Produção Nacional
Impactos Sócio-Ambientais no Litoral: Um Foco no Turismo e na Gestão Integrada da Zona Costeira no Estado do Ceará/Brasil
2008; Volume: 8; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.5894/rgci134
ISSN1646-8872
AutoresFabrício Peixoto Vasconcelos, Luzia Neide Coriolano,
Tópico(s)Environmental Sustainability and Education
ResumoThe social environmental impact is the reaction in the society or in the environment to a human action or activity.A careful analysis of the set of actions and applied criteria can determine if an activity or an enterprise causes more benefits or curses to a determined place.All human activity transforms the environment.When the transformation causes great impacts, it has to be controlled by the governments and, over all, by the society that is harmed.When the governments are omissive, the control of the society has to be bigger.Among the activities that cause impacts on the coast, we detach the tourism as the one that can provoke changes on the customs, on the cultural values and on the local economy, through the consumption and investment activities and through the relations of exchange between tourist and receivers.In this article we make a reflection on the occurred transformations in the coast of Ceará and its social environmental impacts, with emphasis for the tourism, economic activity that mostly grew in the state on the last few decades.We will take the urban space of small, average and big cities as example, to understand the coastal transformation of the state of Ceará.The analysis of the socio-environmental impacts requires the previous understanding of the occupation's history, of the local ways of life, of the knowledge and the perception of the local actors, before the arrival of tourist activity, so that we can compare as it was before with what it is now.The coastal inhabitacional nuclei of Ceará are, in its majority, small fishing communities that have as main sustenance source the activity of artisan fishing.The arrival of the tourism in these communities brought positive impacts in the generation of job and income, but also negative impacts when it transformed habits and customs, with losses of values and even of traditional professions, as the artisan fisherman.Another great impact in the coast occupied by the tourism is the real estate speculation, which has generated serious conflicts of ownership of the land.The big cities suffer with the fast and disordered urban growth, witch is the case of Fortaleza city, that has today 2,5 million inhabitants, having its population been multiplied by 5 in only 45 years.The consequences of that are the lack of habitations, the deficient system of collective transport, the high tax of unemployment and the diverse environmental aggressions.The analysis of recent occupation of coastal Ceará points to the need for an integrated coastal zone management, in which the economic activities, including tourism, are planned with a goal of a socially just and economically balanced development.Tourism is based on the geographical differentiation and transformation of places that are modified and restructured, building the cultural heritage and the cities.Tourism is an activity that "consumes" space.Each type of tourism creates its own demand for space, either in area of mountains, coasts, urban or rural areas, each one with its specific impacts.A type of tourism that has proved effective in mitigating its negative impacts is the community tourism, which controls the land and economic activities, providing a better income distribution.The successful experiences of the coastal communities of Beberibe and Aracati are good examples of integrated environmental management, generating employment and income for local people and ensuring the participation of all in local political decisions.The coastal areas are the most occupied by tourism, in this context Ceara´s coastal tourism is encouraged by public policies, which offer the necessary conditions for its development with investments in infrastructure.The private sector plays an increasingly important role in the tourist economy of the state of Ceara.Many enterprises have already been installed and currently more than a dozen large-scale projects are approved and being installed, transforming the coastal zone of Ceara, either with changes in the landscape, whether in local culture.The regulation of tourism must be guided by the existing environmental management legislation.The society, through its local actors, should be the main interested in the application of integrated coastal zone management programs that can ensure the sustainable development of these areas
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