidney volume and function in healthy infants. Kidney international. 2011; 79(7): 783–90. 10.1038/ki.2010.499 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar European Commission, Directive 2006/141/EC of 22 December 2006 on infant formulae and follow-on formulae and amending Directive 1999/21/EC. OJEU, 2006. 401: p. 1–33. Google Scholar Evelein AMV, Geerts CC, Visseren FLJ, Bots ML, van der Ent CK, Grobbee DE, et al. The association between breastfeeding and the cardiovascular system in early childhood. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011; 93(4): 712–8. 10.3945/ajcn.110.002980 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fanaro S, Jelinek J, Stahl B, Boehm G, Kock R, Vigi V. Acidic oligosaccharides from pectin hydrolysate as new component for infant formulae: effect on intestinal flora, stool characteristics, and pH. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2005; 41(2): 186–90. 10.1097/01.mpg.0000172747.64103.d7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fanaro S, Marten B, Bagna R, Vigi V, Fabris C, Pena-Quintana L, et al. Galacto-oligosaccharides are bifidogenic and safe at weaning: a double-blind randomized multicenter study. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2009; 48(1): 82–8. 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31817b6dd2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fewtrell MS, Kennedy K, Murgatroyd PR, Williams JE, Chomtho S, Lucas A. Breast-feeding and formula feeding in healthy term infants and bone health at age 10 years. The British journal of nutrition. 2013: 1–7. Google Scholar Field CJ, Van Aerde JE, Goruk S, Clandinin MT. Effect of feeding a formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for 14 weeks improves the ex vivo response to a mitogen and reduces the response to a soy protein in infants at low risk for allergy. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2010; 50(6): 661–9. 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181b99cd5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Field CJ, Van Aerde JE, Robinson LE, Clandinin MT. Effect of providing a formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunity in full-term neonates. The British journal of nutrition. 2008a; 99(1): 91–9. 10.1017/S0007114507791845 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Field CJ, Van Aerde JE, Robinson LE, Clandinin MT. Feeding a formula supplemented with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids modifies the "ex vivo" cytokine responses to food proteins in infants at low risk for allergy. Pediatric research. 2008b; 64(4): 411–7. 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318181b391 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), (2006). Australia New Zealand food standards code: Standard 2.9.1., 2006: Wellington, New Zealand. Google Scholar Forsyth JS, Willatts P, Agostoni C, Bissenden J, Casaer P, Boehm G. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infant formula and blood pressure in later childhood: follow up of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2003; 326(7396): 953. 10.1136/bmj.326.7396.953 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Georgia National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC&PH), UNICEF. Report of the Georgia national nutrition survey (GNNS) 2009. Tbilisi, Georgia: NCDC&PH and UNICEF, 2010. Google Scholar Ghisolfi J, Fantino M, Turck D, de Courcy GP, Vidailhet M. Nutrient intakes of children aged 1–2 years as a function of milk consumption, cow's milk or growing-up milk. Public health nutrition. 2013; 16(3): 524–34. 10.1017/S1368980012002893 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gibson RA, Barclay D, Marshall H, Moulin J, Maire J-C, Makrides M. Safety of supplementing infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and Bifidobacterium lactis in term infants: a randomised controlled trial. The British journal of nutrition. 2009; 101(11): 1706–13. 10.1017/S0007114508084080 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gibson RA, Hawkes JS, Makrides M. Dietary nucleotides do not alter erythrocyte long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in formula-fed term infants. Lipids. 2005; 40(6): 631–4. 10.1007/s11745-005-1425-x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gondolf UH, Tetens I, Michaelsen KF, Trolle E. Iron supplementation is positively associated with increased serum ferritin levels in 9-month-old Danish infants. The British journal of nutrition. 2013; 109(1): 103–10. 10.1017/S000711451200058X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gong Y-H, Ji C-Y, Zheng X-X, Shan J-P, Hou R. Correlation of 4-month infant feeding modes with their growth and iron status in Beijing. Chinese medical journal. 2008; 121(5): 392–8. 10.1097/00029330-200803010-00002 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gunnarsson BS, Thorsdottir I, Palsson G. Iron status in 2-year-old Icelandic children and associations with dietary intake and growth. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2004; 58(6): 901–6. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601910 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Haarman M, Knol J. Quantitative real-time PCR assays to identify and quantify fecal Bifidobacterium species in infants receiving a prebiotic infant formula. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2005; 71(5): 2318–24. 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2318-2324.2005 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Haschke-Becher E, Brunser O, Cruchet S, Gotteland M, Haschke F, Bachmann C. Urinary D-lactate excretion in infants receiving Lactobacillus johnsonii with formula. Annals of nutrition & metabolism. 2008; 53(3–4): 240–4. 10.1159/000185642 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hay G, Johnston, et al. Folate and cobalamin status in relation to breastfeeding and weaning in healthy infants. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008; 88(1): 105–114. 10.1093/ajcn/88.1.105 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hay G, Sandstad B, Whitelaw A, Borch-Iohnsen B. Iron status in a group of Norwegian children aged 6-24 months. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2004; 93(5): 592–8. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02983.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hermoso, M., G. Tabacchi, et al. "The nutritional requirements of infants. Towards EU alignment of reference values: the EURRECA network." Matern Child Nutr 2010; 6 Suppl 2: 55–83. 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00262.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hetzner NMP, Razza RA, Malone LM, Brooks-Gunn J. Associations among feeding behaviors during infancy and child illness at two years. Maternal and child health journal. 2009; 13(6): 795–805. 10.1007/s10995-008-0401-x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Heubi J, Karasov R, Reisinger K, Blatter M, Rosenberg L, Vanderhoof J, et al. Randomized multicenter trial documenting the efficacy and safety of a lactose-free and a lactose-containing formula for term infants. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000; 100(2): 212–7. 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00065-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Bi
Referência(s)