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Layered Hydrothermal Barite-Sulfide Mound Field, East Diamante Caldera, Mariana Volcanic Arc

2014; Volume: 109; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês

10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2179

1554-0774

James R. Hein, Cornel E.J. de Ronde, Randolph A. Koski, R. G. Ditchburn, Kira Mizell, Yoshihiko Tamura, R. J. Stern, T. A. Conrad, Osamu Ishizuka, Matthew I. Leybourne,

earthquake and tectonic studies

Research Article| December 01, 2014 Layered Hydrothermal Barite-Sulfide Mound Field, East Diamante Caldera, Mariana Volcanic Arc James R. Hein; James R. Hein † 1U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Dr., Santa Cruz, California 95060 †Corresponding author: e-mail, jhein@usgs.gov Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Cornel E.J. de Ronde; Cornel E.J. de Ronde 2GNS Science, 1 Fairway Dr., Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Randolph A. Koski; Randolph A. Koski 3U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Robert G. Ditchburn; Robert G. Ditchburn 2GNS Science, 1 Fairway Dr., Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Kira Mizell; Kira Mizell 1U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Dr., Santa Cruz, California 95060 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Yoshihiko Tamura; Yoshihiko Tamura 4Institute for Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Robert J. Stern; Robert J. Stern 5Geosciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Tracey A. Conrad; Tracey A. Conrad 1U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Dr., Santa Cruz, California 95060 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Osamu Ishizuka; Osamu Ishizuka 6Institute of Geoscience, Geological Survey of Japan/AIST, Tskuba 305-8567, Japan Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Matthew I. Leybourne Matthew I. Leybourne 7ALS Minerals, 2103 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7H 0A7 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information James R. Hein † 1U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Dr., Santa Cruz, California 95060 Cornel E.J. de Ronde 2GNS Science, 1 Fairway Dr., Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand Randolph A. Koski 3U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025 Robert G. Ditchburn 2GNS Science, 1 Fairway Dr., Avalon, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand Kira Mizell 1U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Dr., Santa Cruz, California 95060 Yoshihiko Tamura 4Institute for Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan Robert J. Stern 5Geosciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080 Tracey A. Conrad 1U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Dr., Santa Cruz, California 95060 Osamu Ishizuka 6Institute of Geoscience, Geological Survey of Japan/AIST, Tskuba 305-8567, Japan Matthew I. Leybourne 7ALS Minerals, 2103 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7H 0A7 †Corresponding author: e-mail, jhein@usgs.gov Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1554-0774 Print ISSN: 0361-0128 © 2014 Society of Economic Geologists. Economic Geology (2014) 109 (8): 2179–2206. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2179 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation James R. Hein, Cornel E.J. de Ronde, Randolph A. Koski, Robert G. Ditchburn, Kira Mizell, Yoshihiko Tamura, Robert J. Stern, Tracey A. Conrad, Osamu Ishizuka, Matthew I. Leybourne; Layered Hydrothermal Barite-Sulfide Mound Field, East Diamante Caldera, Mariana Volcanic Arc. Economic Geology 2014;; 109 (8): 2179–2206. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2179 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEconomic Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract East Diamante is a submarine volcano in the southern Mariana arc that is host to a complex caldera ~5 × 10 km (elongated ENE-WSW) that is breached along its northern and southwestern sectors. A large field of barite-sulfide mounds was discovered in June 2009 and revisited in July 2010 with the R/V Natsushima, using the ROV Hyper-Dolphin. The mound field occurs on the northeast flank of a cluster of resurgent dacite domes in the central caldera, near an active black smoker vent field. A 40Ar/39Ar age of 20,000 ± 4000 years was obtained from a dacite sample. The mound field is aligned along a series of fractures and extends for more than 180 m east-west and >120 m north-south. Individual mounds are typically 1 to 3 m tall and 0.5 to 2 m wide, with lengths from about 3 to 8 m. The mounds are dominated by barite + sphalerite layers with the margins of each layer composed of barite with disseminated sulfides. Rare, inactive spires and chimneys sit atop some mounds and also occur as clusters away from the mounds. Iron and Mn oxides are currently forming small (<1-m diam, ~0.5-m tall) knolls on the top surface of some of the barite-sulfide mounds and may also drape their flanks. Both diffusely and focused fluids emanate from the small oxide knolls. Radiometric ages of the layered barite-sulfide mounds and chimneys vary from ~3,920 to 3,350 years. One layer, from an outcrop of 10- to 100-cm-thick Cu-rich layers, is notably younger with an age of 2,180 years. The Fe-Mn oxides were <5 years old at the time of collection in 2009.Most mound, chimney, and layered outcrop samples are dominated by barite, silica, and sphalerite; other sulfides, in decreasing order of abundance, are galena, chalcopyrite, and rare pyrite. Anglesite, cerussite, and unidentified Pb oxychloride and Pb phosphate minerals occur as late-stage interstitial phases. The samples contain high Zn (up to 23 wt %), Pb (to 16 wt %), Ag (to 487 ppm), and Au (to 19 ppm) contents. Some layered outcrop samples are dominated by chalcopyrite resulting in ≤4.78 wt % Cu in a bulk sample (28 wt % for a single lens), with a mean of 0.28 wt % for other samples. Other significant metal enrichments are Sb (to 1,320 ppm), Cd (to 1,150 ppm), and Hg (to 55 ppm).The East Diamante mound field has a unique set of characteristics compared to other hydrothermal sites in the Mariana arc and elsewhere. The geochemical differences may predominantly reflect the distribution of fractures and faults and consequently the rock/water ratio, temperature of the fluid in the upper parts of the circulation system, and extensive and prolonged mixing with seawater. The location of mineralization is controlled by fractures. Following resurgent doming within the caldera, mineralization resulted from focused flow along small segments of linear fractures rather than from a point source, typical of hydrothermal chimney fields. Based on the mineral assemblage, the maximum fluid temperatures were ~260°C, near the boiling point for the water depths of the mound field (367–406 m). Lateral fluid flow within the mounds precipitated interstitial sphalerite, silica, and Pb minerals within a network of barite with disseminated sulfides; silica was the final phase to precipitate. The current low-temperature precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides and silica may represent rejuvenation of the system. 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