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Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult Humans

2016; Elsevier BV; Volume: 26; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046

1879-0445

Herman Pontzer, Ramón Durazo-Arvizú, Lara R. Dugas, Jacob Plange‐Rhule, Pascal Bovet, Terrence Forrester, Estelle V. Lambert, Richard Cooper, Dale A. Schoeller, Amy Luke,

Diet and metabolism studies

Current obesity prevention strategies recommend increasing daily physical activity, assuming that increased activity will lead to corresponding increases in total energy expenditure and prevent or reverse energy imbalance and weight gain [1World Health Organization (2014). Obesity and overweight. Fact Sheet No. 311. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.Google Scholar, 2World Health OrganizationGlobal Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. World Health Organization, 2010Google Scholar, 3FAO/WHO/UNU (2001). Human energy requirements. FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e00.htm#Contents.Google Scholar]. Such Additive total energy expenditure models are supported by exercise intervention and accelerometry studies reporting positive correlations between physical activity and total energy expenditure [4Plasqui G. Bonomi A.G. Westerterp K.R. Daily physical activity assessment with accelerometers: new insights and validation studies.Obes. Rev. 2013; 14: 451-462Crossref PubMed Scopus (211) Google Scholar] but are challenged by ecological studies in humans and other species showing that more active populations do not have higher total energy expenditure [5Pontzer H. Constrained total energy expenditure and the evolutionary biology of energy balance.Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2015; 43: 110-116Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar, 6Dugas L.R. Harders R. Merrill S. Ebersole K. Shoham D.A. Rush E.C. Assah F.K. Forrester T. Durazo-Arvizu R.A. Luke A. Energy expenditure in adults living in developing compared with industrialized countries: a meta-analysis of doubly labeled water studies.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011; 93: 427-441Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 7Pontzer H. Raichlen D.A. Wood B.M. Mabulla A.Z. Racette S.B. Marlowe F.W. Hunter-gatherer energetics and human obesity.PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e40503Crossref PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar, 8Pontzer H. Raichlen D.A. Gordon A.D. Schroepfer-Walker K.K. Hare B. O’Neill M.C. Muldoon K.M. Dunsworth H.M. Wood B.M. Isler K. et al.Primate energy expenditure and life history.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2014; 111: 1433-1437Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar]. Here we tested a Constrained total energy expenditure model, in which total energy expenditure increases with physical activity at low activity levels but plateaus at higher activity levels as the body adapts to maintain total energy expenditure within a narrow range. We compared total energy expenditure, measured using doubly labeled water, against physical activity, measured using accelerometry, for a large (n = 332) sample of adults living in five populations [9Luke A. Bovet P. Forrester T.E. Lambert E.V. Plange-Rhule J. Schoeller D.A. Dugas L.R. Durazo-Arvizu R.A. Shoham D. Cooper R.S. et al.Protocol for the modeling the epidemiologic transition study: a longitudinal observational study of energy balance and change in body weight, diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk.BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 927Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar]. After adjusting for body size and composition, total energy expenditure was positively correlated with physical activity, but the relationship was markedly stronger over the lower range of physical activity. For subjects in the upper range of physical activity, total energy expenditure plateaued, supporting a Constrained total energy expenditure model. Body fat percentage and activity intensity appear to modulate the metabolic response to physical activity. Models of energy balance employed in public health [1World Health Organization (2014). Obesity and overweight. Fact Sheet No. 311. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.Google Scholar, 2World Health OrganizationGlobal Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. World Health Organization, 2010Google Scholar, 3FAO/WHO/UNU (2001). Human energy requirements. FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e00.htm#Contents.Google Scholar] should be revised to better reflect the constrained nature of total energy expenditure and the complex effects of physical activity on metabolic physiology.