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A Long Road to Travel: Adherence to Dietary Recommendations and Adequate Dietary Phosphorus Control

2016; Elsevier BV; Volume: 26; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1053/j.jrn.2016.03.004

1532-8503

Juan Jesús Carrero, Jerrilynn D. Burrowes, Christoph Wanner,

Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments

Related Articles, p. 136, p. 141 and p. 190Dietary counseling and nutritional interventions are cornerstone components in the management of patients undergoing dialysis. Dietitians and nephrologists recommend a number of dietary restrictions related to phosphorus, potassium, sodium, fluid intake, and select macronutrients. They also emphasize the importance of high energy and dietary protein intake to maintain adequate nutritional status. Notwithstanding the clinical importance of these practices, the adherence to such recommendations is difficult and challenging for most patients. Related Articles, p. 136, p. 141 and p. 190 In this issue of the Journal, Desiree Luis-Rodriguez et al.1Luis D. Zlatkis K. Comenge B. et al.Dietary quality and adherence to dietary recommendations in patients undergoing hemodialysis.J Ren Nutr. 2016; 26: 190-195Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar report on dietary quality and adherence to dietary recommendations in a single hemodialysis center from the Canary Islands, Spain. By evaluating 3-day dietary records, the authors report a very low adherence to current nutritional guidelines despite frequent physician and dietitian counseling. Seventy percent of patients did not meet daily energy requirements, and 50% consumed insufficient protein. Dietary fat was primarily unhealthy (saturated fat) and in excess, and most patients also consumed excessive amounts of phosphorus, calcium, and sodium. Moreover, fiber intake was low, and in general, the overall quality of the diet was poor. Although we should interpret this data in view of the limitations of the study and underreporting potential of dietary recalls,2Shapiro B.B. Bross R. Morrison G. et al.Self-reported interview-assisted diet records underreport energy intake in maintenance hemodialysis patients.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 357-363Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar this panorama is disheartening. It is, unfortunately, not exclusive of these Islands, as it echoes reports from other countries3Khoueiry G. Waked A. Goldman M. et al.Dietary intake in hemodialysis patients does not reflect a heart healthy diet.J Ren Nutr. 2011; 21: 438-447Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 4Luttrell K.J. Beto J.A. Tangney C.C. Selected nutrition practices of women on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: observations from the NKF-CRN Second National Research Question Collaborative Study.J Ren Nutr. 2014; 24: 81-91Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar, 5Therrien M. Byham-Gray L. Denmark R. et al.Comparison of dietary intake among women on maintenance dialysis to a Women's Health Initiative cohort: results from the NKF-CRN Second National Research Question Collaborative Study.J Ren Nutr. 2014; 24: 72-80Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar, 6Therrien M. Byham-Gray L. Beto J. A review of dietary intake studies in maintenance dialysis patients.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 329-338Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar as well as probably the clinical experience of many of the readers. Ultimately, these studies likely reflect, in addition, the global progressive shift toward more Western dietary patterns worldwide. Recently, potential barriers to patients following the hemodialysis diet were evaluated through structured patient interviews.7St-Jules D.E. Woolf K. Pompeii M.L. et al.Exploring problems in following the hemodialysis diet and their relation to energy and nutrient intakes: The BalanceWise Study.J Ren Nutr. 2016; 26: 118-124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar Issues of time and food preparation (e.g., difficulty in finding the right foods when shopping and an inability or lack of time to cook healthy foods) and behavioral factors (e.g., being too tired to cook, feeling deprived with dietary restrictions, or poor appetite) tended to be most deterministic of poor adherence. The primary approach of teaching patients about the dietary sources of key nutrients, although necessary, may not be sufficient to help them adhere to the restrictions. Self-reflection needs to be made on whether physicians emphasize the importance of phosphorus control adequately in their daily practice. Regrettably, it appears that the renal dietitian's primary role of providing nutrition assessments and counseling is being heavily expanded to include administrative and coordination responsibilities,8Hand R.K. Burrowes J.D. Renal dietitians' perceptions of roles and responsibilities in outpatient dialysis facilities.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 404-411Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (16) Google Scholar which hamper even more our capacity to do good for our patients. Patient education and motivation are key to meeting nutrient needs, and interesting opportunities continue to emerge with the use of modern technologies, electronic applications, distance coaching, and self-management programs9Murali S. Arab L. Vargas R. et al.Internet-based tools to assess diet and provide feedback in chronic kidney disease stage IV: a pilot study.J Ren Nutr. 2013; 23: e33-e42Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 10Vickers K.S. Self-management education approach: engaging patients in creating a personal and relevant action plan (part 1) I keep telling patients what to do, so why don't they make progress?.J Ren Nutr. 2012; 22: e51-e53Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar; however, to our knowledge, these have been little studied or implemented to date. Although certainly not the only nutrient to target in dialysis patients, phosphorus is probably the most popular nowadays in view of its role in mineral-bone homeostasis, vascular calcification, and its strong association with poor patient outcomes.11Ando S. Sakuma M. Morimoto Y. et al.The effect of various boiling conditions on reduction of phosphorus and protein in meat.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 504-509Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar In this issue, two articles discuss the dual management strategies of dietary phosphorus intake. First, St-Jules et al.12St-Jules D.E. Woolf K. Pompeii M.L. et al.Reexamining the phosphorus-protein dilemma: does phosphorus restriction compromise protein status?.J Ren Nutr. 2016; 26: 136-140Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (26) Google Scholar reexamine the phosphorus-protein dilemma and provide a summary of practical dietary recommendations to restrict phosphorus intake. Dietary phosphorus restriction practices have sometimes been met with opposition, given that just simple restraint of foods without education about alternative low-phosphorus food sources can lead to a reduction in animal protein, which may be detrimental in dialysis patients. This reduction in protein intake, together with concurrent protein losses in the dialysate and inflammation-induced hypermetabolism, may promote the appearance of protein-energy wasting.13Carrero J.J. Stenvinkel P. Cuppari L. et al.Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM).J Ren Nutr. 2013; 23: 77-90Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (503) Google Scholar Recent surveys to renal care professionals provided evidence that knowledge gaps exist regarding dietary phosphorus among both patients and caregivers.14Cupisti A. Ferretti V. D'Alessandro C. et al.Nutritional knowledge in hemodialysis patients and nurses: focus on phosphorus.J Ren Nutr. 2012; 22: 541-546Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar Although many health care professionals feel that during recent years, there has been increasing awareness among dialysis patients of the phosphorus content of foods, there is also a strong feeling that patients continue to experience difficulties when attempting to achieve phosphorus targets.15Fouque D. Cruz Casal M. Lindley E. et al.Dietary trends and management of hyperphosphatemia among patients with chronic kidney disease: an international survey of renal care professionals.J Ren Nutr. 2014; 24: 110-115Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar In a recent analysis of three dialysis centers in the United States, about 40% of interviewed patients did not, in fact, adhere to low-phosphorus dietary recommendations.16Elliott J.O. Ortman C. Almaani S. et al.Understanding the associations between modifying factors, individual health beliefs, and hemodialysis patients' adherence to a low-phosphorus diet.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 111-120Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar A number of possibilities to limit phosphorus intake without inferring on malnutrition risk are available. These include boiling meat in water to significantly reduce its phosphorus content while maintaining protein content; soaking meat in cold water for 1 hour before boiling to reduce its phosphorus content even more11Ando S. Sakuma M. Morimoto Y. et al.The effect of various boiling conditions on reduction of phosphorus and protein in meat.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 504-509Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar, 17Vrdoljak I. Panjkota Krbavcic I. Bituh M. et al.Analysis of different thermal processing methods of foodstuffs to optimize protein, calcium, and phosphorus content for dialysis patients.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 308-315Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar; and choosing commercial food items that have been prepared without phosphorus-containing food additives. The latter possibility is likely the most important approach because food additives have been estimated to increase the phosphorus content by 60% on average. Of importance is that this not only affects the total phosphorus content but also the sodium content.18Carrigan A. Klinger A. Choquette S.S. et al.Contribution of food additives to sodium and phosphorus content of diets rich in processed foods.J Ren Nutr. 2014; 24 (19e11): 13-19Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar This is, however, hampered by the increased costs of such products and by the reluctance of the food industry to adequately label the products for proper quantification. Reports such as that of Lindley et al.19Lindley E. Costelloe S. Bosomworth M. et al.Use of a standard urine assay for measuring the phosphate content of beverages.J Ren Nutr. 2014; 24: 353-356Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (9) Google Scholar regarding phosphorus content in wine, beer, and soft drinks clearly illustrate this problem while appearing as an important encyclopedic resource to guide evidence-based patient recommendations. The other side of the coin in dietary phosphate control pertains to the use of phosphate binders. Poor adherence to phosphate binders is widespread and reported to range between 22% and 74% (mean 51%) in studies of dialysis patients worldwide.20Karamanidou C. Clatworthy J. Weinman J. et al.A systematic review of the prevalence and determinants of nonadherence to phosphate binding medication in patients with end-stage renal disease.BMC Nephrol. 2008; 9: 2Crossref PubMed Scopus (186) Google Scholar High pill burden in this often elderly and comorbid population is an important contributor,16Elliott J.O. Ortman C. Almaani S. et al.Understanding the associations between modifying factors, individual health beliefs, and hemodialysis patients' adherence to a low-phosphorus diet.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 111-120Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar together with oblivion, confusion in dosing in coordination with meals, concerns about side effects, and low health literacy.21Wang S. Anum E.A. Ramakrishnan K. et al.Reasons for phosphate binder discontinuation vary by binder type.J Ren Nutr. 2014; 24: 105-109Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar Joson et al.22Joson C.G. Henry S.L. Kim S. et al.Patient-reported factors associated with poor phosphorus control in a maintenance hemodialysis population.J Ren Nutr. 2016; 26: 141-148Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (11) Google Scholar report in this issue on patient-reported factors associated with poor phosphate binder adherence in a single hemodialysis center from California, the United States. By contrasting serum phosphorus control with the patient's knowledge of dietary phosphorus sources and a medication adherence scale, they illustrated yet another daunting panorama—a total of 61% of patients reported unintentional medication nonadherence and 48% reported intentional medication nonadherence. Phosphorus-specific knowledge was low, with barely 50% of patients able to name two high-phosphorus foods. However, in conjunction, self-reported binder nonadherence was the strongest determinant of poor serum phosphorus control. Short-term symbolic rewards, such as financial incentives23Reese P.P. Mgbako O. Mussell A. et al.A pilot randomized trial of financial incentives or coaching to lower serum phosphorus in dialysis patients.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 510-517Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (10) Google Scholar and strategies to improve self-motivation,24Umeukeje E.M. Merighi J.R. Browne T. et al.Self-motivation is associated with phosphorus control in end-stage renal disease.J Ren Nutr. 2015; 25: 433-439Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (19) Google Scholar are examples to support adherence to therapy. Patient actions are, in part, influenced by our collective efforts to inform them about the harmful effects of excessive dietary phosphorus intake on health outcomes. Provision of pill boxes or calendar-based dispensers to help them track their daily medications is useful in other contexts, but the nature of phosphorus binder dosing requires a more sophisticated approach. Collectively, the articles in this issue illustrate the need for an interdisciplinary team approach to manage phosphorus control in dialysis patients. This requires the coordinated efforts of physicians, dietitians, nurses, and pharmacists in tackling both the dietary and pharmacologic battlefronts of phosphorus control. In the United Kingdom and in some parts of the United States, renal dietitians take the lead in developing and implementing protocols for managing mineral-bone disease. They work closely with the nephrologist to modify the prescription, taking into consideration the patient-specific dietary habits and adherence practices of the patient. With continuous and collaborative efforts, we should find shortcuts in this long road we travel to develop solutions to effectively manage mineral-bone disease that will lead to better outcomes for our patients. Reexamining the Phosphorus–Protein Dilemma: Does Phosphorus Restriction Compromise Protein Status?Journal of Renal NutritionVol. 26Issue 3PreviewDietary phosphorus restriction is recommended to help control hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients, but many high-phosphorus foods are important sources of protein. In this review, we examine whether restricting dietary phosphorus compromises protein status in hemodialysis patients. Although dietary phosphorus and protein are highly correlated, phosphorus intakes can range up to 600 mg/day for a given energy and protein intake level. Furthermore, the collinearity of phosphorus and protein may be biased because the phosphorus burden of food depends on: (1) the presence of phosphate additives, (2) food preparation method, and (3) bioavailability of phosphorus, which are often unaccounted for in nutrition assessments. Full-Text PDF Patient-Reported Factors Associated With Poor Phosphorus Control in a Maintenance Hemodialysis PopulationJournal of Renal NutritionVol. 26Issue 3PreviewThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of patient-reported medication adherence and phosphorus-related knowledge on phosphorus control and pharmacy-reported adherence to phosphorus binding medication among patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Full-Text PDF Dietary Quality and Adherence to Dietary Recommendations in Patients Undergoing HemodialysisJournal of Renal NutritionVol. 26Issue 3PreviewThe multiple dietary restrictions recommended to hemodialysis patients may be difficult to achieve and, at the same time, may result in nutritional deficiencies rendering a poor dietary quality. We here assess the dietary quality and adherence to renal-specific guideline recommendations among hemodialysis patients from a single center in Canary Islands, Spain. Full-Text PDF