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First Record of an Unusual Incident Between a Finfish—the White Snake Mackerel Thyrsitops lepidopoides (Teleostei, Gempylidae)—and a Surfer

2015; Elsevier BV; Volume: 26; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.wem.2015.06.018

1545-1534

Acácio Ribeiro Gomes Tomás,

Identification and Quantification in Food

On December 27, 2005, a 27-year-old man fell from his surfboard and hit his face on a solid object during a surfing session in the afternoon (4:00–5:00 pm) at Itararé Beach, in Sao Vicente, a city in the southeast coast of Brazil. He sustained a dislocated jaw and other facial injuries and presented to the nearest emergency department. Because he complained of a severe pain in his face, the emergency department suggested an initial diagnosis of sinusitis and recommended the use of antihistamines. After 3 days with continuous pain, he was taken to the ear, nose, and throat sector of Santa Casa da Misericordia Hospital, located in Santos, the nearest city, where a computed tomography scan detected fractures in the right maxillary sinus and inferior orbit. He underwent surgery, which began with an incision inside the mouth on the right side, at the height of the gingiva. After locating the first fracture, a foreign body was extracted. An endoscope was introduced in the area, and another foreign body near the orbit was found. On January 6, 2006, our laboratory received 3 bottles from Santa Casa da Misericordia Hospital containing these foreign bodies in alcoholic solution. At first view, the bodies appeared similar to pieces of the jaw of a fish. A careful examination of the tooth pattern identified the pieces as the bottom jaw of a white snake mackerel, Thyrsitops lepidopoides (Cuvier, 1832) (Figure 1). This determination was based on the 8 to 10 small, uniserial, caniniform teeth interrupted by smaller molariform teeth (Figure 2) in each side of the jaw that were not turned back (as distinct from the barracuda genus Sphyraena).Figure 2A, Pieces of the lower jaw removed from the nasal cavity of the victim (original magnification ×10, with a stereomicroscope, photography by the author). B, Jaws of a preserved specimen from the fish collection of Rio de Janeiro State University (photography by H. R. S. Santos).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) The patient did not require hospitalization after removal of the fish jaw fragments. Abscesses were not reported in his wounds, and only minor edema was observed at the back of the right eye. The white snake mackerel Thyrsitops lepidopoides is a species of teleost fish from the southwest Atlantic common on both sides of South America that holds little interest for fishermen. During the austral summer months (December to February), this fish species often swims near the coast for feeding purposes (mainly on sardines and anchovies).1Nakamura I. Parin N.V. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snooks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish, cutlassfishes, scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date.FAO Fisheries Synopsis. 1993; 15: 125Google Scholar Comparing the teeth found in the victim and the teeth of fresh white snake mackerel, we estimate that the fish was between 200 and 250 mm in total length. The accident occurred on a popular urban shallow-water beach (23°58′S and 46°21′W), located in the east of Santos Bay on the central coast of São Paulo State in southeastern Brazil. Previous reports show fish appearances in this area, which is a popular surfing location. The waves in this bay are mainly promoted by easterly winds that facilitate the invasion of colder waters on the coast. The discharge of urban sewage effluent into the sea through small channels results in an increase to the local eutrophication, promoting high availability of food for planktivorous species, such as sardine. As a consequence, predators such as the white snake mackerel flourish. This is the first reported accident involving T lepidopoides and humans. Except for sharks and rays, accidents involving surfers and other fish species are scientifically underreported. Most of the data refer to injuries caused by needlefish from the Belonidae family.2Barss P.G. Penetrating wounds caused by needle-fish in Oceania.Med J Aust. 1985; 143: 621-622Google Scholar, 3de Sylva D.P. Attacks by bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix on humans in South Florida.Copeia. 1976; 1976: 196-198Crossref Google Scholar, 4Ebner Y. Golani D. Ophir D. Finkelstein Y. Penetrating injury of the maxilla by needlefish jaws.J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009; 37: 235-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar Abnormal cases, such as bites attributed to the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, were reported in Florida.4Ebner Y. Golani D. Ophir D. Finkelstein Y. Penetrating injury of the maxilla by needlefish jaws.J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009; 37: 235-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar A review of emergency departments in Australia5Taylor D.M. Ashby K. Winkel K.D. An analysis of marine animal injuries presenting to emergency departments in Victoria, Australia.Wilderness Environ Med. 2002; 13: 106-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar on cases of marine animal attacks did not indicate similar cases concerning other finfishes. The author would like to thank Santa Casa da Misericordia Hospital and the patient who kindly and promptly reported the injuries. Marina M. Mattioli kindly revised the English version of this text. Hugo R. S. Santos (PhD, Curator of the Fish Collection of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) provided photographs of a preserved specimen for comparison.