Divergent effects of acute exercise and endurance training on UCP3 expression
2003; American Physiological Society; Volume: 284; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1152/ajpendo.00417.2002
ISSN1522-1555
AutoresMatthijs K. C. Hesselink, Patrick Schrauwen,
Tópico(s)Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
ResumoLETTERS TO THE EDITORDivergent effects of acute exercise and endurance training on UCP3 expressionMatthijs K. C. Hesselink, and Patrick SchrauwenMatthijs K. C. Hesselink, and Patrick SchrauwenPublished Online:01 Feb 2003https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00417.2002MoreSectionsPDF (57 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmail To the Editor: The primary physiological function of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) is not yet known. Because of its homology with UCP1, it has been hypothesized that UCP3 is involved in the regulation of energy expenditure in skeletal muscle. Therefore, the effect of exercise and endurance training on UCP3 expression has been extensively studied. These studies unequivocally show that UCP3 mRNA expression is transiently upregulated after an acute bout of exercise (4-6, 14), an effect largely accounted for by increased free fatty acid levels (10). Recently, Jones et al. (3) confirmed this finding, showing that, in rats, UCP3 mRNA was increased acutely and 3 h after a single exercise bout. Jones et al. also reported a marked ∼63 and ∼84% increase in UCP3 protein after 3 and 10 days of endurance training, respectively. These findings have led the authors to conclude that “endurance exercise results in an increase in UCP3 protein in skeletal muscle as a component of the exercise-induced increase in mitochondrial biogenesis” (3). In this case, however, their conclusion is in contrast with the generally observed finding of decreased UCP3 mRNA and protein levels following endurance training (1, 7, 8, 11-14). For example, Boss et al. (1) showed downregulation of UCP3 mRNA after 8 wk of endurance training in rats (1). In humans, these findings are extended to the protein level, showing decreased UCP3 protein content in trained athletes (7) and after training (11). What can be the reason for the discrepancy between these studies and the conclusion of Jones et al.? Jones et al. show that UCP3 is increased by ∼35, ∼64, and ∼84% with a concerted upregulation of cytochrome c and citrate synthase (marker proteins for mitochondrial density). Thus, if the upregulation of UCP3 related to the actual mitochondrial density, the more obvious conclusion would have been that the 10-day training program did not affect mitochondrial UCP3 content. Papers showing declined UCP3 protein levels following training have a cross-sectional (7) rather than a longitudinal design. In longitudinal designs, declined UCP3 levels have been reported after a 14-day training period (9) or longer (11). At present, there is paucity of data about the precise triggers, conditions, and time frame related to training-induced downregulation of UCP3. It therefore cannot be ruled out that the training intervention applied by Jones et al. is of insufficient duration to detect a training-induced decline in UCP3. Moreover, the divergent effect of acute exercise and training on UCP3 mRNA expression perfectly illustrates the importance of the time frame of sampling. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka et al. (14) showed profound upregulation of UCP3 mRNA 3 h postexercise and a return to pretraining levels within 22 h, and reduced levels were recorded 44 h postexercise. In the study by Jones et al., increased UCP3 protein with undetectably low mRNA levels (i.e., very low transcriptional activity) was reported 18 h after a single exercise session. It is therefore conceivable that the protein levels will decrease after the 18-h period. Because Jones et al. sampled muscles 18–20 h postexercise, it is likely that the mRNA data, and possibly protein levels reported, are biased by the remnant effect of the final exercise bout.In summary, we think that the paper by Jones et al. (3) is compatible with previous studies. The lack of increase in UCP3 when expressed per mitochondria and the undetectably low mRNA levels 18 h postexercise make it feasible that, in the long term (depending on the UCP3 half-life time), decreased UCP3 protein levels will be detected after endurance training. Furthermore, this study again stresses the importance of considering the remnant effect of the final exercise bout when studying the effects of endurance training. Indeed, in previous papers from the same laboratory in which the same protocol was used, it was shown that the training-induced increase in GLUT4 was almost completely abolished within 40 h postexercise (2).REFERENCES1 Boss O, Samec S, Desplanches D, Mayet MH, Seydoux J, Muzzin P, Giacobino JP.Effect of endurance training on mRNA expression of uncoupling proteins 1, 2, and 3 in the rat.FASEB J121998335339Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar2 Host HH, Hansen PA, Nolte LA, Chen MM, Holloszy JO.Rapid reversal of adaptive increases in muscle GLUT-4 and glucose transport capacity after training cessation.J Appl Physiol841998798802Link | ISI | Google Scholar3 Jones TE, Baar K, Ojuka E, Chen M, Holloszy JO.Exercise induces an increase in muscle UCP3 as a component of the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2842002E96E101Link | ISI | Google Scholar4 Pedersen SB, Lund S, Buhl ES, Richelsen B.Insulin and contraction directly stimulate UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA expression in rat skeletal muscle in vitro.Biochem Biophys Res Commun28320011925Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar5 Pilegaard H, Keller C, Steensberg A, Helge JW, Pedersen BK, Saltin B, Neufer PD.Influence of pre-exercise muscle glycogen content on exercise-induced transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes.J Physiol5412002261271Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar6 Pilegaard H, Ordway GA, Saltin B, Neufer PD.Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2792000E806E814Link | ISI | Google Scholar7 Russell A, Wadley G, Hesselink MKC, Schaart G, Lo SK, Leger B, Garnham A, Kornips E, Cameron-Smith D, Giacobino JP, Muzzin P, Snow R, and Schrauwen P. UCP3 protein expression is lower in type 1, IIa and IIx muscle fiber types of endurance trained compared to untrained subjects. Pflügers Arch [Online],http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00424/contents/02/00943/paper/500424-002-0943-5ch110.htmlGoogle Scholar8 Russell A, Wadley G, Snow R, Giacobino JP, Muzzin P, Garnham A, Cameron-Smith D.Slow component of V˙O2 kinetics: the effect of training status, fibre type, UCP3 mRNA and citrate synthase activity.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord262002157164Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar9 Schrauwen P and Hesselink MK. Uncoupling protein 3 and physical activity; the role of UCP3 revisited. In press.Google Scholar10 Schrauwen P, Hesselink MK, Vaartjes I, Kornips E, Saris WH, Giacobino JP, Russell A.Effect of acute exercise on uncoupling protein 3 is a fat metabolism-mediated effect.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2822002E11E17Link | ISI | Google Scholar11 Schrauwen P, Saris WH, Hesselink MK.An alternative function for human uncoupling protein 3: protection of mitochondria against accumulation of nonesterified fatty acids inside the mitochondrial matrix.FASEB J15200124972502Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar12 Schrauwen P, Troost FJ, Xia J, Ravussin E, Saris WH.Skeletal muscle UCP2 and UCP3 expression in trained and untrained male subjects.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord231999966972Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar13 Tonkonogi M, Krook A, Walsh B, Sahlin K.Endurance training increases stimulation of uncoupling of skeletal muscle mitochondria in humans by non-esterified fatty acids: an uncoupling-protein-mediated effect?Biochem J3512000805810Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar14 Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Tsunoda N, Maruyama K, Takahashi M, Kim H, Ikemoto S, Ezaki O.Up-regulation of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) mRNA by exercise training and down-regulation of UCP3 by denervation in skeletal muscles.Biochem Biophys Res Commun2471998498503Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google ScholarajpendoajpendoAJPENDOAmerican Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and MetabolismAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab1522-15550193-1849American Physiological SocietyBethesda, MDajpendoajpendoAJPENDOAmerican Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and MetabolismAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab1522-15550193-1849American Physiological SocietyBethesda, MD10.1152/ajpendo.00417.2002LETTERS TO THE EDITOR John O. Holloszy, and Terry E. Jones 1 Department of Internal Medicine 2 Washington University School of Medicine 3 St. Louis, MO 631101220032842E449E451Copyright © 2003 the American Physiological Society200310.1152/ajpendo.00417.2002LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 1220032842E449E451Copyright © 2003 the American Physiological Society2003REPLYTo the Editor: Drs. Hesselink and Schrauwen say, in their letter entitled Divergent effects of acute exercise and endurance training on UCP3 expression, that our findings show that “… if related to actual mitochondrial density, the more obvious conclusion would have been that the 10-day training program did not affect mitochondrial UCP3 content.” This is exactly what we concluded: “These increases in UCP3 roughly paralleled those of other mitochondrial marker proteins. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that endurance exercise induces an adaptive increase in mitochondria that have a normal content of UCP3.” So we do not understand what is meant by “…the more obvious conclusion would have been… .”Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated and coordinated by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 (1-3, 1-6). The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are among the mitochondrial proteins that increase and are incorporated into mitochondria in response to increases in PGC-1 (1-3, 1-6). PGC-1 protein increases in muscle in response to exercise and, likely, mediates the adaptive increase in mitochondria in skeletal muscle (1-1). In addition, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (which is coactivated by PGC-1) is activated by fatty acids and mediates an increase in the mitochondrial enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids (1-2, 1-5). Apparently, an increase in UCP3 is a component of this response (1-4). Each bout of exercise induces increases in PGC-1 expression and in plasma fatty acid concentration that result over time in an increase in muscle mitochondria. In this context, the suggestion that mitochondria undergo an enormous change in mitochondrial composition, with large increases in the enzymes involved in carbohydrate and fat oxidation but a large decrease in UCP3 protein, does not seem plausible. The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter:Jones, Terry E., Keith Baar, Edward Ojuka, May Chen, and John O. Holloszy. Exercise induces an increase in muscle UCP3 as a component of the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284: E96–E101, 2003. First published September 17, 2002; 10.1152/ajpendo.00316.2002.—Previous studies have indicated that exercise acutely induces large increases in uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) in skeletal muscle, whereas endurance training results in marked decreases in muscle UCP3. Because UCP3 expression appears to be regulated by the same mechanism as other mitochondrial constituents, it seemed unlikely that exercise would result in such large and divergent changes in mitochondrial composition. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that major changes in UCP3 protein concentration do not occur independently of mitochondrial biogenesis and that UCP3 increases as a component of the exercise-induced increase in mitochondria. We found a large increase in UCP3 mRNA immediately and 3 h after a bout of swimming. UCP3 protein concentration was increased ∼35% 18 h after a single exercise bout, ∼63% after 3 days, and ∼84% after 10 days of exercise. These increases in UCP3 roughly paralleled those of other mitochondrial marker proteins. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that endurance exercise induces an adaptive increase in mitochondria that have a normal content of UCP3.REFERENCES1-1. Baar K, Wende AR, Jones TE, Marison M, Nolte LA, Chen M, Kelly DP, Holloszy JO.Adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise: rapid increase in the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1.FASEB J16200218791886 Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar1-2. Gulick T, Cresci S, Caira T, Moore DD, Kelly DP.The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative enzyme gene expression.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA9119941101211016 Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar1-3. Puigserver P, Wu Z, Park CW, Graves R, Wright M, Spiegelman BM.A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis.Cell921998829839 Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar1-4. Schrauwen P, Hoppeler H, Billeter R, Bakker AHF, Pendergast DR.Fiber type dependent upregulation of human skeletal muscle UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA expression by high-fat diet.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord252001449456 Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar1-5. Vega R, Huss JM, Kelly DP.The coactivator PGC-1 cooperates with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in transcriptional control of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes.Mol Cell Biol20200018681876 Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar1-6. Wu Z, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang C, Adelmant G, Mootha V, Troy A, Cinti S, Lowell B, Scarpulla RC, Spiegelman BM.Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1.Cell981999115124 Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar Previous Back to Top FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited BySkeletal muscle effects of two different 10‐week exercise regimens, voluntary wheel running, and forced treadmill running, in mice: A pilot study29 October 2020 | Physiological Reports, Vol. 8, No. 20Mitochondrial redox metabolism in aging: Effect of exercise interventionsJournal of Sport and Health Science, Vol. 2, No. 2Reduced efficiency, but increased fat oxidation, in mitochondria from human skeletal muscle after 24-h ultraendurance exerciseMaria Fernström, Linda Bakkman, Michail Tonkonogi, Irina G. Shabalina, Zinaida Rozhdestvenskaya, C. Mikael Mattsson, Jonas K. Enqvist, Björn Ekblom, and Kent Sahlin1 May 2007 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 102, No. 5Oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial proton cycling, free-radical production and aging More from this issue > Volume 284Issue 2February 2003Pages E449-E451 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2003 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00417.2002PubMed12531748History Published online 1 February 2003 Published in print 1 February 2003 PDF download Metrics Downloaded 154 times
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